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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a process for sintering a compacted powder of at least one oxide of a metal selected from actinide and lanthanide, said process comprising the following successive steps, carried out in an oven and under an atmosphere comprising an inert gas, dihydrogen and water: (a) a temperature rise from an initial temperature Ti to a bearing temperature TP (b) a temperature hold at the bearing temperature TP, and ( c) a decrease in temperature from the TP plateau temperature to a final temperature TF, in which the ratio P (H2) / P (H2O) is such that: - 500 <P (H2) / P (H2O) ≤ 50000, during step (a), of Ti until reaching a first intermediate temperature Ti1 between 1000 ° C and TP, and - P (H2) / P (H2O) ≤ 500, at least during the step (c) from a second intermediate temperature Ti2 between TP and 1000 ° C until reaching TF. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a pellet of at least one oxide of a metal chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide and to the use of such a pellet as a nuclear fuel.
    公开号:FR3030500A1
    申请号:FR1462740
    申请日:2014-12-18
    公开日:2016-06-24
    发明作者:Stephane Vaudez
    申请人:Areva NC SA；Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA；Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to a method for producing a pellet, in particular a pellet of at least one metal oxide. , for example a pellet of a mixed oxide of uranium and plutonium (U, Pu) O 2. In particular, this manufacturing method uses a sintering process for preparing a single metal oxide, or a mixed oxide of at least two metals, from a compacted powder of the corresponding metal single oxides, this metal oxide. simple or mixed having an apparent density and an improved thermal stability of this apparent density, even assuming that the starting single oxide (s) include traces of carbon species. Such simple or mixed metal oxides and pellets are of great interest for the manufacture of fuel for many types of nuclear reactors, including light water reactors or fast neutron reactors. STATE OF THE PRIOR ART Among the metal oxides used in the field of the nuclear industry, uranium oxides as well as certain mixed oxides based on uranium, and especially mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium (U, Pu ) 02, are among the metal oxides most commonly used for the manufacture of nuclear fuels. Indeed, the plutonium mixed most often with uranium, constitutes an energetic matter which can be valorized in the nuclear reactors, that it is in the reactors with light water (REL), among which the reactors with pressurized water (REP) and boiling water reactors (BWRs), or in fast neutron reactors (NRRs). The mixed metal oxides used for the manufacture of nuclear fuels, which are conventionally in the form of compacted pellets and sintered, must meet a number of requirements. Among these requirements, such nuclear fuel pellets must have a bulk density, which is not only high, but which is also stable, according to criteria specified below. The final apparent density of the pellets depends not only on the properties of the powder or metal oxides from which the pellets are obtained, such as the homogeneity or the very low content of impurities, or the absence of impurities, but also parameters of the manufacturing process of these pellets and, in particular, parameters of the sintering step. In general, current processes for manufacturing nuclear fuel pellets of a mixed oxide (U, Pu) O 2, (also called "MOX nuclear fuel" or "MOX fuel"), rely on a conventional process known as " powder metallurgy "which comprises, schematically, the following steps: - the preparation of uranium oxide UO2 powders and Pu02 plutonium oxide, which comprises in particular the synthesis, mixing and / or micronization of said powders - The shaping of the powders thus prepared in the form of pellets, and - the densification of the powders thus shaped, in particular by a heat treatment such as sintering.
    [0002] The forming step is generally carried out by pressing and / or compacting consisting of the application of a compaction pressure of 300 MPa to 500 MPa. In a conventional manner, the step of densification of the previously formed powders is carried out by sintering carried out by the use, in a furnace, of a thermal cycle comprising: a rise in temperature, for example from room temperature to room temperature; at a bearing temperature of 1700 ° C, a hold, for a period of 4 hours, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then a decrease in temperature from this plateau temperature of 1700 ° C to room temperature . This thermal cycle which has just been described is carried out under an atmosphere which is controlled at the inlet of the furnace and which comprises a mixture of argon, dihydrogen in a ratio by volume Ar / H2 of 95/5, and water.
    [0003] The presence of water in the atmosphere makes it possible to control the oxygen potential of the atmosphere during sintering and thus to fix the stoichiometry required for the fuel. This stoichiometry is defined by the ratio 0 / M corresponding to the ratio between the molar oxygen content, denoted 0, and the molar content of metal (aux), denoted M.
    [0004] This ratio 0 / M is, in fact, variable depending on the type of reactor in which the nuclear fuel pellets will be subsequently used. Thus, for use in reactors of the RNR type, the mixed oxide pellets (U, Pu) O 2, which have an atomic content in Pu of between 15% and 30% of the total atomic content of U + Pu, must have a 0 / M ratio of at least 1.94 and, more generally, around 1.98. To achieve such values of ratio 0 / M, the hydrogenated argon atmosphere, in the ratio by volume Ar / H2 of 95/5, which prevails in the furnace during the thermal cycle applied for carrying out the densification step , has a water content of between 10 ppm and 200 ppm with an atomic content in Pu of the order of 15% of the total atomic content of U + Pu, and between 100 ppm and 500 ppm for an atomic content of Pu of the order of 30% of the total atomic content of U + Pu. For use in reactors of the REL type, the mixed oxide pellets (U, Pu) O 2, which have an atomic content of Pu less than or equal to 12% of the total atomic content of U + Pu, must have a ratio 0 / M of 2.00. Such a value is reached with a quantity of water, in this hydrogenated argon atmosphere at 5% by volume of dihydrogen applied in the furnace, greater than or equal to 1000 ppm. The conventional powder metallurgy method thus makes it possible to obtain, from powders of uranium oxide UO2 and plutonium oxide PuO2, optionally mixed with chamotte (which is a mixed oxide (U, Pu) O 2 from the grinding of recycled waste), pellets d mixed oxides (U, Pu) O 2. Among the set of criteria referred to, mixed oxides pellets (U, Pu) 02 must meet the following two criteria in particular: - an apparent density greater than or equal to 94.5% of the theoretical density, which corresponds to a porosity closed by less than 6.5%, and the absence of dedensification of these pellets which results in the thermal stability of this apparent density, which should not decrease under the effect of a prolonged sintering isotherm, conventionally carried out by application of a temperature of 1700 ° C for a period of 24 hours. While most sintered oxide (U, Pu) 02 sintered pellets produced by the powder metallurgy process meet the above two criteria, it is observed that some of them do not reach the apparent density. specified and / or the thermal stability of this apparent density required.
    [0005] This is the particular case of mixed oxide pellets (U, Pu) O 2 manufactured according to this powder metallurgy process, from UO2 uranium oxide powders and plutonium oxide PuO2 comprising small amounts, also called "traces" of carbon species, in a mass content typically greater than or equal to 500 ppm of carbon equivalent. The inventors have indeed found that such sintered pellets have a dedensification, under the effect of a sintering isotherm at 1700 ° C. for 24 hours, and therefore do not meet the second criterion of thermal stability of the apparent density stated above. This dedensification phenomenon, which is observed when UO2 and PuO2 powders comprise traces of carbon species, results in swelling of the pellets which become porous, which renders them unsuitable for use in a nuclear reactor.
    [0006] These carbonaceous species in a content detrimental to the apparent density and / or the thermal stability of the apparent density of the sintered pellets of mixed oxides (U, Pu) O 2 may have as their origin the synthesis process itself of the powder of uranium oxide UO2 and / or Pu02 plutonium oxide powder for use in the powder metallurgy process. These UO2 and PuO2 powders are conventionally synthesized by gaseous or liquid route. Liquid synthesis requires, in particular, the implementation of precipitation, filtration and calcination steps. However, the calcination step greatly conditions the content as well as the nature of the carbon species present in said UO2 and PuO2 powders resulting therefrom. This calcination step is conventionally carried out on a filtered precipitate, at a temperature below 1000 ° C. and under an oxidizing atmosphere with respect to the carbon contained in the carbon species, in order to convert the precipitate into oxides, these oxides being subsequently treated. by the aforementioned powder metallurgy process.
    [0007] However, the conditions of temperature and atmosphere of the calcination step, which are favorable to the reduction of the final content of carbon species in the metal oxides, can not always be respected, for technological reasons (problem of holding some of the internal elements of furnaces, ...), safety (risk of explosion) and / or control of the nature of the products obtained (modification of the ratio 0 / M and / or the crystallographic structure of the metal oxides ...). The pollution of uranium oxide UO2 and / or plutonium oxide PuO2 powders in carbonaceous species may also be due to other sources, for example to the additives (binders, organic lubricants) used during the process of the invention. synthesis of these UO2 and PuO2 powders. It can also be the pollution generated by the operating conditions of this synthesis process (atmosphere, crushing container, transport container). In an attempt to overcome the presence of these carbon species in the uranium oxide UO2 powders and / or Pu02 plutonium oxide, especially when their carbon equivalent content is greater than or equal to 500 ppm, it has been proposed to perform the densification step of these powders UO2 and PuO2 (previously shaped) by sintering in an atmosphere with more oxidizing conditions for the carbon, for example by adding water, so as to promote the degradation and / or the volatilization of these carbon species and their by-products.
    [0008] However, the implementation of sintering under such more oxidizing conditions is also not satisfactory, since there is also an unexpected dedensification of the pellets. More specifically, the porosity of the pellets produced by the conventional powder metallurgy process, in which the sintering is carried out under more oxidizing conditions, reaches values of up to 10% by volume (10% vol). Such porosity, essentially closed, can not be reduced either by the modification of some of the parameters of the densification step (sintering) such as the increase of the duration of the maintenance step at the plateau temperature of 1700 ° C or the temperature increase of this plateau.
    [0009] The object of the present invention is therefore to overcome the drawbacks mentioned above and to propose a method of sintering a compacted powder comprising UO2 and PuO2 making it possible to obtain a mixed oxide (U, Pu) O 2, in particular in the form of pellets, which meets the two criteria stated above, namely: an apparent density which is greater than or equal to 94.5% of the theoretical density, and a thermal stability of this apparent density under the effect of an isotherm sintering at 1700 ° C for 24 hours, and particularly in the case where the compacted powder comprises carbon species in carbon equivalent contents that are greater than or equal to 500 ppm.
    [0010] Another object of the invention is to propose a sintering process which is not only limited to the sintering of a compacted powder comprising UO 2 and PuO 2 in order to obtain the corresponding mixed (U, Pu) O 2 oxide, but which can be transposed to sintering: a compacted powder comprising at least two different metal oxides for obtaining the corresponding mixed metal oxide, each metal being chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide, or even a compacted powder of a metal oxide, this metal being chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide, the mixed metal oxide, or the simple metal oxide, thus obtained having an apparent density and a thermal stability of this apparent density, even in the where the compacted powder comprises traces of carbon species, in a mass content typically greater than or equal to 500 ppm of carbon equivalent.
    [0011] Another object of the invention is to propose a process for manufacturing a pellet, such as a nuclear fuel pellet, from a powder of at least one oxide of a metal chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide, this powder comprising, where appropriate, traces of carbon species, this pellet having concomitantly apparent density and thermal stability of this improved bulk density and a microstructure characterized by homogeneity of phase distribution in the case a mixed metal oxide pellet, for example a distribution homogeneity of the U-Pu phase in the case of a mixed oxide (U, Pu) O 2. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The previously stated goals as well as others are attained, in the first place, by a method of sintering a compacted powder of at least one oxide of a metal M1 selected from actinide and lanthanide, this process comprising the following successive steps (a) to (c), carried out in an oven and under an atmosphere comprising an inert gas, dihydrogen and water: (a) a rise in temperature from an initial temperature Ti up to at a bearing temperature Tp, Tp being between 1400 ° C. and 1800 ° C., (b) maintaining, for a period of between 1 h and 10 h, the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp, and (c ) a decrease in temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to a final temperature TE. According to the invention, the ratio of the partial pressure of dihydrogen, noted on the partial pressure of water, denoted P (H20), in said atmosphere is such that: - 500 <P (H2) / P (H20) 50000 during step (a), Ti until reaching a first intermediate temperature T, 1 between 1000 ° C and Tp, and - P (H2) / P (H20) 500, at least during the step (c) from a second intermediate temperature between Tp and 1000 ° C until reaching TE.
    [0012] The sintering method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a metal oxide which has an apparent density greater than or equal to 94.5% of the theoretical density of the metal oxide in question, this apparent density being, moreover, thermally stable. It is specified that by the expression "at least one oxide of a metal M1 chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide" is meant that the compacted powder may consist only of a single oxide of the metal M1, but also by two or more oxides of the metal M1, the metal M1 then being at two or more different degrees of oxidation. The implementation of the sintering process according to the invention makes it possible, for example, to obtain uranium dioxide UO 2, plutonium dioxide PuO 2 or even cerium dioxide, or ceria, CeO 2, these simple metal oxides being characterized by apparent density and by a thermal stability of this apparent density significantly improved. In a particularly advantageous variant of the invention, the compacted powder further comprises at least one oxide of a metal M2 chosen from scandium Sc, yttrium Y, an actinide and a lanthanide, M2 being different from M1, whereby, at the end of step (c), a mixed oxide comprising M1 and M2 is obtained. As previously mentioned for the metal M1, by the expression "at least one oxide of a metal M2 chosen from scandium, yttrium, an actinide and a lanthanide", it is meant that the compacted powder may comprise only one only oxide of the metal M2 or, conversely, several oxides of the metal M2, this metal M2 being at different oxidation levels. In such an alternative, the sintering method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a mixed oxide of the metals M1 and M2, from the oxide of the metal M1 and the oxide of the metal M2, such a mixed oxide exhibiting a apparent density greater than or equal to 94.5% of the theoretical density of the mixed oxide in question, this apparent density being, moreover, thermally stable, which results in an absence of swelling of said mixed sintered oxide as obtained at the outcome of the sintering process. The implementation of the sintering process according to the invention makes it possible, for example, to obtain mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium (U, Pu) O 2 or else mixed oxides of cerium and yttrium, also known as ceria yttriée, (Ce, Y) 02, these mixed metal oxides being also characterized by a significantly improved apparent density and thermal stability of this apparent density. This result is obtained, unexpectedly and surprisingly, by the implementation of two distinct phases: a first phase in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O ) 50000 and which corresponds to a sintering carried out under a so-called "hydrogenated" atmosphere under reducing conditions for the carbon contained in the carbon species. This first phase is carried out during step (a) of rise in temperature and, more precisely, from the initial temperature, denoted Ti, to the first intermediate temperature, denoted Td, situated between 1000 ° C. and the temperature bearing, noted Tp; and a second phase in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500 and which corresponds to a sintering carried out under less reducing or more oxidizing conditions than the previous ones , for the carbon contained in the carbon species. This second phase is carried out at least during step (c) of descent in temperature and, more precisely, from the second intermediate temperature, denoted T, 2, situated between Tp and 1000 ° C., until reaching the temperature final TE. These first and second heat phases are therefore distinguished from each other by values of ratio of the partial pressures P (H2) / P (H20) distinct. These ratio values can be adjusted by introducing into the oven, appropriate amounts, either water or oxygen, which then reacts with the dihydrogen to form water. These two distinct phases can be implemented, either during the same thermal cycle, or during two consecutive thermal cycles.
    [0013] The appended FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate two modes of implementation of the first case in which these two distinct phases are implemented during the same thermal cycle. With reference to the appended FIG. 1A, the thermal cycle, which comprises the first phase in which 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 50000 and the second phase in which P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500, is constituted by the step (a) of raising the temperature of the initial temperature Ti to the bearing temperature Tp, the step (b) of maintaining the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp, and the step (c) descending temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to the final temperature TE. As indicated in FIG. 1A, step (a) of temperature rise comprises a first intermediate temperature T, 1 situated between the initial temperature Ti and the bearing temperature Tp, this first intermediate temperature T, 1 being between 1000 ° C and Tp. Similarly, the temperature-lowering step (c) comprises a second intermediate temperature T 2 situated between the bearing temperature Tp and the final temperature TE, this second intermediate temperature T 2 being between Tp and 1000 ° C. In FIG. 1A, the first phase, in which 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 50000, is marked by a dashed line extending from Ti to T, 1, while the second phase, in which P (H2) / P (H20) 500, is marked with a thick line extending from T, 2 to TF.
    [0014] The sintering process according to the invention is therefore characterized by the implementation of a part of the thermal cycle under a reducing atmosphere for the carbon and the starting metal oxide (s), which correspond to the at least one metal oxide M1 and if necessary, to said at least one oxide of the metal M2 with 500 <P (H2) / P (H20) 50000, such a step clearly going against the current practice of eliminating these carbon species by degradation and / or volatilization. This first phase is carried out during step (a) of temperature rise, for at least Ti to TL or Ti to Tp. The thermal cycle of the sintering process according to the invention also comprises a part made according to current practice, either under a less reducing (or more oxidizing) atmosphere than the previous one, with an increased water content such that P (H 2) / P (H20) 500. This second phase is carried out at least during step (c) of descent in temperature, for the least of T, 2 to TE, or even Tp to T. The implementation of this second phase allows in particular to set the ratio 0 / M of the metal oxide, simple or mixed, to the desired value, for example depending on the type RNR or REL of the reactor in which the metal oxide as obtained is intended to be used. In particular, to increase the 0 / M ratio, this second phase of the thermal cycle can advantageously be implemented in which P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500, not only during the entire duration of step (c) of lowering temperature, from the bearing temperature Tp and up to TE, but also during all or part of the step (b) of maintaining the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp. FIG. 1B appended hereto shows the case in which the second phase of the thermal cycle is carried out during the entire duration of step (b) of maintaining the temperature at the stage temperature Tp, and of the step (c) descent in temperature, from the bearing temperature Tp to the final temperature TE. In a variant of the sintering method according to the invention, the first intermediate temperature T, 1 of step (a) of temperature rise is between 1300 ° C and Tp.
    [0015] The first phase of the thermal cycle in which the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) is such that 500 <P (H2) / P (H20) 50000 can in particular be carried out throughout the duration of step (a) of temperature rise, Ti to the bearing temperature Tp, as shown in Figure 1B.
    [0016] In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the second intermediate temperature T, 2 of the step (c) of descent in temperature is between Tp and 1300 ° C. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the second phase of the thermal cycle in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500 can be used as soon as the first intermediate temperature T, 1 is reached and maintained until the final temperature TE is reached, it being recalled that this first intermediate temperature T, 1 is between 1000 ° C. and the bearing temperature Tp. In other words, in this variant, and with the exception of the case in which Td = Tp, the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) 500 is applied in part during step (a) of rising temperature, the temperature range between the first intermediate temperature T, 1 and the bearing temperature Tp, and during step (b) of maintaining the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp and the step (c) of descent in temperature, from the bearing temperature Tp to the final temperature TE.
    [0017] The particular case in which T, 1 = Tp is illustrated in FIG. 1B: the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500 is applied during step (b) of maintaining the temperature at the stage temperature Tp and during step (c) of lowering temperature, the bearing temperature Tp to the final temperature TE. The second phase of the sintering thermal cycle can therefore immediately follow the first phase. However, there is no prohibition to consider that step (a) of the sintering process according to the invention comprises an intermediate bearing for maintaining the temperature at the first intermediate temperature Td, this intermediate bearing separating the first and second phases of the thermal cycle.
    [0018] The appended FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the second case in which the two distinct phases are carried out during two consecutive thermal cycles. Thus, when the two distinct phases are implemented during two consecutive thermal cycles, the sintering process according to the invention further comprises, between steps (a) and (b), steps (a1) to (a3). ) successive successive: (a) a maintenance, for a period of between 1 h and 10 h, of the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp, (a2) a decrease in temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to a third temperature intermediate, denoted T, 3, (a3) a rise in temperature of the third intermediate temperature Ti3 up to the bearing temperature Tp, the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) in said atmosphere being such that: - 500 < P (H2) / P (H20) 50000, during steps (a), (ai) and (a2), and - P (H2) / P (H20) 500, during steps (a3), (b) and (vs). With reference to the appended FIG. 2, the first phase in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 50000 and which corresponds to a sintering carried out under a so-called " hydrogenated ", is marked by a dashed line extending over the first thermal cycle constituted by the step (a) of raising the temperature of Ti to Tp, the step (ai) of maintaining the temperature at Tp, and the step (a2) of descent in temperature from Tp to Ti3. The second phase in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500 and which corresponds to a sintering performed under less reducing or more oxidizing conditions than the previous ones, is marked by a thick line extending over the second thermal cycle constituted by the step (a3) of raising the temperature of Ti3 to the bearing temperature Tp, the step (b) of maintaining the temperature at Tp, and step (c) of lowering temperature from Tp to TE. In an advantageous variant, the third intermediate temperature Ti 3 is between 20 ° C. and 500 ° C.
    [0019] The sintering process according to the invention carried out by means of two consecutive thermal cycles as represented in FIG. 2 may be carried out, either in the same sintering furnace or, more advantageously, in two separate sintering furnaces, each of the furnaces then being more particularly adapted to the operating conditions defined by the P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) ratio. The particular variants of the sintering process which will be described below are applicable, whether there are one or two thermal cycles implemented. In a variant of the sintering process according to the invention, which makes it possible in particular to increase the O / M ratio, this process may comprise, furthermore, after step (c), a thermal oxidation treatment, for example a controlled oxidation treatment. By way of example, such an oxidation thermal treatment may comprise the following successive stages: a rise in temperature from ambient temperature to a bearing temperature, this bearing temperature being, for example, between 900 ° C. and 1400 ° C, - a maintenance at this stage temperature, for example for a period of between 1 h and 10 h, then - a decrease in temperature from this bearing temperature to room temperature. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the bearing temperature Tp is 1700 ° C. As previously, for step (a), it may be envisaged that step (c) of the sintering process according to the invention comprises an intermediate bearing for maintaining the temperature at the second intermediate temperature T, 2, this intermediate bearing can also separate the first and second phases of the thermal cycle. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the initial temperature Ti of step (a) and / or the final temperature TE of step (c) corresponds to the ambient temperature.
    [0020] In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the temperature rise of step (a) and, if appropriate, of step (a3) takes place at a speed of between 30 ° C. and h and 400 ° C / h. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the temperature decrease of step (c) and, if appropriate, of step (a2) takes place at a speed of between 100 ° C. and h and 900 ° C / h. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the inert gas of the atmosphere in the sintering furnace is chosen from argon, helium and nitrogen. Advantageously, this inert gas is argon.
    [0021] In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, the volume ratio between the inert gas and the dihydrogen is between 90/10 and 98/2. More particularly advantageously, this volume ratio inert gas / H2 is 95/5. Under such conditions with a volume ratio of 95/5 to inert gas / H 2, the water is present in the atmosphere prevailing in the furnace: in an amount strictly less than 100 ppm and, more precisely, between 1 ppm ( value included) and 100 ppm (value not included) during the first phase of the thermal cycle of the sintering process according to the invention, in which the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) is such that 500 <P (H2) / P (H20) 50000, and in an amount greater than or equal to 100 ppm during the second phase of the thermal cycle of the sintering process according to the invention, in which the ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) is such that P (H2) / P (H20) 500. In another advantageous variant of the sintering process according to the invention, when M1, or M2, is an actinide, the actinide is chosen from uranium U, plutonium Pu, Thorium Th and Americium Am, advantageously among U, Pu and Th and, preferably, from U and Pu. In another variant of the sintering process according to the invention, when M1, or M2, is a lanthanide, the lanthanide is cerium Ce.
    [0022] The invention relates, secondly, to a method of manufacturing a pellet of at least one metal oxide M1 selected from actinide and lanthanide. According to the invention, this manufacturing method comprises the following successive steps: a preparation of a powder of said at least one metal oxide M1, a compacting of the powder prepared in the form of a pellet, and a heat treatment of the compacted powder pellet by the sintering process as defined above, the advantageous characteristics of this sintering process can be taken alone or in combination. In other words, this method of manufacturing a pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide comprises the following successive stages: (1) a preparation of a powder of said at least one a metal oxide M1, (2) compacting the powder prepared in the form of a pellet, (3) introducing the pellet of compacted powder into an oven and under an atmosphere comprising an inert gas, dihydrogen and water, (4) a rise in temperature from an initial temperature Ti to a bearing temperature Tp, Tp being between 1400 ° C. and 1800 ° C., (5) maintaining the temperature for a period of time between 1 h and 10h, from the temperature to the bearing temperature Tp, and (6) a decrease in temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to a final temperature TE, the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) in said atmosphere being such that: 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 50000, in step (4), from Ti to ndre a first intermediate temperature T, 1 between 1000 ° C and Tp, and P (H2) / P (H20) 500, at least in step (6), from a second intermediate temperature T, 2 between Tp and 1000 ° C, until reaching TE.
    [0023] The manufacturing method according to the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain a pellet of a metal oxide having an apparent density greater than or equal to 94.5% of the theoretical density of the oxide in question, this apparent density being, moreover, stable. thermally, not causing swelling of the sintered pellet, as obtained after the heat treatment step (6). The step (1) for preparing the powder of said at least one metal oxide M 1 can comprise at least one of the steps chosen from the synthesis of this metal oxide M 1, the grinding of this metal oxide M 1 in the form of of powder, the micronization of this metal oxide powder M1, the mixing of this metal oxide powder M1 with additives. In particular, in the case where the compacted powder further comprises at least one oxide of a metal M2 chosen from an actinide and a lanthanide, M2 being different from M1, the step (1) for preparing the powder may also comprise at least one of the steps described above, read in relation to M2, (synthesis of the M2 metal oxide, its grinding, its micronisation and its mixing with additives) and, furthermore, the step of performing the mixing of the metal oxide powder M1 with the metal oxide powder M2. The invention relates, thirdly, to the use of the pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 manufactured by the implementation of the manufacturing method as defined above, the advantageous characteristics of this manufacturing process can be taken alone or in combination. According to the invention, this pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 can be used in the nuclear field. In an advantageous version of the invention, this pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 can be used as a nuclear fuel in a fast neutron reactor or in a light water reactor, such as a pressurized water reactor. or a boiling water reactor. Other features and advantages of the invention will appear better on reading the additional description which follows and which relates to two examples of manufacturing mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium according to the invention, one having a Atomic content in Pu, of the order of 10% (Example 1), and the other having an atomic content in Pu of the order of 30% (Example 2), these atomic Pu contents being given in relation to the total atomic content of Pu and U.
    [0024] This additional description, which refers in particular to FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B as appended, is given by way of illustration of the object of the invention and does not in any way constitute a limitation of this object. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1A and 1B schematically illustrate the steps of the sintering process according to the invention using a single thermal cycle. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the steps of the sintering method according to the invention implementing two consecutive thermal cycles. FIGS. 3A and 3B correspond to photographs taken under an optical microscope and showing the microstructure of the pellets resulting from sintering processes F1.1 (FIG. 3A) and F1.3 (FIG. 3B) after UO2 etching. FIGS. 4A and 4B are photographs taken under an optical microscope and showing the microstructure of the pellets resulting from sintering processes F2.1 (FIG. 4A) and F2.2 (FIG. 4B) after UO2 attack. Figures 1A, 1B and 2 have each been commented on in the previous chapter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS Example 1 Manufacture of mixed oxide pellets of uranium and plutonium corresponding to the formula (U0.9023, Pu0.0977) 02 Preparation of pellets of compacted powders This example is carried out at from a mixture of a UO2 uranium oxide powder and a Pu02 plutonium oxide powder. This mixture has an atomic content of Pu of 44% relative to the total atomic content of Pu and U and a carbon content of 1850 ppm +/- 100 ppm. To this mixture is added chamotte (i.e. a mixed oxide powder of uranium and plutonium (U, Pu) O 2 from the recycling of manufacturing scrap) to form a primary mixture. This chamotte is introduced in an amount making it possible to lower the atomic content in Pu from 44% to 28% relative to the total atomic content of Pu and U in this primary mixture. This primary mixture is then milled and sieved to obtain a mixture called "mother mixture".
    [0025] This mixture is then diluted with Pu, by adding a powder of uranium oxide UO 2 to obtain a final mixture of powders in which the U / Pu atomic ratio is 90.23 / 9. 77. This final mixture is then compacted into pellets in the form of cylindrical tablets. Three distinct sintering processes, denoted F1.1, F1.2 and F1.3, were conducted on these pellets to obtain sintered pellets of mixed uranium and plutonium oxide having the formula (U0.9023, PuO , 0977) 02. Sintering process F1.1 (reference) A first series of pellets is placed in a sintering furnace in which they are subjected to the following thermal cycle: (garlic) a rise in temperature, at a speed of 120 ° C / h, from room temperature to a bearing temperature of 1700 ° C, (b1.1) maintaining, for 4 hours, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then (cid) a decrease in temperature, at a rate of 300 ° C / h, from the stage temperature of 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. The three stages (ai), (b1) and (ci) of the thermal cycle detailed above were conducted in an atmosphere comprising argon, dihydrogen in a ratio by volume Ar / H2 of 95/5, and water in a ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) = 42. This ratio of 42 corresponds to a quantity of 1200 ppm of water in the atmosphere prevailing in the furnace.
    [0026] Sintering Process F1.2 (According to the Invention) A second series of pellets is placed in a sintering furnace in which they are subjected to the following thermal cycle: (a1.2) a rise in temperature, at a speed of 120 ° C / h, from room temperature to a first intermediate temperature of 1500 ° C, (a'1.2) a rise in temperature, at a rate of 120 ° C / h, of this first intermediate temperature of 1500 ° C up to at a bearing temperature of 1700 ° C, (b1.2) maintaining, for 4 h, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then (c1.2) a decrease in temperature, at a speed of 300 ° C / h, from the stage temperature of 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. The four steps (a1.2), (a'1.2), (b1.2) and (c1.2) of the thermal cycle detailed above were conducted in an atmosphere comprising argon, dihydrogen in a ratio of Ar / H2 volume of 95/5, and water: in a ratio P (H2) / P (H20) between 1000 and 5000, ie a quantity of water between 50 ppm and 10 ppm in the atmosphere during step (a1.2), then in a ratio P (H2) / P (H20) = 42, ie 1200 ppm of water in the atmosphere, during steps (a'1.2), (131.2 ) and (c1.2). The quantity of water used in the atmosphere during step (a1.2) is given by an interval, taking into account the small quantities involved. Sintering process F1.3 (according to the invention) third series of pellets is placed in a sintering furnace in which they are subjected to the following thermal cycle: (a1.3) a rise in temperature, at a rate of 120 ° C / h, from room temperature to a temperature bearing of 1700 ° C, (b1.3) maintaining, for 4 h, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then (c1.3) a decrease in temperature, at a speed of 300 ° C / h, from the bearing temperature of 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. The three steps (a1.3) to (c1.3) of the thermal cycle detailed above were conducted in an atmosphere comprising argon, dihydrogen in a ratio by volume Ar / H2 of 95/5, and water: in a ratio P (H2) / P (H20) of between 1000 and 5000, ie a quantity of water of between 50 ppm and 10 ppm in the atmosphere, during step (a1.3), then in a ratio P (H2) / P (H2O) = 42, ie 1200 ppm of water in the atmosphere, during steps (131.3) and (c1.3). Characterization of mixed oxide pellets of formula (110,9023, Pu0,0977) 02 The three series of mixed oxide pellets (U0,9023, Pu0,0977) 02 obtained after the implementation of F1 sintering processes .1, F1.2 and F1.3 are all fault free.
    [0027] These three series of sintered pellets were characterized, according to the protocols described below, to determine their respective values of ratio 0 / M and apparent density (which are also deduced open porosity values and closed porosity), their microstructure as well as their thermal stability. Characterization protocols The 0 / M ratio is determined by thermogravimetry, under dihydrogen saturated with water and at a temperature of the order of 950 ° C. The value obtained is with very little uncertainty, typically less than 0.003. The apparent density, denoted Dh and expressed in% of the theoretical density, is measured by hydrostatic weighing, in bromobenzene, by means of a hydrostatic density device, by application of the Archimedes theorem. The open porosity, denoted Po, as well as the closed porosity, denoted Pf, are deduced from the value of the apparent density Dh by the formulas below: Dh-Dg Po = x100 Dth f Dth-Dh P = x100 Dth Dth and Dg corresponding respectively to the theoretical density and the geometric density. The microstructure is analyzed by optical microscope observation in longitudinal section and in radial section of the sintered pellets. The presence of islands of UO2 and UPuO2 is revealed by UO2 etching. A pre-calibration carried out with a COFRAC No. 74541B certified object micrometer, or 74541A, indicates that the uncertainty in dimensional measurements is typically less than 10% in relative terms. To determine the thermal stability of the bulk density of the three series of sintered pellets, a heat treatment of these pellets is carried out by placing them in an oven for 24 hours at 1700 ° C. in an atmosphere formed by a mixture of argon and dihydrogen. (in a volume ratio Ar / H2 of 95/5). At the furnace outlet, and at the end of the 24 hours, the hydrostatic weighing is measured by the apparent density of said pellets. The sintered pellets are said to be "satisfactory", that is to say they have a bulk density that is thermally stable, when the bulk density variation is between 0 and 1.9% after this 24 hour heat treatment. at 1700 ° C. The carbon content is determined using a Sylab brand analyzer (model CSBOX-HF) by the IR spectrophotometry method after melting of the sintered pellets. Characterization of the sintered pellets The pellets resulting from the sintering processes F1.1, F1.2 and F1.3 all have a ratio 0 / M equal to 2.00, in agreement with the oxygen potential fixed by the ratio P (H2 ) / P (H20) = 42 during the steps (b1.1), (131.2) and (b1.3) of maintaining the temperature at 1700 ° C. and steps (cid), (c1.2) and (c1) .3) lowering the temperature from 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. The other characterization data of these pellets resulting from sintering processes F1.1, F1.2 and F1.3 (determined according to the protocols described above) are summarized in Table 1 below.
    [0028] Sintering F1.1 F1.2 F1.3 Bulk density (% Dth) 93.5 96.6 97.1 Pf (%) 6.1 3.1 1.8 Po (%) <1 <1 <1 Thermal stability of unsatisfactory satisfactory satisfactory apparent density Figure 3A 3B Table 1 As can be seen from Table 1, when switching from sintering F1.1 to sintering F1.3, the apparent density of the sintered pellets increases while their respective closed porosity decreases. .
    [0029] More precisely, the porosity of the pellets resulting from the reference sintering F1.1 is mostly closed (6.1%) and is found in the mother-batch clusters. As can be seen in FIG. 3A, these masterbatch clusters have dimensions of between 50 μm and 100 μm. Furthermore, the pellets resulting from the sintering F1.1 do not meet the criterion of thermal stability of the apparent density, in the sense that the apparent density variation is -1%, meaning that the pellets are dedensified and have therefore, swollen after heat treatment for 24 h at 1700 ° C. The pellets resulting from the sintering F1.3 according to the invention have the highest apparent density value (97.1% Dth). In addition, Figure 3B clearly demonstrates a better homogeneity of the plutonium distribution within the microstructure of these sintered pellets, which results in a volume ratio between the plutoniferous phase and the larger uranium phase. In addition, if we compare FIGS. 3A and 3B, it is observed that the stock mixture clusters present in the pellets resulting from sintering F1.3 have fewer porosities than the clusters of mother mixture present in the pellets obtained from Sintering F1.3.
    [0030] EXAMPLE 2 Manufacture of mixed oxide pellets of uranium and plutonium corresponding to formula (110.7, Pu0.3) 02 Preparation of compacted pellet tablets This example 2 is produced from a mixture of UO2 uranium oxide powder and Pu02 plutonium oxide powder. This mixture has an atomic content in Pu of 30% relative to the total atomic content of Pu and U and a carbon content of 3500 ppm +/- 100 ppm. This mixture is compacted into pellets in the form of cylindrical tablets. Three distinct sintering processes, denoted F2,1, F2,2 and F2,3, were carried out from these pellets to obtain sintered pellets of mixed oxide of uranium and plutonium corresponding to the formula (U0, 2, Puo, 3) 02. Sintering process F2.1 (reference) A first series of pellets is placed in a sintering furnace in which they are subjected to the following thermal cycle: (a2.1) a rise in temperature, at a speed of 50 ° C / h, from room temperature to a bearing temperature of 1700 ° C, (b2.1) maintaining, for 4 hours, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then (c2.1) a temperature decrease , at a rate of 300 ° C / h, from the bearing temperature of 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. The three stages (a2.1), (b2.1) and (c2.1) of the thermal cycle detailed above were conducted in an atmosphere comprising argon, dihydrogen in an Ar / H2 volume ratio of 95. / 5, and water in a ratio P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 500. This ratio corresponds to a quantity greater than or equal to 100 ppm of water in the atmosphere prevailing in the furnace, and this, all at along the thermal cycle.
    [0031] Sintering Process F2,2 (According to the Invention) A second series of pellets is placed in a sintering furnace in which they are subjected to the following thermal cycle: (a2.2) a rise in temperature, at a speed of 50 ° C / h, from room temperature up to a bearing temperature of 1700 ° C, (b2.2) maintaining, for 4 h, at this stage temperature of 1700 ° C, then (c2.2) a descent at a temperature of 300 ° C / h, from the bearing temperature of 1700 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C.
    [0032] The three steps (a2.2), (b2.2) and (c2.2) of the thermal cycle detailed above were conducted in an atmosphere comprising argon, dihydrogen in an Ar / H2 volume ratio of 95. / 5, and water: in a ratio P (H2) / P (H20) of between 1000 and 10000, ie a quantity of water of between 50 ppm and 5 ppm in the atmosphere, during the stage (a2.2), then in a ratio P (H2) / P (H20) 500, which corresponds to a quantity of water of 150 ppm, during steps (b2.2) and (c2.2). Under the above conditions, sintered pellets characterized by an O / M ratio of about 1.94 are obtained.
    [0033] A first part, or batch 1, pellets thus derived from the sintering F2,2 is reserved to be characterized. The second part, or batch 2, of the pellets thus resulting from the sintering F2,2 will be subjected to a complementary step of controlled oxidation. Sintering Process F2,3 (According to the Invention) The third series of pellets is constituted by batch 2 of the sintered pellets resulting from sintering F2,2 above. These sintered pellets of batch 2 are returned to the sintering furnace in which they are subjected to a controlled oxidation heat treatment which comprises the following successive steps, carried out after step (c2.2) above: (d2.3 ) a rise in temperature, at a rate of 50 ° C / h, from room temperature to a bearing temperature of 950 ° C, (e2.3) holding at this step temperature of 950 ° C for 4 h, then (f2.3) a temperature decrease, at a rate of 300 ° C / h, from the bearing temperature of 950 ° C to the ambient temperature of 20 ° C. Under the above conditions, sintered pellets characterized by a 0 / M ratio of about 1.97 are obtained. Characterization of the mixed oxide pellets of formula (110.7, Pu0.3) 02 The characterization data of the pellets resulting from sintering processes F2.1, F2.2 and F2.3 (determined according to the protocols described above ) are collated in Table 2 below. Sintering F2.1 F2.2 F2.3 Bulk density (% Dth) 90.0 97.9 97.9 Pf (%)> 9 1.7 1.7 Po (%) <1 <1 <1 Ratio 0 / M not measured 1.94 1.97 C content (ppm) 100 200 200 Thermal stability of unsatisfactory satisfactory satisfactory apparent density Figure 4A 4B Table 2 As previously, Table 2 shows that when F2 sintering is carried out With the sintering F2.3, the apparent density of the sintered pellets increases while their respective closed porosity decreases. The porosity of the pellets resulting from sintering F2.1 (reference) is mainly a closed porosity (9%). As can be seen in FIG. 4A, the microstructure of the pellets resulting from this sintering F2.1 have some macropores having a diameter of several hundreds of μm and a very large microporosity. Moreover, the pellets resulting from sintering F2,1 do not meet the criterion of thermal stability of the bulk density, because of a closed porosity that is too high for these sintered pellets.
    [0034] The pellets resulting from the sintering F2,2 according to the invention have an apparent density of 97.9% Dth and meet the criterion of thermal stability of the bulk density. Their 0 / M ratio is 1.94. It should be noted that in the absence of a voluntary humidification introduced from step (b2.2), a 0 / M ratio of the order of 1.92 would have been obtained. With reference to FIG. 4B, it can be seen that the pellets resulting from the sintering F2.2 have a microstructure characterized by improved homogeneity, reduced porosity and, consequently, an increased bulk density relative to the microstructure of the pellets resulting from the sintering F2. 1. The pellets resulting from the sintering F2,3, which correspond to pellets resulting from the sintering F2,2 and then subjected to a complementary heat treatment step, in an atmosphere comprising water in a quantity similar to that used in the steps (b2.2) and (c2.2), are characterized by an O / M ratio higher than that of the pellets resulting from sintering F2.2. It is specified that, to obtain such an increase of 1.94 to 1.97 of the 0 / M ratio, it would also have been possible to increase the amount of water in the atmosphere of argon and dihydrogen (Ar / 5 % H2) during the steps (b2.2) and / or (c2.2) of the sintering process F2,2, in particular by increasing it from 100 ppm water to 300 ppm.
    权利要求:
    Claims (20)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A process for sintering a compacted powder of at least one oxide of a metal M1 selected from actinide and lanthanide, said process comprising the following successive steps (a) to (c), carried out in an oven and under an atmosphere comprising an inert gas, dihydrogen and water: (a) a temperature rise from an initial temperature Ti to a bearing temperature Tp, Tp being between 1400 ° C and 1800 ° C, (b) maintaining the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp for a period of between 1 h and 10 h, and (c) decreasing the temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to a final temperature TE, characterized in that the ratio partial pressures P (H2) / P (H20) in said atmosphere is such that: 500 <P (H 2) / P (H 2 O) 50000, during step (a), of Ti until reaching a first temperature intermediate T, 1 between 1000 ° C and Tp, and P (H2) / P (H20) 500, at least in step (c), from a second time intermediate temperature between Tp and 1000 ° C until reaching TE.
    [0002]
    2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first intermediate temperature T, 1 is between 1300 ° C and Tp.
    [0003]
    3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second intermediate temperature T, 2 is between Tp and 1300 ° C.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) 500 is implemented as soon as the first intermediate temperature T, 1 is reached and maintained until TE is reached.
    [0005]
    5. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which further comprises, between steps (a) and (b), the following steps (ai) to (a3): a duration of between 1 h and 10 h, of the temperature at the bearing temperature Tp, (a2) a decrease in temperature from the bearing temperature Tp to a third intermediate temperature T, 3, (a3) a rise in temperature of the third intermediate temperature Ti3 up to the bearing temperature Tp, and wherein the ratio P (H2) / P (H20) in said atmosphere is such that: - 500 <P (H2) / P (H20) 50000 during steps (a), (a1) and (a2), and - P (H2) / P (H2O) 500, during steps (a3), (b) and (c).
    [0006]
    6. The method of claim 5, wherein the third intermediate temperature Ti3 is between 20 ° C and 500 ° C.
    [0007]
    The process of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein Tp is 1700 ° C.
    [0008]
    The process of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least one of Ti and TE is the ambient temperature.
    [0009]
    9. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the temperature rise of step (a) is carried out at a speed between 30 ° C / h and 400 ° C / h.
    [0010]
    Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the temperature decrease of step (c) is carried out at a rate of between 100 ° C / h and 900 ° C / h.30.
    [0011]
    11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising, after step (c), a thermal oxidation treatment.
    [0012]
    12. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the inert gas is selected from argon, helium and nitrogen, and is advantageously argon.
    [0013]
    13. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the volume ratio between the inert gas and dihydrogen is between 90/10 and 98/2 and is advantageously 95/5.
    [0014]
    14. Process according to any one of Claims 1 to 13, in which M1 is an actinide, advantageously chosen from U, Pu and Th and, preferably, from U and Pu.
    [0015]
    15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein M1 is a lanthanide, preferably Ce.
    [0016]
    The process according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the compacted powder further comprises at least one oxide of a metal M2 selected from Sc, Y, actinide and a lanthanide, M2 being different from M1. whereby at the end of step (c) a mixed oxide comprising M1 and M2 is obtained.
    [0017]
    17. The method of claim 16, wherein M2 is an actinide, preferably selected from U, Pu and Th and preferably from U and Pu.
    [0018]
    18. A process for producing a pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 selected from an actinide and a lanthanide, said method comprising the following successive steps: a preparation of a powder of said at least one metal oxide; M1, a compaction of the powder prepared in the form of a pellet, and a thermal treatment of the compacted powder pellet by the sintering method according to any one of claims 1 to 17.
    [0019]
    19. Use of the pellet of at least one oxide of a metal M1 manufactured by the method of claim 18, in the nuclear field.
    [0020]
    20. Use according to claim 19, M1 and M2 being selected from U and Pu, as a nuclear fuel in a fast neutron reactor or in a light water reactor, such as a pressurized water reactor or a boiling water reactor.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    US9966156B2|2018-05-08|
    RU2701946C2|2019-10-03|
    US20170345521A1|2017-11-30|
    JP2018505394A|2018-02-22|
    RU2017125336A3|2019-07-17|
    CN107108375A|2017-08-29|
    RU2017125336A|2019-01-21|
    FR3030500B1|2019-07-05|
    JP6836992B2|2021-03-03|
    EP3233756A1|2017-10-25|
    EP3233756B1|2018-10-24|
    CN107108375B|2020-07-28|
    WO2016097171A1|2016-06-23|
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1462740|2014-12-18|
    FR1462740A|FR3030500B1|2014-12-18|2014-12-18|PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A PASTILLE OF AT LEAST ONE METAL OXIDE, ITS USE AS A NUCLEAR FUEL|FR1462740A| FR3030500B1|2014-12-18|2014-12-18|PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A PASTILLE OF AT LEAST ONE METAL OXIDE, ITS USE AS A NUCLEAR FUEL|
    RU2017125336A| RU2701946C2|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|Method of producing granules of at least one metal oxide|
    US15/535,071| US9966156B2|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|Process for manufacturing a pellet of at least one metal oxide|
    PCT/EP2015/080266| WO2016097171A1|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|Process for manufacturing a pellet of at least one metal oxide|
    JP2017532148A| JP6836992B2|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|How to make pellets of at least one type of metal oxide|
    EP15820100.4A| EP3233756B1|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|Process for manufacturing a pellet of at least one metal oxide|
    CN201580068943.0A| CN107108375B|2014-12-18|2015-12-17|Method for producing pellets of at least one metal oxide|
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