• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method of milling an engine bore (10). The method may include inserting a milling tool (20) having a plurality of cutting edges (24) along a longitudinal axis (26) in a motor bore, rotating the milling tool about the longitudinal axis and moving the milling tool around a perimeter of the motor bore to remove material from the motor bore, and subjecting the bore to roughing in. Milling can generate a conical bore (eg frustoconical). The roughing-in process may increase a minimum diameter of the conical bore by at least 60 μm.
    公开号:FR3042994A1
    申请号:FR1660443
    申请日:2016-10-27
    公开日:2017-05-05
    发明作者:David Alan Stephenson；David Alan Ozog
    申请人:Ford Motor Co；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    DESCRIPTION
    The present invention relates to a milling process, for example a method or process for milling an engine bore.
    Typically, gasoline and diesel engine block bores are machined to tight dimensional tolerances and surface conditions to maintain compression and provide adequate oil retention. In the conventional process, after the removal of foundry blank if necessary, the bores are machined using a multi-step boring process to control the dimension and finished with a honing process to control the surface condition. Three separate steps are normally used in the boring process: roughing, semi-finishing and finishing boring. Each step usually requires a tool of fixed diameter. In addition, finishing boring tools typically require a post-process diameter gauge and a tool setting head to compensate for maintaining a regular diameter as the tool wears. Each boring step takes about 10 to 15 seconds per boring cycle. The honing process following machining also typically comprises three steps. The first step, normally referred to as a roughing-in pass, can be directly affected by the dimension and surface condition of the cylinder arriving after finishing boring. This conventional approach can produce high quality bores, but may lack flexibility and require substantial investment in machine tools. In at least one embodiment, a method includes inserting a milling tool having a plurality of cutting edges along a longitudinal axis in a motor bore; rotating the milling tool about the longitudinal axis and moving the milling tool around a perimeter of the motor bore to remove material from the motor bore and forming a conical bore; and subjecting the tapered bore to roughing in order to increase a minimum diameter of the tapered bore by at least 60 μιη. The spinning step may include moving the milling tool around a perimeter of the motor bore by performing at least two revolutions. A first of at least two revolutions may include a rough milling step and a second of at least two revolutions may include a semifinished milling step. In one embodiment, the spinning step comprises three revolutions including a first rough milling step; a second half-finishing milling step; and a third finishing milling step. The engine bore may be formed in a cast iron engine block casting or compacted graphite cast iron cast iron casing inserted in an aluminum or magnesium engine block, or in a coated aluminum engine block ( eg a thermally sprayed steel coating). A total time of the spinning step and the roughing-in step may be less than 60 seconds. A total time of the spinning step may be less than 20 seconds. In one embodiment, the roughing-in step includes subjecting the tapered bore to lapping using a grain size of at least 200 μm. In another embodiment, the roughing-in step includes subjecting the tapered bore to a break-in using a lapping force of at least 200 kgf. The roughing-in step may increase a minimum diameter of the tapered bore by at least 75 μm. In at least one embodiment, a method includes generating a first frustoconical bore having narrow and wide end diameters from an engine bore through a first pass of interpolated milling; generating a second frustoconical bore having narrow and wide end diameters from the first frustoconical bore through one or more interpolated milling increments; and subjecting the second frustoconical bore to a roughing-in to increase the second narrow end diameter by at least 60 μm.
    The second frustoconical bore may be generated by one or two interpolated milling passes. In one embodiment, a total time of the first interpolated milling pass and the one or more interpolated milling passes is less than 20 seconds. The roughing-in step may increase the second narrow end diameter by at least 75 μm. The first interpolated milling pass and the one or more interpolated milling passes can use a single milling tool. In at least one embodiment, a method includes a first interpolated milling pass increasing a diameter of a motor bore to a second diameter; one or more interpolated milling increments increasing a diameter of the motor bore to a third diameter; and subjecting the engine bore to a rough break in order to generate a cylindrical motor bore; a total time of the set of interpolated milling passes and roughing-in being less than 60 seconds.
    In one embodiment, the total time of all interpolated milling passes and roughing-in is less than 55 seconds. A total time of the first interpolated milling pass and the one or more interpolated milling passes may be less than 20 seconds. In one embodiment, the roughing-in step includes subjecting the engine bore to lapping using an abrasive (eg, a bonded diamond abrasive) having a grain size of at least 200 pm. In another embodiment, the roughing-in step includes subjecting the engine bore to a break-in using a lapping force of at least 200 kgf. The invention will be better understood thanks to the following nonlimiting description which refers to the appended drawings in which:
    Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a reaming process of the state of the art for shaping an engine bore;
    Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of an interpolated milling process for forming an engine bore, in one embodiment;
    Figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a tapered motor bore formed by an interpolated milling process, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 4 is a schematic sectional view of a cylindrical motor bore after a roughing-in process according to one embodiment;
    Figure 5 is a flowchart of a conventional three-step boring process for shaping an engine bore;
    Figure 6 is a flowchart of an interpolated milling process for shaping an engine bore, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a milling tool having a constant cutting radius and the force distribution and the resulting engine bore wall, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view of a milling tool having adjustable cutting radius and force distribution and the resulting engine bore wall, in one embodiment;
    Figure 9 is a perspective view of a milling tool with adjustable cutting inserts, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 10 is an enlarged view of the adjustable cutting inserts of Figure 9, in one embodiment;
    Figure 11 is a graph showing the diameter of a plurality of bores as a function of depth, including a bore formed using a milling tool with adjustable cutting inserts;
    Figure 12 is a graph showing the bore diameter of multiple bores machined using a milling tool provided with adjustable inserts;
    Fig. 13 is a plan view of a textured cutting edge of a cutting insert for milling, according to one embodiment;
    Fig. 14A is an example of a sinusoidal profile for a textured cutting edge, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 14B is an example of a square wave profile for a textured cutting edge, according to one embodiment;
    Figure 14C is an example of a triangular wave profile for a textured cutting edge, according to one embodiment;
    Fig. 14D is an example of a sawtooth wave profile for a textured cutting edge, according to one embodiment; and
    Figure 15 is a schematic side view of a milling tool with adjustable inclined cutting inserts, according to one embodiment.
    Detailed and non-limiting embodiments of the present invention are described hereinafter; however, it should be understood that the described embodiments are only examples of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms and variants. The figures are not necessarily scaled; some features may be exaggerated or understated to show the details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details described hereinafter should not be construed as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching the skilled person how to employ the present invention in various ways.
    Referring to Figure 1, a conventional boring process used to form an engine bore 10 is shown. The motor bore 10 can be formed in a molded part of the engine block (eg a cast iron block of cast iron or compacted graphite cast iron) in a cast iron jacket inserted in an aluminum engine block or magnesium, or in a coated aluminum engine block (eg a thermally sprayed steel coating). The wall 12 of the engine bore may have an initial diameter, such as a cast iron jacket diameter, or it may be formed during the casting of an engine block, for example, using casting cores. . However, the initial diameter may be machined (eg "cubed") or otherwise formed prior to the illustrated boring process, for example to remove foundry blank. As described above, the conventional boring process includes three distinct boring steps - roughing, semi-finishing and finishing boring. During each boring step, a boring bar 14 to which one or more cutting inserts 16 are attached rotates about a longitudinal axis 18 of the boring bar to remove material from the wall 12 of the boring bar. motor bore. The cutting insert 16 has a fixed cutting radius with respect to the longitudinal axis 18 which is greater than the radius of the wall 12 of the engine bore before the reaming process. The longitudinal axis 18 of the boring bar is also the longitudinal axis of the motor bore. Due to the boring process, the radius of the wall 12 of the motor bore becomes identical to the cutting radius of the cutting insert. Reaming bars 14 and / or platelets 16 of different cut are used during the roughing, finishing and finishing boring steps to increase the cutting radius during each step. The finishing boring bar is typically provided with a post-process gauge and a feedback loop to a radial adjusting head on the boring bar to compensate for pad wear.
    As a result, reaming a motor bore is a loose process. Each boring step corresponds to a tool having a fixed cutting radius and the tool must be changed for each boring step in order to increase the cutting radius. Reaming a motor bore requires multiple boring tools depending on the geometry of the motor bore (eg three for the conventional three-step boring process). If multiple geometries of motor bores are used across a group of motors, then the number of bore tools needed can increase rapidly. Boring tools can therefore represent a significant investment in fixed assets, particularly as the number of different engine bore geometries increases. In addition, the need to store and maintain all the different boring tools can become a major resource consumer. In addition, the post-process gauge and the adjustment head on the finishing boring bar are expensive and can replicate a similar gauging used prior to the first pass break-in.
    In addition to being inflexible and uneconomical, the boring process also has relatively long cycle times. As described above, each boring step takes approximately 10 to 15 seconds. Therefore, the completion of the three boring steps (roughing, semi-finishing, finishing) takes 30 to 45 seconds per engine bore. Following the boring, a roughing-in process is performed, followed by at least one additional half-finishing or finishing process. The roughing-in process typically takes about 40 seconds, which makes the total roughing and roughing-in time for a motor bore significantly greater than one minute (eg, 30 seconds of boring + 40 seconds roughing time = 70 seconds in total). Accordingly, while the conventional boring process can generate high quality engine bores, the process is generally expensive, inflexible, and has long cycle times.
    Referring to Figure 2, it was found that high quality motor bores could also be generated using an interpolated milling process. In interpolated milling, a milling tool may be inserted into the motor bore and used to remove material in a path traversing a perimeter of the motor bore. The motor bore may be a motor bore liner, such as a cast iron jacket, or it may be a liner-bearing aluminum bore, such as a thermally sprayed steel liner (e.g. by PTWA). The milling tool 20 may be provided with a body 22 and a plurality of cutting inserts 24 coupled to the body 22, for example, either directly or via a cartridge. The cutting inserts 24 may extend along a length of the body 22 and be spaced along the length. The length of the body may correspond to a longitudinal axis 26 of the body 22. There may be two rows 28 or more of cutting inserts 24 extending along the longitudinal axis 26, for example, two, three or four rows 28 The rows 28 may be arranged in a straight line or they may be staggered such that the wafers are arranged at different locations around the perimeter of the body 22.
    In at least one embodiment, the body 22 and the cutting pads 24 may extend over or cover the entire height of the motor bore. For example, the body 22 and the cutting inserts 24 may extend over or cover at least 100 mm, in particular at least 110 mm, 130 mm, 150 mm, or 170 mm. The rows 28 of cutting inserts 24 can comprise two or more wafers, in particular at least 5, 8, 10 wafers or more. The total number of cutters 24 may be the number of platelets per row multiplied by the number of rows 28. Therefore, if there are four rows and ten platelets per row, there may be 40 platelets 24 cut in total. As shown in FIG. 2, two or more rows 28 may be offset relative to one another so that the pads 24 in one row remove material that is not removed by another row. Because of the intervals between the wafers 24. In one embodiment, the rows 28 may be configured in pairs, the wafers 24 being shifted to remove the material in the gaps 30 left by the other row 28. There may be one, two or more sets of pairs, which results in an even number of rows 28.
    During the interpolated milling process, the body 22 can rotate about its longitudinal axis 26. However, unlike the bore, the longitudinal axis 26 of the body does not correspond or coincide with the longitudinal axis 32 of the engine bore 10. The cutting radius of the milling tool (e.g., from the tip of the cutting insert to the longitudinal axis of the body) is less than a radius of the motor bore. Accordingly, the body milling tool 22 can be inserted into the motor bore 10 (e.g., in a "z" direction) such that the body 22 and the cutting inserts 24 extend over or over the entire height of the engine bore 10. The body 22 can be rotated about its longitudinal axis 26, then moved around the perimeter of the wall 12 of the motor bore to remove material therefrom. In one embodiment, the body 22 may be held constant or substantially constant in the z-direction during the interpolated milling process (e.g., the body 22 is not raised and lowered relative to the motor bore 10) . The body 22 can be moved in the x-y plane to describe a predetermined path and increase the size of the engine bore. The body 22 may be made to describe a circular path having a radius or diameter larger than the current diameter of the motor bore to increase the radius / diameter of the motor bore.
    Interpolation milling can be distinguished from interpolated mechanical roughening based on tool type, tool motion, resulting surface structure, and material application. Interpolated roughening typically includes a rotating tool configured to traverse the perimeter of a bore to selectively remove material, thereby roughening the surface (eg, forming grooves). However, interpolated roughness does not remove a uniform (or nearly uniform) thickness of material to increase the diameter of a bore. In addition, interpolated roughness is only used on aluminum or magnesium engine blocks to prepare the surface for subsequent coating (eg by PTWA), and not to form a controlled bore diameter in a cast iron jacket or an already coated aluminum engine bore.
    It is possible to perform two revolutions or passes (eg complete circles) or more. In one embodiment, the first revolution can remove the most material (eg, increase the diameter of the engine bore more). The following revolutions can remove less material than the first, and can sequentially remove less material at each revolution. For example, the first revolution may increase the diameter of the motor bore by at most 3 mm, for example from 0.5 to 3 mm, from 1 to 3 mm, from 1 to 2.5 mm, from 1 to , 5 to 3 mm, or 2 to 3 mm. The second revolution can increase the motor bore by at most 1.5 mm, for example from 0.25 to 1.5 mm, from 0.25 to 1 mm, from 0.5 to 1.5 mm, 0.5 to 1.25 mm, or 0.75 to 1.25 mm, or about 1 mm (e.g., ± 0.1 mm). Revolutions following the second revolution can increase the diameter of the motor bore by at most 0.5 mm, for example 0.1 to 0.5 mm or 0.25 to 0.5 mm. The above diameter increases are just examples, and the diameter can be increased by a greater or a smaller amount during different revolutions in certain situations.
    An interpolated revolution or milling pass can be substantially faster than a boring step. As described above, a boring step generally takes 10 to 15 seconds. On the other hand, an interpolated milling pass of an engine bore may take 8 seconds or less, for example, 7, 6, or 5 seconds or less. In one embodiment, an interpolated milling pass can take from 2 to 5 seconds, from 3 to 5 seconds, 4 seconds, or about 4 seconds (e.g., ± 0.5 seconds). Accordingly, if 2 or 3 revolutions are made during an engine bore milling process, the total milling time may be less than 25 seconds, for example, less than 20 or less than 15 seconds. For milling processes with only two revolutions, the total milling time may be less than 10 seconds.
    During the interpolated milling process, reaction forces on the tool from the side wall of the motor bore may cause the tool to deform radially inwards (eg towards the center or axis longitudinal bore of the engine bore). The deformation may be greater for relatively long milling tools, such as the described tools 100 mm or longer, used to mill the entire height of the engine bore at a time. As a result, the interpolated milling revolutions can result in a slight taper in the side wall 12 of the motor bore, the diameter of the motor bore 10 generally decreasing from top to bottom of the bore. A schematic example of a tapered motor bore 40 is shown in FIG. 3. As shown, a first end 42, called the top of the bore, has a larger diameter than a second end 44, called the bottom of the bore. bore. The diameter of the wall 46 of the bore is shown in Figure 3 as continuously decreasing at a constant rate, however this is only a simplified illustration. The diameter may increase locally in regions located down the bore (eg the diameter may not decrease continuously) and / or the rate of decrease in diameter may not be constant (for example, it may be generally exponential). In one embodiment, the interpolated milling process may generate a frusto-conical bore having a relatively large or large diameter at the first end 42 and a relatively small or narrow diameter at the second end 44. Each interpolated additional milling pass can generate a new frustoconical bore, which may have larger and / or larger diameters. As described above, the tapered bore or bores may have local diameter variations along the longitudinal axis and the term is not meant to represent the exact geometric shape.
    After the interpolated milling process (eg one or more revolutions), a break-in process can be performed on the enlarged motor bore. The honing process may be performed to impart more precise geometry and / or surface condition to the engine bore. The break-in typically includes rotating a lapping tool with at least two lapping stones about a longitudinal axis while oscillating the lapping tool in the z-direction (eg upwards and downwards). ) in the motor bore. The lapping stones are typically formed of abrasive grains bonded together by an adhesive. The abrasive grains may have a grain size, which may be denoted by a grain size number or a grain size (eg in microns). A force is applied to the lapping stones in the radial direction to increase the diameter of the bore.
    During the conventional boring process of the motor bore, there are typically three lapping steps, similar to the roughing, finishing and finishing boring-lapping steps. These lapping steps can remove less material sequentially (eg increasing the diameter of the bore in smaller and smaller quantities). In addition, the boring process generally gives rise to a substantially cylindrical bore. For example, the resulting bore may have a cylindricity of 25 μm or less, for example up to 20 μm. Therefore, conventional break-in processes do not take into account a conical or frustoconical motor bore, such as that described above from interpolated milling. In particular, the first break-in process, called roughing, is the break-in step that is most affected by the geometry of the incoming bore.
    Accordingly, a modified lapping process is described which can reduce or eliminate taper in a motor bore to produce a cylindrical or substantially cylindrical motor bore 50 as shown in FIG. 4. The modified lapping process can be a modified roughing-in process, since the roughing-in process is the first to meet the engine bore after milling. Conventional roughing-in processes use an established grain size and a break-in force of about 180 μm and 100 kgf, respectively. It has been found that these conventional break-in parameters have difficulty in eliminating or reducing taper in an engine bore. However, it has been found that by increasing the grain size and / or increasing the break-in force, the roughing-in process can be used to eliminate or reduce the taper in an engine bore.
    In one embodiment, the grain size of the rough-in lapping stone can be increased in comparison with the conventional rough-cut lapping stone (e.g., about 180 μm). For example, the grain size can be increased to at least 200 μm, 210 μm, 220 μm, or 230 μm. These grain sizes can be an average grain size. In another embodiment, which may or may not be combined with the increase in grain size, the break-in force during the roughing-in process may be increased in comparison with the conventional roughing-in force ( eg about 100 kgf). For example, the roughing-in force may be increased to at least 150 kgf, 200 kgf, 250 kgf, 300 kgf, or 350 kgf. In one embodiment, the roughing-in force may be increased up to 150 to 350 kgf, or any subinterval therein, for example 175 to 325 kgf, 200 to 325 kgf, 250 to 325 kgf. kgf, or about 300 kgf (eg ± 10 kgf). Instead of absolute values, the roughing-in force can also be increased relative to the standard roughing-in force for a given honing process. For example, the roughing-in force may be increased by at least 1.5X, 2X, 2.5X, 3X, or 3.5X in comparison with the conventional rough-in force. Therefore, if the conventional force was 75 kgf, then an increase of 3X would equate to 225 kgf.
    Instead of adjusting the roughing-in parameters, one or two grinding steps may be performed prior to a half-finish grinding step to eliminate or reduce the taper in the engine bore. In one embodiment, a grinding step may be inserted between the final milling step and a half-finishing step. Grinding uses abrasive particles (eg glued diamond) on a fixed diameter (non-expandable) body to remove material. Unlike break-in, the tool is inserted into the bore and removed from it only once, rather than during multiple strokes with simultaneous expansion of the tool. Rectification can be done using a single pass or multiple passes following removal of required material.
    Referring to Figure 5, a flow chart 60 of a conventional boring process is shown. As described above, the conventional process includes three boring steps - rough bore 62, half-finished boring 64, and finishing boring 66. After reaming, the engine bore is lapped, typically in a three-step process similar to the bore, starting with a roughing-in step 68. The half-finishing bore 64 and the finishing bore 66 typically each take at least 10 seconds, and the rough bore typically takes longer, for example, about 15 seconds. As a result, the boring process typically takes about 35 seconds or longer. Conventional roughing step 68 takes about 40 seconds, giving a total time of about 75 seconds or more for steps 62-68. The typical three-step break-in process enlarges the diameter of the motor bore by about 90 μm, generally in steps of about 50 μm, 30 μm and 10 μm respectively for the first (blank), second and third stages of lapping.
    Referring to Figure 6, a flowchart 70 is shown for the interpolated milling process described above. The interpolated milling process can eliminate the bore from the process of generating engine bores. Instead, the process may include a rough milling step 72 and a combined milling / finishing milling step 74, which may be referred to as a second milling step 74. Each interpolated milling step may include one or more revolutions around a perimeter of the engine bore to increase the diameter of the engine bore by removing material therefrom. In one embodiment, the rough milling step 72 may comprise a single revolution or pass around the perimeter of the motor bore. The rough milling step can increase the diameter of the motor bore by at most a few mm, for example, from about 1 to 2 mm. In one embodiment, the second milling step 74 may include one or two revolutions or passes around the perimeter of the motor bore. Each pass during the second milling step 74 can remove less material and increase the diameter of the motor bore by a smaller amount than the rough milling step 72. For example, each pass can increase the diameter by at most 1 mm. In one embodiment, the milling steps 72 and 74 may be performed with the same tool or with identical tools (eg same cutting radius).
    The milling steps 72 and 74 may be substantially shorter than the boring processes described above. In one embodiment, each milling revolution can take less than 8 seconds, for example, up to 7 seconds, 6 seconds, 5 seconds, or 4 seconds. Therefore, a milling process that includes a rough bore revolution and two semifinished / finished revolutions can take less than 24 seconds and can be as short as 12 seconds or less. For a milling process that includes a rough bore revolution and a second milling revolution, the process can take less than 16 seconds and can be as short as 8 seconds or less. As a result, the total time of the break-in steps in the flowchart 70 (eg milling steps) can be significantly and substantially shorter than the total time of the break-in steps in the flowchart 60 (e.g. bore). As described above, the three-step boring process typically takes at least 35 seconds, which can be almost triple the duration of a 3-revolution milling process (eg 12 seconds, 4 s / rev .) and more than four times the duration of a 2-revolution milling process (eg 8 seconds, 4 s / rev.).
    After the milling steps 72 and 74, a modified roughing step 76 can be performed. As described above, the milling steps 72 and 74 may generate a tapered motor bore, which may be described as a frusto-conical bore having narrow and wide end diameters. As a result, the modified roughing step 76 can reduce or eliminate taper in the bore, in addition to providing the more accurate geometry and / or surface condition that occur during typical roughing-in. The modified roughing step 76 may remove additional material from the narrower end of the engine bore (eg, the bottom of the bore, as shown in Figures 3 and 4). to increase the diameter of the bore in the narrower end. As described above, this additional removal of material can be accomplished by increasing the grit size of lapping stones and / or by increasing the force / pressure applied by lapping stones. The conventional roughing-in step typically increases the diameter of the motor bore by about 50 μm, the second and third passes increasing it by 30 μm and 10 μm, respectively, for a total of about 90 μm. During the modified roughing step 76, the diameter of a narrow end of the engine bore may be increased by more than the conventional amount to reduce or eliminate taper. In other words, the minimum diameter of the motor bore can be increased by more than the conventional amount to reduce or eliminate taper. In at least one embodiment, the minimum diameter may be increased by at least 55 μm, for example, at least 60 μm, 65 μm, 70 μm, 75 μm, 80 μm, 85 μm, 90 μm, 95 μm, or 100 pm.
    After the modified roughing process 76, additional break-in steps can be performed. These lapping steps may be the same or similar to the second, third or conventional additional lapping steps. As described above, the conventional multi-step lapping process typically increases the diameter of the motor bore by about 90 μm. In one embodiment, the total diameter increase resulting from the modified roughing step 76 and additional break-in steps (eg, one or two additional steps) may be significantly larger. For example, the total diameter increase may be at least 120 μm, 125 μm, 130 μm, 135 μm, 140 μm, 145 μm, or 150 μm. The total diameter increase may be from a minimum or narrow end of a conical bore arriving or it may be from any other diameter of the incoming bore, including the maximum diameter or diameter. wide end. The modified roughing step 76 may take the same or similar time as the conventional roughing step 68 (eg, about 40 seconds). In at least one embodiment, a total time of steps 72 to 76 (eg milling and roughing-in) may be 65 seconds or less. For example, the total time can be 60, 55 or 50 seconds or less. As a result, the method of generating interpolated milled motor bores can be significantly shorter than the typical 75 second cycle time using the conventional boring process. In particular, the part before break-in of the process (eg boring or milling) can be shortened by more than half. For example, a milling process with two milling revolutions can take only 8 seconds, compared to 35 seconds for a three-step boring process.
    Referring to Figure 7, the milling tool 80 (eg a two-size mill) may include a plurality of cutting inserts 82 arranged along its length (e.g., parallel to its longitudinal axis), each having 84 cutting edge. In conventional milling tools, cutting inserts 82 are configured such that each cutting edge 84 has the same cutting radius 86. The cutting radius 86 may be defined from a center or longitudinal axis 88 of the cutting tool 80 to the cutting edge 84. The tool 80 of Figure 7 is shown with the conventional arrangement of a uniform cutting radius 86 for each wafer 82. The identical spokes can therefore generate a uniform force distribution 90 on the wall 92 of the motor bore. However, as described above, during the interpolated milling process, the reaction forces on the tool from the side wall of the motor bore can be generated. As a result, a bending moment 94 is generated, which causes the tool to deform radially inwards (eg towards the center or the longitudinal axis of the motor bore). In addition, there may be local variations in the structural rigidity of the engine block, which can lead to tool bending or irregular distortion of the workpiece and may result in dimensional errors in the motor bore. This can cause taper 96 in the wall 92 of the motor bore during the interpolated milling process. When milling is used for other applications, deep pockets are machined to finish in a series of shorter layers, cut sequentially until the full depth is reached. This approach significantly increases machining cycle time and tool wear rates but is required in many applications to meet the required tolerances.
    It has been found, however, that by adjusting the cutting radius of the individual cutting inserts, the taper can be reduced or eliminated. Referring to Figure 8, a milling tool 100 is shown (eg a two-size milling cutter) which may include a plurality of cutting inserts 102 arranged along its length (e.g., parallel to its longitudinal axis), each having a cutting edge 104. Unlike conventional milling tools, the cutting inserts 102 are configured such that each cutting edge 104 does not have the same cutting radius 106. The cutting radius 106 may be defined from a center or longitudinal axis 108 of the cutting tool 100 to the cutting edge 104. The tool 100 can allow a full-depth milling process in one step (eg by cutting the entire height of the bore at a time), without requiring multiple sequential cuts.
    As shown, there may be a plurality of different cutting rays 106 such that there are at least 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different cutting rays 106. In one embodiment, each wafer 102 may be adjustable independently of a first radius to a second radius or a minimum radius to a maximum radius. The pads 102 may be mechanically adjustable such that adjustment is performed by the tool (eg not directly by hand). However, the tool 100 may also include cutting inserts 102 that are not adjustable or multiple cutting inserts 102 may be bonded such that their cutting radii are adjusted together. Any combination of independently adjustable, fixed and linked cutting inserts may be included in the cutting tool 100. As shown in FIG. 8, the variable cutting radii may generate a non-uniform force distribution 110 on the wall 112 of the motor bore.
    The cutting spokes 106 may be configured to reduce or eliminate taper in the wall 112 of the motor bore. For example, the cutting rays can be configured to correct the effect of the deformation of the tool 100 caused by a bending moment 114 generated by reaction forces from the wall 112 of the motor bore (described above). high). In one embodiment, the cutting radius 106 for one or more cutting inserts 102 may be determined based on an interpolated initial milling process with all cutting radii at the same or substantially the same distance. After the milling process, the motor bore can be measured to determine the dimensional change at multiple axial positions in the bore. The dimensional variation can be an average variation in each position. The multiple axial positions may correspond to the positions of the cutting inserts, for example the centers of the platelets. Dimensional variations can be expressed as a "+" or a relative to the programmed or configured radius. For example, a radius that is too large of 20 μm may be "+ 20" and a radius that is too small of 20 μm may be 20, "or vice versa (the sign may be in one direction or the other, provided it is consistent). After the engine bore has been measured and analyzed, the cutting rays 106 may be set to have the same value, but a sign opposite to that of the measured dimensions. Therefore, if the radius for a certain wafer position was + 20, the cutting radius can be set to -20 (eg if the radius was too large by 20 μm, the wafer can be set to 20 μm radially towards the inside). Any or all cutting inserts can be adjusted using the above methodology. Once a certain milling process has been measured and analyzed, the set rays can be used in future milling processes without recalibration. Alternatively, the settings may be recalibrated after a number of milling processes.
    Although the above process may provide a precise method of adjusting the cutting rays 106, any suitable method may be used to adjust the cutting rays 106 to reduce or eliminate taper in an engine bore. . For example, the cutting radius settings can be calculated or predicted using modeling. In one embodiment, the adjustment cutting radii can be calculated using finite element analysis (FEA) or finite element method (FEM). Finite element analysis as a general process is known in the art and will not be explained in detail. In general, it includes the analysis or approximation of a real object by splitting it into a large number of "finite elements," like small cubes. Mathematical equations can then be used to predict the behavior of each element based on inputs for material properties. A computer or computer software can then add or sum all the individual behaviors of the elements to predict the behavior of the approximated object. For example, in the interpolated milling process, the properties of the milling tool (eg number, size, material properties, configuration / layout, etc. of the cutting inserts), milling process (eg radius cutting, applied force, etc.), and the motor bore (eg material properties, bore configuration, etc.) can be entered into specially programmed software, which can then calculate expected +/- values or approximated similarly to the method described above.
    In another embodiment, the adjustments may be made on the basis of mathematical equations or simplified assumptions. For example, the bending moment on the tool generally causes the distal end of the milling tool to deform inwardly of the larger amount, or at least a greater amount than the proximal end. of the tool. As a result, it can be assumed that the tool will deform inward by a generally increasing amount as the position along the length of the tool becomes larger. Adjustments can therefore be made on the basis of increasing strain using a mathematical formula. For example, the formula can be a linear increase with length or an exponential increase, such as a hyperbolic increase. Therefore, the cutting radius settings can follow a formula predicting the general behavior of the tool during milling.
    In at least one embodiment, the cutting rays 106 of the wafers may have a certain range of motion. The range of motion can be defined as a difference between the first cutting radius (eg maximum) and the second cutting radius (eg minimum). In one embodiment, the difference between the first and second cutting rays may be at least 5 μm, for example at least 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm or 30 μm. In another embodiment, the difference between the first and second cutting rays may be at most 50 μm, for example at most 45 μm or 40 μm. For example, the difference may be from 5 pm to 35 pm, or any sub-range therein, such as 5 to 25 pm, 10 to 30 pm, 10 to 25 pm, 15 to 30 pm, 15 to 30 pm. 25 pm, or other sub-ranges. Each cutting insert may have the same range of motion, or one or more pads may have different ranges of motion. For example, the pads near the bottom of the tool may have a greater range of motion to accommodate the deformation of the tool inwardly.
    Referring to Ligures 9 and 10, an embodiment of a milling tool 120 is shown, provided with adjustable cutting inserts 122. The wafers 122 may be of any suitable type of cutting insert, for example tungsten carbide, cubic boron nitride, diamond or the like. The milling tool 120 shown is a two-size milling cutter, however the described cutting cutting inserts 122 may be applied to or used in other peripheral milling tools. The tool 120 includes a tool body 124, to which the cutting inserts 122 are coupled. The cutting inserts 122 may be directly attached to the body 124 or may be attached indirectly, for example via a cartridge which is attached to the body 124. As described above, there may be two or more rows 126 of cutting inserts 122. extending along the longitudinal axis 128 of the tool, for example two, three or four rows 126. The rows 126 may be arranged in a straight line or they may be staggered so that the boards are arranged in different places around the perimeter of the body 124 (e.g., as shown in Fig. 9). In one embodiment, the rows 126 may be configured in pairs and the wafers 122 of each pair may be configured such that the wafers occupying the same position in the rows 126 may have the same cutting rays 106. For example, the 5th wafer from the top of each row may occupy a position 15 "and the 6th wafer from the top of each row may occupy a" + 10 "position.
    In at least one embodiment, the body 124 and the cutting inserts 122 may be configured to extend over or cover the entire height of a motor bore. For example, the body 124 and the cutting inserts 122 may extend over or cover at least 100 mm, in particular at least 110 mm, 120 mm, 145 mm or 160 mm. Rows 126 of platelets 122 of cut may each comprise two or more platelets, for example at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 platelets or more. The total number of cutters 122 may be the number of platelets per row multiplied by the number of rows 126. Therefore, if there are four rows and ten platelets per row, there may be 40 platelets 122 cut in total. As shown in FIG. 9, two or more rows 126 may be offset relative to one another so that the pads 122 in one row remove material that is not removed by another row. Because of the intervals 130 between the wafers 122. In one embodiment, the rows 126 may be configured in pairs, the wafers 122 being shifted to remove the material in the gaps 130 left by the other row 126. There may be one, two or more sets of pairs, which results in an even number of rows 126. For example, the tool shown in Figure 9 comprises four rows 126, each comprising ten cutting boards 122. The rows are configured in two pairs, the pads of each pair being located on opposite sides of the tool body 124 (eg 180 ° around the perimeter).
    Referring to Figure 10, a close-up view of the cutting inserts 122 of the tool 120 is shown. The cutting inserts each have a cutting edge 132 which can form the reference point for measuring the cutting radius of the wafer. Each wafer 122 may be stowed to the body 124. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, each of the plates 122 is secured to the body 124 by a fastener 134, such as a screw. The fastener may extend through an opening or hole 136 in the wafer 122 and enter a threaded portion (not shown) of a fastening surface 138 on the body 124. The opening 136 may be a hole with clearance having a diameter greater than the diameter of the fastener 134, thereby allowing the wafer 122 to move radially inwardly and outwardly before the final tightening of the fastener 134. The wafer may have a flange 140 surrounding the opening 136, which is configured to contact the head 142 of the fastener and immobilize the wafer 122 in place.
    An adjusting mechanism 144 may be positioned adjacent any or all of the cutting inserts 122 to adjust the cutting radius of the cutting edge 132. In one embodiment, the adjusting mechanism 144 may include a set screw 146 and a regulator 148. The adjusting screw 146 may be tapered such that it has a larger diameter at its upper part and a smaller diameter at its lower part. The adjusting screw 146 may be received by a threaded portion in the body 124. The adjusting member 148 may be disposed in the vicinity of the cutting insert 122 and configured for the adjusting screw 146 to contact the cutting insert 122. . The adjusting member 148 may be formed as a wall which is adjacent to the cutting wafer 122 and may contact one side of the wafer 122.
    In use, the cutting radius of the cutting insert 122 can be adjusted by the movement of the adjusting member 148 (eg a wall) via the rotation of the adjusting screw 146. Before securing the cutting insert 122 to the attachment surface 138 via the securing member 134, the adjusting screw 146 may be rotated so that it is engaged more deeply into the threaded portion of the body 124 or it is disengaged or unscrewed from the threaded part. When the adjusting screw 146 is engaged more deeply, the conical diameter of the screw comes into contact with the adjusting member 148 and pushes it in such a way that it deforms radially outward to increase the cutting radius of the the wafer. When the adjustment screw 146 is unscrewed or loosened, the conical diameter of the screw ceases to apply a force to the adjustment member 148 or applies a lower force and the adjustment member 148 may return partially or entirely to its position. not deformed and allow the cutting radius to be reduced. Accordingly, by adjusting the adjusting screw 146, the cutting wafer 122 can traverse the attachment surface 138 in translation to adjustably increase or decrease the cutting radius of the wafer 122. The setting can be controllable and repeatable. For example, the cutting radius can be incrementally controlled based on the number of rotations of the adjusting screw 146 (eg, inward or outward).
    Although Ligures 9 and 10 represent an example of a setting mechanism, any adjustment mechanism suitable for controllably and reliably changing the cutting radius of a cutting insert can be used. For example, instead of translating the fixing surface 138 in translation, the cutting inserts may rotate about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool to increase or decrease the cutting radius. In addition, although cutting inserts 122 are shown as directly secured to body 124, they could also be coupled indirectly to body 124, for example, using a cartridge. The pads can be attached to a cartridge in a manner similar to that described above (eg with an adjustable cutting radius with respect to the cartridge) and the cartridge can then be secured to the body 124.
    Accordingly, a milling tool with adjustable cutting inserts is described in which the cutting radius of one or more of the cutting inserts can be varied or adjusted. The tool can be used to reduce or eliminate taper in a motor bore during an interpolated milling process. As described above, a bending moment on the tool could cause it to deform inwardly and to have irregular material removal along a longitudinal axis of the tool. The platelets can therefore be adjusted, for example from empirical tests or modeling, to compensate for the effect of dimensional errors that are generated with a constant single cutting radius for an entire tool. It has also surprisingly been found that dimensional errors may not result in a constantly decreasing bore diameter (eg continuous taper). Instead, there may be local areas where the diameter from the milling is larger than an area closer to the top of the bore. Accordingly, a milling tool for correcting dimensional errors may include at least three cutting inserts in succession from an upper first end of the tool body to a lower second end of the tool body, the cutting the second wafer being greater than the cutting radius of the first and third wafers. This could correct the effect of dimensional errors in which there is a local region having a larger diameter than a region above it in the engine bore. The cutting radius of the first wafer may be greater than the cutting radius of the third wafer. There may of course be more than three cutting inserts coupled to the tool, and the described sequence of three inserts may be encountered anywhere in the platelet sequence from top to bottom of the tool.
    However, there may be a general tendency of the bore diameter decreasing from top to bottom of the bore (e.g., in the insertion direction of the tool). As a result, the cutting radius of the tool can be adjusted so that it generally increases from top to bottom. In one embodiment, the cutting inserts in the upper half of the tool can be adjusted to have a smaller average cutting radius than an average cutting radius of the cutting inserts in the lower half of the tool. For example, if there are ten cutting inserts spaced along the longitudinal axis, an average cutting radius of the five upper platelets may be less than an average of the five lower platelets. In another embodiment, an average cutting radius of the upper third of the cutting inserts may be adjusted to be less than an average cutting radius of the lower third of the cutting inserts. The middle third of the cutting inserts can be set to have an average cutting radius between the upper and lower thirds. For example, if there are nine cutting inserts spaced along the longitudinal axis, an average cutting radius of the three upper platelets may be less than an average of the three lower platelets. For example, an average cutting radius of the three median platelets may be less than an average of the three lower platelets but greater than an average of the three upper platelets. If the number of cutting inserts is not a multiple of two or three, then the upper or lower half or third can be defined rounding up or down. For example, if there are ten platelets, the upper and lower thirds may each comprise three platelets.
    Referring to Figures 11 and 12, experimental data demonstrating improved dimensional control of engine bore diameters using adjustable cutting inserts are shown. Referring to Figure 11, four initial bores were milled using a tool having a constant cutting radius. The diameter of the bores 1 to 3 as a function of the depth of the bore from the joint plane is shown in FIG. 11. The bore 4 has been resumed using a milling tool provided with plates set according to the described method. higher using equal offsets of opposite signs. In order to measure the difference, the interpolated milling diameter was increased during the recovery of the bore 4. As shown in FIG. 11, the bores 1 to 3 showed a general decrease in the bore diameter as the depth boring increased (with the exception of some local increases, as described above). Bores 1-3 showed a diameter difference of about 60 μm from top to bottom, a significant taper. In contrast, bore 4 remained within a 40 μm window and did not show a general tendency to shrink from top to bottom.
    Figure 12 shows bore diameter data for 8 bores of a milled V8 motor using a milling tool provided with wafers set according to the method described above using equal offsets of opposite signs. As shown, the 8 bore diameters were all controlled within a 20 μm window from top to bottom. In general, the conventional three-step boring process described above also typically controls the diameter to within 20 μm. Therefore, the described adjustable milling tool could allow the interpolated milling process to approach or achieve a similar or better level of control over the diameter of the motor bores, while also providing the other improvements described above (e.g. shorter cycle time, reduced tooling investment, increased flexibility). For example, the disclosed methods and tools could control the bore diameter within a window of 25 μm or less, for example up to 20 μm, up to 15 μm or up to 10 μm.
    In addition to taper, another potential challenge to using milling (eg interpolated milling) to generate engine bores may be the resulting surface roughness of the bore wall. The lapping process that follows the milling process can be more efficient with a relatively rough surface. The conventional three-step boring process for generating the motor bore results in a relatively rough surface that allows for an effective break-in later. However, milling typically results in a smoother surface than the bore, due to the relatively long and smooth alignment of the pads and cutting edges on each wafer. The milling inserts generally comprise a mill body equipped with detachable inserts of tool material, such as tungsten carbide, cubic boron nitride or diamond. The tools are normally mounted with a face parallel to the axis of the tool. In comparison with the bore and similar internal machining processes, milling produces a relatively smooth surface condition, the average roughness typically being around 1 micron Ra. It has been found that this low roughness could make profile milling difficult or unsuitable for certain applications that require minimal roughness for further processing, such as lapping. Run-in typically requires minimal roughness so that the abrasive stones cut without applying excessive stone pressure and / or in such a way that there is some material in which the honing stones "bite".
    Referring to Figure 13, a cutting insert 150 is shown which may be used in the described milling process. The cutting insert 150 may have a cutting edge 152. Unlike the cutting edges of conventional milling tools, which are smooth and flat, the cutting edge 152 can be relatively rough or textured. For example, a conventional milling cutting edge generally has an average roughness (Rz) of less than 6 μm. The average roughness can be calculated by measuring the vertical distance from the highest peak to the deepest trough within the limit of a number of sampling lengths, for example five sampling lengths. The value Rz is then determined by taking the average of these distances. The average roughness averages only a certain number (eg five) of the highest peaks and the deepest valleys, which may result in a greater influence of the extremes on the Rz value (eg in comparison with arithmetic roughness, Ra). Rz can be defined according to ASME B46-1. The cutting edge 152 of the cutting insert 150 may have a greater roughness (eg the average roughness) than the cutting edges of conventional milling inserts. In one embodiment, the cutting edge 152 may have a mean roughness (Rz) of at least 5 μm, for example at least 7.5 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm, or 15 μm. In another embodiment, the cutting edge 152 may have an average roughness (Rz) of 7 to 30 μm, or any sub-range therein, especially 7 to 25 μm, 10 to 25 μm. 12 to 25 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 12 to 20 μm.
    The surface roughness of the cutting edge 152 can generate a similar corresponding surface roughness in the object being milled (eg a motor bore). Accordingly, a cutting wafer 150 having a cutting edge 152 of average roughness (Rz) of 12 to 20 μm can generate a motor bore wall having a mean roughness (Rz) of 12 to 20 μm. In one embodiment, the cutting insert 150 having the relatively rough cutting edge 152 may be used during the interpolated milling process described above to generate a relatively rough milled motor bore before lapping. The relatively rough cutting edge 152 may only be used during a final milling pass or revolution to generate the rougher surface for lapping. However, the cutting edge 152 may also be used for any or all of the milling passes before the final pass. The textured cutting edge 152 is shown in FIG. 13 as having a generally sinusoidal shape or profile, however any suitable profile that results in the described surface roughness can be used. Referring to Figures 14A-14D, several examples of shapes or profiles of a textured cutting edge are shown. Figure 14A shows a sinusoidal profile 160, Figure 14B shows a square wave profile 162, Figure 14C shows a triangular wave profile 164, and Figure 14D shows a sawtooth wave profile 166. The cutting a cutting insert can be generated with one or more of these profiles, and different cutting inserts may have cutting edges of different profiles. Although the profiles 160 to 166 are represented in idealized schematic form, the profile shapes may be less precise and more general.
    In one embodiment, the profile of cutting edges that are configured to contact the same region (e.g., at a certain height or range of heights in a motor bore) may have stepped peaks and depressions or offset. Peaks may designate above-average projection in surface roughness and hollows may refer to a below-average cup in surface roughness. Accordingly, by staggering the peaks and valleys of the cutting edge profiles, less extreme surface variations can be formed in the resulting surface. For example, if the cutting inserts are arranged in rows comprising the same number of boards in each row, then at least two boards at the same height or position in the row (eg 3rd board from the top) may exhibit peaks and troughs offset or staggered.
    Cutting inserts with relatively rough cutting edges can be generated by any suitable method. The cutting edges can be formed originally with the increased surface roughness or surface profile, or the increased roughness or profile can be realized at a later stage. If performed at a later stage, the increased roughness can be generated by any suitable process. In one embodiment, the increased roughness can be generated by spark erosion (EDM), which can also be called spark erosion or other names. EDM generally involves a series of rapidly repeating current discharges between a tool electrode and a workpiece electrode, separated by a dielectric liquid and subjected to electrical voltage. When the electrodes are brought closer to each other, the electric field between the electrodes becomes greater than the rigidity of the dielectric, the latter slams and allows the current to flow and the material is removed from the two electrodes. To generate a certain profile or geometry, the EDM tool can be guided along a desired path very close to the part (eg cutting edge). Other "non-mechanical" methods can also be used to generate surface roughness and / or profiles, such as electrochemical machining (ECM), water jet cutting or laser cutting. However, mechanical methods can also be used, such as grinding with an abrasive grinding wheel or polishing with an abrasive brush. The cutting edge can be ground or polished with a grain size which corresponds to the desired roughness of the cutting edge, for example at least 5 μm, 7.5 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm, or 15 μm. In one embodiment, the cutting edge can be polished / ground on its flanks with a diamond grinding wheel having a grain size of at least 5 μm, 7.5 μm, 10 μm, 12 pm, or 15 pm.
    In addition, or instead, to roughen or texture the cutting edges of the cutting inserts to generate a rougher engine bore wall, the insert may be bent or tilted to give an identical or similar result. (eg greater roughness) Referring to Figure 15, a lopped cutting insert 170 for cutting is shown coupled to a milling body 172. The leaning plate 170 may be provided with a cutting edge 174 having an orientation that is oblique to a longitudinal axis 176 of the mill body 172 (eg, parallel or perpendicular pitch). One or more of the cutting inserts coupled to the milling body 172 may be sloped cutting inserts, for example, all of the cutting inserts. As a result, as the mill body rotates about the longitudinal axis 176, the cutting edges 174 can remove varying amounts of material over a height of the cutting edges, resulting in a greater surface roughness.
    In one embodiment, the angle or inclination of the cutting edge 174 may be expressed as a step height 178, defined as a cutting radius difference from one end of the cutting edge to the cutting edge. other (eg as shown in Figure 15). The step height can be configured to form an average surface roughness (Rz) as described above for textured wafers (eg at least 5 μιη, 10 μιη, etc.) · In one embodiment, the height of step can be at least 5 μιη, 7.5 μιη, 10 μιη, 15 μιη, 20 μιη, 25 μιη, or 30 μιη. For example, the step height can be from 5 to 30 μιη, or any sub-range therein, such as 7 to 25 μm, 7 to 20 μιη, 7 to 15 μιη, 10 to 20 μιη, or 12 to 20 μιη. Although the bent pad 170 is shown with an upper cutting radius that is larger than a lower cutting radius, the configuration can also be opposed. In one embodiment, each cutting insert (or each cutting insert having a step height) may have the same step height. However, in some embodiments, there may be platelets having a plurality of different step heights.
    In another embodiment, the angle or inclination of the cutting edge 174 may be expressed as an offset angle 180, defined as an offset angle with respect to the longitudinal axis 176 of the cutter body (e.g. relative to the vertical). As shown in Figure 15, the offset angle may be exaggerated to facilitate reading. Like the step height, the offset angle 180 may be configured to form an average surface roughness (Rz) as described above for textured platelets (eg, at least 5 μm, 10 μm, etc.). ). In one embodiment, the offset angle 180 may be 0.01 to 0.5 degrees, or any sub-range therein. For example, the offset angle 180 may be 0.01 to 0.3 degrees, 0.01 to 0.2 degrees, 0.03 to 0.2 degrees, or 0.05 to 0.1 degrees. In one embodiment, each cutting insert (or each cutting insert having an offset) may have the same offset angle. However, in some embodiments, there may be platelets having a plurality of different offset angles. Any suitable mechanism may be used to offset or create the step height in the cutting edge 174. In the embodiment shown in Figure 15, a mechanism is shown which is similar to that shown and described with respect to Figures 9 and 10. However, the mechanism of Figure 15 may be provided with two adjustment screws 182, place of a. The adjustment screws 182 may be spaced apart and may both be conical such that they have a larger diameter at their upper part and a smaller diameter at their lower part. The adjustment screws 182 may be received by a threaded portion in the body 172 and be adjacent to an adjusting member 184. The adjusting member 184 may be disposed adjacent to the cutting insert 170 and configured to engage the adjustment screws 182 therein. The adjusting member 184 may be formed as a wall which is adjacent to the cutting pad 170 and may be in contact with one side of the cutting pad 170.
    Similar to the single-screw configuration described above, the offset of the cutting insert 170 can be mechanically adjusted by the movement of the adjusting member 184 (eg wall) via a rotation of the adjusting screws 182 . Before securing the cutting insert 170 to an attachment surface of the mill body 172 via a fastener, the adjusting screws 182 may be rotated such that they are engaged deeper into a threaded portion of the body 172. or that they are cleared or unscrewed from the threaded part. When each adjustment screw 182 is engaged more deeply, the conical diameter of the screw contacts the adjusting member 184 and pushes it so that it deforms radially outwardly. When the adjustment screw 182 is unscrewed or loosened, the conical diameter of the screw ceases to apply a force to the adjustment member 184 or applies a lower force and the adjustment member 184 can relax or return partially or completely at its undistorted position.
    Accordingly, by adjusting each of the adjustment screws 182 to different depths or to deform the different amount adjusting member 184 along its length, the cutting insert 170 can be translated through the attachment surface to adjust an angle or an offset of the wafer 170 cutting. The setting can be controllable and repeatable. For example, the angle / offset can be incrementally controlled based on the number of rotations of each adjusting screw 182 (e.g., inward or outward). Although Figure 15 shows an example of an angle / offset adjustment mechanism, any suitable adjustment mechanism for controllably and reliably changing the angle / offset of a cutting insert can to be used.
    The milling methods described for forming engine bores can reduce cycle times (eg in comparison to bore), increase flexibility, reduce tooling costs and reduce tooling and tooling equipment. machining, among other benefits. The engine bores can be milled in a fraction of the time that the bore currently takes, for example less than 15 seconds for a milling process in three passes or less than 10 seconds for a two-pass milling process. This can reduce cycle times and allow higher throughput with less equipment or a similar pace with less equipment. The same milling tool can be used for each milling pass while generating a bore and for multiple different geometries of bores. The milling process is therefore much more flexible than the bore, which requires a separate tool for every precise boring diameter. This increased flexibility can allow significant reductions in tooling costs through multiple engine block models by drastically reducing the number of tools required. Greater flexibility and fewer tools can therefore enable smaller machining centers to produce the same number of engine block configurations. The milling, combined with a modified roughing-in process, can also eliminate the closed-loop head of post-process gauging and diameter adjustment required for finishing boring. In addition, the milling can be carried out dry, while the bore requires a refrigerant application at large volume and temperature controlled.
    Milling tools described with adjustable inserts and / or inclined or inclined cutting inserts may be used in the milling processes described, although they are not essential. Adjustable inserts may permit reduction or elimination of taper that may occur during the milling process. This can facilitate the roughing-in step in the milling process by reducing the lapping force and / or grain size of the stones, necessary to eliminate taper and generate a cylindrical bore. The bent cutting pads can also facilitate the roughing-in step by increasing the surface roughness of the engine bore during the final milling pass. This may allow a reduction in the break-in force during roughing-in. The milling process and tools described herein may be used in forming an engine bore, however they may also be applicable to the formation of any generally cylindrical opening for any application.
    Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown in the accompanying drawings. Modifications are possible, particularly from the point of view of the constitution of the various elements or by substitution of technical equivalents, without departing from the scope of protection of the invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    A method of milling an engine bore, characterized in that it comprises: inserting a milling tool (20; 80; 100; 120) having a plurality of cutting edges (24; 84; 104; 132; 152) along a longitudinal axis (26; 88; 108; 128) in a motor bore (10); rotating the milling tool (20; 80; 100; 120) about the longitudinal axis (26; 88; 108; 128) and moving the milling tool (80; 80; 100; 120) around a perimeter of the motor bore to remove material from the motor bore (10) and form a tapered bore; and subjecting the tapered bore to roughing in order to increase a minimum diameter of the tapered bore by at least 60 μm.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    The method of claim 1, characterized in that the rotating step comprises moving the milling tool (20; 80; 100; 120) around a perimeter of the motor bore (10). ) by performing at least two revolutions.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that a first of the at least two revolutions comprises a rough milling step and a second of the at least two revolutions comprises a semifinishing milling step.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the rotating step comprises three revolutions comprising a first blank milling step; a second half-finishing milling step; and a third finishing milling step.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the motor bore (10) is formed in a cast iron jacket.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    The method of claim 1, characterized in that a total time of the spinning step and the roughing step is less than 60 seconds.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a total time of the spinning step is less than 20 seconds.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    The method of claim 1, characterized in that the roughing-in step comprises subjecting the tapered bore to lapping using a grain size of at least 200 μm.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    The method of claim 1, characterized in that the roughing step comprises subjecting the tapered bore to a break-in using a lapping force of at least 200 kgf.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    The method of claim 1, characterized in that the roughing-in step increases a minimum diameter of the tapered bore by at least 75 μm.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CA2944121A1|2017-04-30|
    BR102016025210A2|2017-05-02|
    GB2544191A|2017-05-10|
    CN106925953A|2017-07-07|
    MX2016014283A|2017-06-16|
    US20170120348A1|2017-05-04|
    DE102016120497A1|2017-05-04|
    GB201618208D0|2016-12-14|
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    法律状态:
    2017-10-19| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2018-10-08| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2020-07-24| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20200724 |
    2020-10-16| ST| Notification of lapse|Effective date: 20200910 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US14/928,111|US20170120348A1|2015-10-30|2015-10-30|Engine bore milling process|
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