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    12 ABSTRACT A method of adsorption of potassium ions from a peritoneal dialysis fluid, Which hasbeen removed from the peritoneal caVity of a patient performing peritoneal dialysis forsubsequent recirculation and introduction into the peritonea1 cavity of the patient. Theperitoneal dialysis fluid is passed through a zeolite, Which has been pre-equilibrated With anequilibration fluid comprising Na+, Cafi, Mgzï Cl] 1actate, in substantially the sameconcentration as in the peritoneal dialysis fluid and Which equilibration fluid lacks Kf Thezeolite may be titrated With an acid. A1tematiVe1y, a zeo1ite having a Si:A1 ratio Which is1arger than 5:1 is used. (Fig 1 to be published together With the abstract)
    公开号:SE1230132A1
    申请号:SE1230132
    申请日:2012-11-23
    公开日:2014-05-24
    发明作者:Nina Meinander
    申请人:Triomed Ab；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    TITLE: ADSORBENT FOR DIALYSIS FLUID AND METHOD OFPREPARATION OF THE ADSORBENT FIELD OF INVENTIONThe present invention relates to an adsorbent intended for use during dialysis. Morespecifically, the invention relates to a method of preparing a zeolite for use as an adsorbent during peritoneal dialysis With recirculation and regeneration of the peritoneal dialysis fluid.
    BACKGROUND Patients suffering from renal diseases need dialysis treatment, either during the restof their lives or until transplantation of a kidney. Dialysis treatment may also be used at otherdiseases or indications, such as poisoning or high levels of trace minerals.
    During dialysis, large quantities of dialysate may be consumed. The spent dialysateis norrnally discarded.
    In order to reduce the amount of used fluid, the spent dialysis fluid may beregenerated and recirculated. The regeneration should address three main areas or objects,namely l) removal of urea, 2) removal of creatinine or organic metabolites and other Wasteproducts, and 3) balancing of electrolyte ions. In addition, 4) Water should norrnally beremoved from the patient.
    Most dialysate regeneration systems use activated carbon, Which is effective inremoving a great number of different Waste products or organic metabolites, includingcreatinine and uric acid. HoWever, activated carbon is not effective in removing urea orbalancing electrolyte ions.
    The present invention is directed to the third object mentioned above, namelybalancing of electrolytes.
    In previous dialysis, both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, the potassium ion hasnot been problematic, since sufficient potassium ion removal is achieved as the dialysatecontaining surplus potassium ions is discarded.
    In peritoneal dialysis using regeneration and recirculation of the dialysis fluid, only avery small part of the dialysis fluid is discarded as surplus fluids, While most of the spent fluidcontaining potassium ions is recirculated back to the patient. In this case, removal ofpotassium ions may be an issue.
    Removal of potassium ions from the recirculated dialysis fluid should take placeWithout substantially influencing the concentration of other ions in the peritoneal dialysis fluid and Without altering the pH of the peritoneal dialysis fluid.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to mitigate, alleviate or eliminateone or more of the above-identified deficiencies and disadvantages singly or in anycombination.
    In an aspect, there is provided a method of adsorption of potassium ions from aperitoneal dialysis fluid, which has been removed from the peritoneal cavity of a patientperforming peritoneal dialysis for subsequent recirculation and introduction back into theperitoneal cavity of the patient, or from a hemodialysis fluid which has been removed from adialyzer for subsequent recirculation and re-introduction into the dialyzer; comprising the stepof passing the dialysis fluid into contact with a zeolite, which has been pre-equilibrated withan equilibration fluid comprising at least one of: Nal, Cazl, Mgzl, Cl_, lactate, whichequilibration fluid lacks Kl. The equilibration fluid may contain: Nal, Cazl, Mgzl, Cl_, lactate,bicarbonate and glucose in substantially the same concentration as in the dialysis fluid.
    In an embodiment, the zeolite may have a Si:Al ratio which is larger than 5: l.
    In another embodiment, the zeolite may have a Si:Al ratio which is larger than l:l, inwhich case the zeolite during or after the pre-equilibration is titrated to near neutral pH usingacid. The acid may be added to the equilibration fluid so that said fluid before or during thepre-equilibration has a pH of less than 5.0.
    In another aspect, there is provided a method of preparing a zeolite for use asadsorbent of potassium ions from a peritoneal dialysis fluid, comprising incubating saidzeolite in an equilibration fluid comprising at least one of: Nal, Cazl, Mgzl, Cl_, lactate, whichequilibration fluid lacks Kl. The equilibration fluid may have a pH less than 5.0. The zeolite may have a Si:Al ratio which is larger than 5: l.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent fromthe following detailed description of embodiments of the invention with reference to thedrawings, in which: Fig. l is a schematic diagram of a system in which the zeolite may be used.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Below, several embodiments of the invention will be described. These embodimentsare described in illustrating purpose in order to enable a skilled person to carry out theinvention and to disclose the best mode. However, such embodiments do not limit the scopeof the invention. Moreover, certain combinations of features are shown and discussed.However, other combinations of the different features are possible within the scope of the invention.
    In previous systems, urea has been removed by means of urease, which is an enzymecatalyzing the Conversion of urea to ammonium and carbonate ions. As described in thedocument EP004697lAl , the ammonium cations, or ammonium, or ammonia may beremoved by an ion-exchange medium that is selective towards ammonium. The carbonate isprecipitated as calcium carbonate or calcium bicarbonate.
    There are altematives to the urease system, for example as disclosed in documentWO 20l0/l4l942A2.
    Dialysis may take place in two principally different manners, namely hemodialysisand peritoneal dialysis.
    In hemodialysis, blood is removed from the patient into an extracorporeal circuitcomprising a dialyzer. The dialyzer comprises a semiperrneable membrane dividing thedialyzer into a blood compartment and a dialysate compartment. Blood is passed through theextracorporeal circuit to the blood compartment and into contact with the membrane andfurther back to the patient. A dialysis fluid is passed into the dialysate compartment and intocontact with the other side of the membrane. The membrane comprises pores having a size,which will prevent large molecules to pass through the pores while smaller molecules maypass freely through the membrane via the pores. The cut-off size of the pores is norrnallyexpressed as the size of the molecule that can pass. A common cut-off size is about 2000Dalton, which allows smaller molecules to pass. Another common cut-off size is about 20.000Dalton, which allows small and middle-size molecules to pass. In both cases albumin having asize of 58.000 Dalton and larger molecules may not pass through the membrane.
    The dialysis fluid passing inside the dialysis compartment of the dialyzer has aspecific composition, which partly mimics the composition of the blood. If there is aconcentration gradient of a substance between blood and the dialysis fluid, such substancewill tend to pass to the fluid having the lower concentration. For example, blood comprisesurea and the dialysis fluid does not, whereby urea passes from blood through the pores of themembrane and to the dialysis fluid. On the other hand, the dialysis fluid may comprisebicarbonate in a concentration, which is larger than the bicarbonate concentration of blood,whereby bicarbonate is transferred from the dialysis fluid through the pores of the membraneand into the blood.
    By tailoring the composition of the dialysis fluid, metabolic waste products, such asurea and creatinine, are removed from the blood, and substances, such as bicarbonate, isadded to the blood, while other substances, such as sodium, potassium, calcium andmagnesium ions are balanced, meaning that there is a net addition or removal depending onthe relative concentrations.
    In addition, some water is removed from the blood of the patient, for example by exerting a small negative pressure over the membrane causing ultraf1ltration.
    There are variants of the hemodialysis method, such as hemof1ltration andhemodiafiltration.
    A commonly used hemodialysis fluid may comprise the following ions: sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and bicarbonate.
    In addition, the pH of the dialysis fluid should be close to physiological pH of 7.4,for example between 6.0 and 7.6. If the pH of the dialysis fluid is too high, there is a risk ofprecipitation of calcium carbonate, which should be avoided.
    In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneal membrane of the patient is used instead of thedialyzer membrane. A peritoneal dialysis fluid is instilled in the peritoneal cavity of thepatient and exchange of substances may take place over the peritoneal membrane similar tohemodialysis. No extracorporeal circuit for blood is required, which is a considerableadvantage. However, the peritoneal membrane may be smaller than the dialyzer membrane,resulting in less efficient dialysis. Thus, peritoneal dialysis is traditionally used for patientshaving some residual kidney function.
    It is not possible to exert a negative pressure in the peritoneal cavity and anothermechanism is required for fluid removal. Thus, an osmotically or oncotically active substanceis added to the peritoneal dialysis fluid to cause fluid removal via osmosis. A commonly usedsubstance is glucose or another carbohydrate.
    Thus, a peritoneal dialysis fluid may commonly comprise the following substances:sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium lactate,sodium bicarbonate and glucose. It is important that the pH is close to physiological pH inorder to prevent any harrn or discomfort to the patient. Norrnally, the pH should be between6.0 and 7.5.
    Regeneration and recirculation of dialysate enables a great reduction in the volumeof dialysis fluid used. This is a prerequisite for creating a portable/wearable dialysis systemwhich is not connected to a supply of fresh water or heavy stationary equipment and allowsthe patient freedom from frequent exchanges of peritoneal dialysis fluid.
    In a hemodialysis system, the regeneration circuit may be arranged as shown in thedocument GBl484642A, which discloses a system comprising urease for catalytic conversionof urea to ammonium and carbonate ions. This conversion results in an increase of the pH ofthe solution to greater than pH = 8.5, which may be lowered by addition of an acid. As acidscarbon dioxide can be used as well as a cation exchanger HZ, which functions as a weak acid.The ammonium ions are adsorbed by a zeolite, such as phillipsite loaded with sodium ionsNaZ. Calcium ions are added after the phillipsite column to precipitate the carbonate ion. It isspecifically mentioned that the zeolites removed less potassium ions from a fluid containing4.7 mmol/L K+, than zirconium phosphate, another ion exchange material used in regeneration of dialysis fluid.
    In a peritoneal system With regeneration of dialysis fluid, most of the fluid, forexample about 2 liters, may reside inside the peritoneal cavity of the patient and less than oneliter may be present in the system outside the patient.
    In patients With renal failure it is highly important to keep the blood potassium ionconcentration Within narroW physiological limits, to avoid hyper- or hypokalemic conditions,Which could be potentially life-threatening. In the systems used today, Where the dialysis fluidis discarded, removal of excess potassium ions from the patient°s blood is seldom a problem.In hemodialysis, the dialysis fluid norrnally comprises a low concentration of potassium ionsof for example 2 mM (millimole per liter), Which Will ensure that adequate potassiumconcentration is maintained in the patient.
    In peritoneal dialysis, the potassium ion concentration of the peritoneal dialysis fluidis norrnally zero, but a low concentration of potassium ions may be added to prevent severehypokalemia.
    It is reported that about 08% of CAPD patients have hyperkalemia While 10% - 15%of CAPD patients require potassium-salt supplementation for hypokalemia.
    Thus, removal of potassium ions is not regarded as a problem in conventionalperitoneal dialysis.
    In a system Where dialysis fluid is regenerated and recirculated, potassium ions needto be continuously removed from the dialysis fluid in sufficient amounts to keep the bloodpotassium level normal.
    It is norrnally desired to remove from 0 to 1.2 grams potassium per day,corresponding to 0 to 30 mmoles per day. Blood norrnally comprises 3.5 to 5.0 mMpotassium.
    In a peritoneal dialysis fluid of 3 liters Without potassium ions, and assumingcomplete equilibration With blood potassium levels, up to 15 mmole potassium ions areremoved. Thus, another 15 mmoles should be removed per day.
    Peritoneal dialysis fluid additionally comprises sodium, calcium, magnesium, lactateand chloride ions, and glucose or another carbohydrate. Thus, removal of potassium ionsshould take place Without substantially influencing the other components of the peritonealdialysis fluid.
    Fig.1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a regeneration device. Theregeneration device 10 comprises an inlet 11 for a dialysis fluid and an outlet 12 forregenerated dialysis fluid. The inlet and outlet may be connected to a dual lumen peritonealdialysis catheter installed in a patient. The peritoneal cavity of the patient comprisesperitoneal dialysis fluid, Which should be regenerated With the adsorption device of Fig. 1.
    Altematively, the inlet 11 and outlet 12 may be connected to a dialyzer for hemodialysis, hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration.
    From the inlet 11, the fluid passes Via a line to a pump 13, which may be a peristalticpump. From the pump, the fluid passes to an adsorption cartridge 14. From the cartridge 14,the fluid passes via a line to the outlet 12. A cartridge 15 comprising one or severalreplacement solutions may be arranged to add replacement solutions to the outgoing dialysisfluid. So far, the regeneration device 10 is similar to previously known technique.
    As is also conventional, the cartridge 14 may comprise several adsorbents. Oneadsorbent, which is included in almost every regeneration systems, is a first adsorbent 16comprising activated carbon.
    In addition, there is a potassium adsorbent 17 comprising a zeolite, which is effectivein adsorption of potassium. There may be further adsorbents included in the adsorbentcartridge.
    A zeolite is an adsorbent, which is suitable for adsorption of potassium ions throughthe mechanism of ion-exchange. Zeolites have been used before in dialysis for adsorption ofammonium ions as described in the above-mentioned document GB1484642A and are shownto be non-toxic and chemically stable in a dialysis fluid environment.
    Zeolites are aluminosilicates, which exist as natural minerals and can also be madesynthetically. Zeolites form a regular microporous crystal framework composed of TO4(T=Si /Al), in which the ratio (Si+Al):O equals 1/2. Nearly 200 different zeolite structures, ofwhich 40 occur as natural minerals, have been described. The aluminosilicate structure isnegatively charged. This requires the presence of extra-framework positively charged cationswithin the zeolite structure to keep the overall framework neutral. These cations can partly beexchanged with cations in the surrounding fluid depending on their location within the crystalframework. Zeolites have large vacant spaces or cages in their structures that accommodatecations such as for example sodium, potassium, barium and calcium and even smallmolecules, such as water, and polyatomic cations, such as ammonium. The affinity for aspecific ion is affected by the pore size and crystal framework of the zeolite. Thus, zeolitescan bind certain cations more preferably than others, even when the preferred cation is presentat much lower concentration than other cations in the fluid surrounding the zeolite. Zeoliteshave the ability to lose and absorb water without damage to their crystal structures.
    The structural Si:Al ratio differs between zeolite types. High-aluminum zeolites havea high negative charge and thus a high number of exchangeable cations, and a high waterabsorption capacity. They are terrned “hydrophilic° zeolites, while low-aluminum zeolites arecalled “hydrophobic° and are able to adsorb hydrophobic molecules.
    In order to achieve a high ion adsorption per gram zeolite, it is desirable to use azeolite with a low ratio of Si:Al resulting in a high negative charge and thus a high ion-exchange capacity.
    When binding potassium ions onto a zeolite, a counter-ion is released from the zeolite and enters the fluid. It is an advantage to use a zeolite containing sodium ions as the extra-framework counter-ion, as release of a sodium ion for each bound potassium ion will not significantly alter the sodium ion concentration of the dialysis fluid, which is already high.
    Altematively, the zeolite may contain calcium or magnesium ions, or any mixture of sodium,calcium and magnesium ion as counter-ions.
    We discovered that several zeolites in NaT-form, i.e. having sodium ions as extra-framework ions, are able to specifically bind potassium ions and release sodium ions even ifthe concentration of sodium is high and that of potassium is low in the dialysis fluid. Zeoliteswith high aluminum content are the most efficient ion exchangers as one extra-framework ionis bound for each aluminum atom in the zeolite framework. We discovered that such zeoliteshave a high potassium ion binding capacity in dialysis fluids, and can be used for bindingpotassium ions present at a concentration below 5 mM in dialysis fluid where sodium ionconcentration is high (133 mM) and low concentrations of calcium (1 .75 mM) andmagnesium ions (0.25 mM) are present.
    During experimentation with such a zeolite, it was surprisingly found that the zeolitecaused an increase of the pH of the solution, in which it was incubated.
    Increased pH should be avoided in a peritoneal dialysis fluid for several reasons, onebeing that calcium tends to precipitate as calcium carbonate at increased pH. It seems thatsuch increase in pH caused by the zeolite has been overlooked in the prior art, which may bedue to the fact that the catalytic conversion of urea results in an increase of pH as reported inthe above-mentioned document GBl484642A, which may have masked the increase causedby the zeolite.
    The propensity of zeolites, especially hydrophilic ones with a high aluminum contentto raise the pH of aqeous solutions, may be due to their strong aff1nity for positively chargedions. In water and dilute salt solutions this leads to the capture of H3OT, an ion that is alwayspresent in aqueous solutions in varying amounts depending on the pH of the solution. WhenH3O+ is bound by the zeolite, the balance of the equilibrium: Hzo <» H30* + oH- is shifted to the right, and an excess of OH- ions leads to an increase in the pH of thesolution.
    We found that high aluminum zeolites alter the pH of dialysis fluid from thephysiological pH of 7.4 up to around 9. The pH of recirculating dialysis fluid may not deviatesignif1cantly in the alkaline direction, in order to retain patient safety and well-being andprevent precipitation of calcium carbonate. This makes high-aluminum zeolites unsuitable forregeneration of dialysis fluid.
    We found that a zeolite with interrnediate aluminum content (Si:Al ratio 5.5 : 1), givesadequate potassium ion binding capacity in dialysis fluid without dramatic effects on pH. Thisdiscovery solves the problem of pH effects on the fluid caused by the high aff1nity for H3O+ of high-aluminum zeolites.
    To decrease the effect of high-aluminum zeolite on dialysis fluid pH, the zeolite canbe titrated by acids, so that enough H3Ol is added to the solution Contacting the zeolite tocounteract the alkalinization caused by uptake of H3Ol by the zeolite. In this Way, a stableneutral pH in the solution can be achieved. When the titrated zeolite is subsequentlytransferred to a fresh dialysis fluid containing Kl ions, the pH is kept stable at the expense of someWhat lower Kl binding capacity.
    Examples Potassium ion binding capacity of zeolites 1 g of zeolite Was pre-equilibrated during about 20 hours With 200 mL equilibrationfluid containing 133 mM Nal, 1.75 mM Cazl, 0.25 mM Mgzl, 100 mM Cl", 10 mM lactate, 25mM bicarbonate, 75 mM glucose. The fluid Was decanted and 300 mL of a PD fluidcontaining 133 mM Nal, 1.75 mM Cazl, 0.25 mM Mgzl, 105 mM Cl", 10 mM lactate, 25 mMbicarbonate, 75 mM glucose and 5 mM Kl Was added. The flasks Were incubated on magneticstirrers. Samples Were taken after 30 minutes and analyzed for residual Kl content. Thespecific Kl-binding capacity Was calculated. Zeolite X (Zeolum F-9) With a high aluminumcontent (Si:Al ratio about l.5:l) bound 0.57 mmol Kl/ g, and Zeolite Y (HSZ-320NAA) With an “intermediate° aluminum content (Si:Al ratio 5.5:l) bound 0.36 mmol Kl/ g.
    Effect of zeolites on the pH of dialysis fluid About 0.5 g zeolite Was suspended in 20 mL equilibration fluid containing 133 mMNal, 1.75 mM Cazl, 0.25 mM Mgzl, 100 mM Cll, 10 mM lactate, 25 mM bicarbonate, 75 mMglucose. pH Was measured 5 minutes after the addition, and compared With the pH in 20 mLPD fluid Without zeolite. Zeolite X (Zeolum F-9) With a high aluminum content increased thepH by 1.49 units, While Zeolite Y (HSZ-320NAA) With an “intermediate° aluminum content(Si:Al ratio 5.5:l) increased the pH by 0.17 units.
    Effect of zeolites on the pH of dialysis fluid after pre-equilibration pH Was measured in the samples of example 1 Where the zeolite had first been pre-equilibrated With an equilibration fluid containing all PD fluid components but no Kl ions,and subsequently incubated With the same fluid With added Kl ions. The pH of the samplesincubated With zeolite Was compared With the pH of 200 mL of the same fluid incubated on amagnetic stirrer Without zeolite. Zeolite X (Zeolum F-9) With a high aluminum contentincreased the pH by 0.74 units, While Zeolite Y (HSZ-320NAA) With an “intermediate°aluminum content (Si:Al ratio 5.5 : 1) increased the pH by 0.17 units.
    Titration of zeolite With high aluminum content 20 g of Zeolite X (Zeolum F-9HA) in pellet form was washed 4 times with 200-400mL equilibration fluid containing 133 mM Na+, 1.75 mM Cazl, 0.25 mM Mg2+, 95 mM Cl_,40 mM lactate and 75 mM glucose. The last wash was incubated overnight. The pH of thesolution was 9.1 when titration with 1 M hydrochloric acid was started. After gradual additionof about 2.3 mL 1 M acid the pH stabilized at 7.1. After storage for 7 days the pH was 7.3.When comparing the Kl binding capacity and pH effect of titrated and untitrated Zeolite X(Zeolum F-9HA) in pellet forrn in a continuous flow-column, the binding capacity was 0.37mmol/ g for untitrated zeolite and 0.24 mmol/ g for titrated zeolite. The titrated zeolite had nosignificant effect on pH of the fluid during 80 min of flow, whereas the untitrated zeoliteinitially raised the pH by 2.66 units, and after 2.5 hours of flow the pH increase was 2.03units.
    Compensation of pH effect of zeolite with high aluminum content by usingequlibration fluid with a low pH From data on the amount of acid per gram of zeolite needed to titrate Zeolite X(Zeolum F-9HA) to pH 7.4, obtained from the previous example, it was concluded thatapproximately 0.6 mL of 1 M HCl would be necessary to titrate 5 g of Zeolite X pellets to pH7.4. This amount of HCl was added to 200 mL of an equilibration fluid containing 133 mMNal, 1.75 mM Cazl, 0.25 mM MgZT, 95 mM Cl", 40 mM lactate and 75 mM glucose. The pHof the fluid was set to 7.4 prior to the addition of HCl, and was lowered to 4.9 after theaddition. 5 g of Zeolite X pellets were added to the fluid. The pH of the solution rose slowlyto 7.6 during 26 hours, whereafter another 0.1 mL of HCl was added and pH decreased to 6.3.After 3 days, pH was 7.5 and another 0.1 mL of HCl was added. After 2 days the pH was 7.0.Thus, the titrating acid does not have to be added gradually to the zeolite, but can be pre-added to the fluid before addition of the zeolite, whereafter the pH will slowly adjust toaround 7.4.
    The K+ binding capacity of the zeolite after equilibration in acid-containing dialysisfluid was tested as described in the first example, and found to be 0.14 mmol/g zeolite after30 min incubation, increasing to 0.21 mmol/ g after 4 h incubation. The pH of the K+containing test dialysis fluid did not change during the 4 h incubation.
    In the claims, the term "comprises/comprising" does not exclude the presence ofother elements or steps. Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means,elements or method steps may be implemented by e. g. a single unit. Additionally, althoughindividual features may be included in different claims or embodiments, these may possiblyadvantageously be combined, and the inclusion in different claims does not imply that acombination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous. In addition, singular referencesdo not exclude a plurality. The terms "a", "an", “f1rst”, “second” etc. do not preclude aplurality. Reference signs in the claims are provided merely as a clarifying example and shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims in any way.
    Although the present invention has been described above With reference to specificen1bodin1ent and experinients, it is not intended to be lin1ited to the specific forrn set forthherein. Rather, the inVention is lin1ited only by the acconipanying clainis and, otheren1bodin1ents than those specified above are equally possible Within the scope of these appended clainis.
    权利要求:
    Claims (8)
    [1] 1. A method of adsorption of potassium ions from a peritoneal dialysis fluid, Whichhas been removed from the peritoneal caVity of a patient performing peritoneal dialysis forsubsequent recirculation and re-introduction into the peritoneal caVity of the patient, or from ahemodialysis fluid Which has been removed from a dialyzer for subsequent recirculation andre-introduction into the dialyzer; characterized by the step of: contacting the dialysis fluid With a zeolite, Which has been pre-equilibrated With anequilibration fluid comprising at least one of: Nal, Cazl, Mgzl, Cl_, lactate, bicarbonate and glucose, Which equilibration fluid lacks Kl.
    [2] 2. The method according to claim 1, Wherein said equilibration fluid contains: Nal,Cazl, Mgzl, Cl- and lactate, in substantially the same concentration as in peritoneal dialysisfluid.
    [3] 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, Wherein said zeolite has a Si:Al ratio Which is larger than 5: 1.
    [4] 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, Wherein said zeolite has a Si:Al ratio Whichis larger than 1:1 and Wherein the zeolite during or after the pre-equilibration is titrated to near neutral pH using acid.
    [5] 5. The method according to claim 4, Wherein the acid is added to the equilibration fluid so that said fluid before or during the pre-equilibration has a pH of less than 5.0.
    [6] 6. A method of preparing a zeolite for use as adsorbent of potassium ions from adialysis fluid, characterized by incubating said zeolite in an equilibration fluid comprising at least one of: Nal, Cazl,Mgzl, Cl_, lactate, Which equilibration fluid lacks Kl.
    [7] 7. The method according to claim 6, Wherein the equilibration fluid initially has a pHless than 5.0.
    [8] 8. The method according to claim 6, Wherein said zeolite has a Si:Al ratio Which is larger than 5: 1.
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    SE1230132A|SE537061C2|2012-11-23|2012-11-23|Device for adsorbing potassium ions from a peritoneal dialysis fluid or hemodialysis fluid|SE1230132A| SE537061C2|2012-11-23|2012-11-23|Device for adsorbing potassium ions from a peritoneal dialysis fluid or hemodialysis fluid|
    EP13856429.9A| EP2922586A4|2012-11-23|2013-11-22|Method of adsorption of ions from a dialysis fluid|
    US14/646,789| US20150297815A1|2012-11-23|2013-11-22|Method of adsorption of ions from a dialysis fluid|
    PCT/SE2013/000182| WO2014081367A1|2012-11-23|2013-11-28|Method of adsorption of ions from a dialysis fluid|
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