METHOD FOR ADAPTING A SOLAR SLOPE AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC SEGMENT CONSTANT TO AT LEAST ONE PERFORMANCE CRIT

专利摘要:
The present invention relates to a method of adapting a flight segment with a slope of constant slope of an aircraft comprising: a step of acquiring state variables characterizing the aircraft, environment variables characterizing its environment and trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the initial and final points of the segment; A step of calculating from said state variables, said environment variables and said trajectory variables of a limiting ground slope for at least one performance criterion; - A step of verification of the validity of the trajectory initially predicted with respect to the most restrictive limit of the ground slope - When the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: ○ A step of verification of feasibility of a modification command of at least one state variable; ○ If the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command; ○ Failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints. It also relates to an aircraft flight management device or a computer program implementing the method.
公开号:FR3026177A1
申请号:FR1402108
申请日:2014-09-22
公开日:2016-03-25
发明作者:Johan Boyer；Remy Auletto；Norbert Baloche
申请人:Thales SA；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to the calculation and prediction of aircraft flight paths. More specifically, it relates to the construction and adaptation of predicted constant slope trajectory segments, particularly in the context of downhill approach procedures. PRIOR ART [0002] The approach and descent procedures of an aircraft are today used to determine the reference trajectory and guide the aircraft between cruising and landing. In the context of civil aviation, an approach procedure includes the determination of a horizontal flight profile, the time and altitude constraints associated with the different points of transit of this horizontal trajectory, and the determination of a associated vertical profile. The horizontal profile is generally established according to procedures specific to each airport using navigation databases. Thus, the aircraft must fly successively points or navigation tags in a predetermined order to reach the airstrip. In the context of the predefined approach procedures, each of these points is generally associated with one or more constraints, both time, altitude, slope or speed. These constraints are extremely important for air traffic management, as they ensure that approaching aircraft will progressively descend to landing, while maintaining a distance or separation from one another. sufficient to not compromise security. The descent procedures use the following altitude constraints: "AT" indicates that the aircraft must fly over a navigation point at a precise altitude; "AT OR ABOVE" indicates that the aircraft must fly over a navigation point at an altitude at least equal to the given altitude; "AT OR BELOW" indicates that the aircraft must fly over a navigation point at an altitude at most equal to the given altitude; "WINDOW" indicates that the aircraft must fly over the navigation point at an altitude within a window between a minimum altitude and a maximum altitude. Once the navigation points and associated constraints known, the flight management system, commonly called Flight Management System or FMS, determines a vertical profile to validate each of the navigation points with time and altitude constraints. associated while respecting the flight envelope of the aircraft and decelerating gradually until landing. The method generally adopted in the state of the art is the so-called "step" descent. Such a descent consists in, as soon as an altitude constraint is reached, to start a descent phase to reach the next altitude constraint even before the associated navigation point, then to fly in "level" (at constant altitude) until at this point, then start a new phase of descent and landing until the final approach. The aircraft then uses the phases of landing to decelerate and "put in configuration", that is to say, to adapt its aerodynamic configuration, for example by taking out the nozzles, flaps and landing gear, in order to gradually increase its deceleration capacity and lift at low speed. [0007] The level descent procedures have the advantage of facilitating the calculation of the vertical trajectory, by separating the descent phases of the deceleration phases which take place in stages. However, the vertical trajectory produced by these procedures is not optimal. In fact, the level descent induces the aircraft to fly as low as possible with respect to the altitude constraints to which it is subjected. The level descents have major drawbacks: on the one hand, the fuel consumption of the aircraft is higher at low altitude; on the other hand the noise generated by the engines and the flow of air around the aircraft (aerodynamic noise) is produced closer to the ground, in areas close to the 35 often densely populated airports. In addition, in this type of descent the aircraft decelerates earlier than necessary, and therefore flies longer at low speed. It is then obliged, to maintain its lift, to go into hyper-lift configuration, that is to say fly with beaks and flaps out. This type of configuration increases the aerodynamic drag, and thus forces to increase the engine thrust, and thus the fuel consumption. Thus, the stepped approaches increase both the fuel consumption of the aircraft and the noise nuisance associated with approaching the aircraft. [0008] In order to overcome these disadvantages, so-called "CDA" (Continuous Descent Approach), "CDO" (Continuous Descent Operations) OPD (Optimized Profile Descent) proposes to build seamless flight segments for approach procedures. This makes it possible, in particular, to fly higher with a minimum thrust, while delaying the moments of setting aerodynamic configuration, that is to say the exit of aerodynamic elements improving the lift at low speed but increasing the halftone of the aircraft as well as aerodynamic noise at a given speed, thereby decreasing the time spent flying in hyper-lift configuration. The flight segments of a so-called CDA flight procedure can in particular be carried out in "FPA / SPEED" mode, that is to say with a constant Flight Path Angle (FPA). CDA descent procedures are described in US Pat. No. 812,659. [0009] However, a construction of optimized flight segments which is too simple can lead to non-flightable trajectories. Indeed, flying as high as possible can induce the obligation to descend in fine with too steep a slope. This can happen in the event of an unexpected event (for example, a tailwind a few knots higher than originally planned), or simply if the descent angle has been calculated to obtain a very optimized profile for consumption, but not flightable, in case of discrepancy between the actual performance of the aircraft and their modeling for example. In this case, the aircraft may not have sufficient deceleration capacity to take the constraints of the flight plan without leaving its flight envelope. The pilot may then be forced to use the airbrakes which makes the approach unsuccessful or even to make a late go-around, with disastrous consequences in terms of landing timing, fuel consumption and nuisance sound, so cost to the company. One solution is to apply safety margins for the construction of the constant ground slope trajectory, with respect to each element that may impact the descent. For example, apply a margin in relation to the possible evolution of the tailwind, a margin relative to the deceleration capacity of the aircraft, etc ... In order to maintain all these margins, the FMS will be required to calculate the instants of setting up in advance to have the deceleration capacity sufficient to hold all of these margins. This setting up configuration increasing the drag of the aircraft, it will then be necessary to increase the thrust reactor, which will increase both fuel consumption and noise on approach. An object of the present invention is to obtain a vertical trajectory for approaches of the CDA type which is the most optimal possible in terms of fuel consumption, therefore of CO2 emissions, flight time and noise pollution. while remaining flightable vis-à-vis the aerodynamic capabilities of the aircraft as well as a set of performance and safety criteria and their associated margins SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (0012) For this purpose, the The subject of the invention is a method of adapting a descending flight segment of an aircraft with a constant ground slope, comprising at least one step of acquiring state variables characterizing the aircraft, environment variables characterizing its environment, trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the initial and final points of the segment, a calculation step based on state variables, environment variables and trajectory variables of a ground slope. lim te for at least one performance criterion; a step of verifying the validity of the trajectory initially predicted with respect to the most restrictive limiting ground slope; when the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: a feasibility verification step of a modification command of at least one state variable; if the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command; failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints. Advantageously, the step of calculating a limit ground slope for at least one performance criterion comprises a step of calculating an air limit slope for said at least one performance criterion. In a set of embodiments of the invention, the step of calculating the limit air slope comprises at least: a step of calculating a resulting engine thrust; a step of initializing the limit air slope to a default value; a step of calculating a resultant aerodynamic drag as a function of the limit air slope and the state variables of the aircraft; a step of calculating the limit air slope as a function of the aerodynamic drag resultant, the aircraft state variables and the engine thrust resultant. Advantageously, the step of calculating the resultant aerodynamic drag and the step of calculating the limit air slope are performed iteratively until a stop criterion is verified. Advantageously, the stopping criterion is verified when the air slopes 20 obtained during two successive iterations have a lower angular difference in absolute value than a predefined threshold. Advantageously, the predefined threshold has a sufficiently small value to guarantee the convergence of the algorithm. In a set of embodiments of the invention, the method 25 comprises at least one performance criterion related to the deceleration capacity of the aircraft. Advantageously, the step of verifying the feasibility of a modification command of at least one state variable successively comprises verifying the feasibility of one or more commands of an actuator enabling the capacity to be modulated. to dissipate the total or mechanical energy of the aircraft. Advantageously, it comprises the following verification: a thrust reduction control engine; an extension control of the spouts and shutters; an exit command of the landing gear; an extension control of the air brakes. Advantageously, the method comprises a step of presenting the vertical trajectory obtained to the pilot. Advantageously, the method according to the invention comprises, when the flight plan constraints do not allow the modification of any of the initial and final points of the segment, the display or emission of a cockpit alert. The invention also relates to a flight management device of an aircraft, comprising calculation means configured to execute an adaptation of a constant slope descent flight segment comprising at least: a step of acquisition of state variables characterizing the aircraft, environment variables characterizing its environment, trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the initial and final points of the segment; a calculation step from said state variables, said environment variables and said path variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion; a step of verifying the validity of the trajectory initially predicted with respect to the most restrictive limiting ground slope; when the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: a feasibility verification step of a modification command of at least one state variable; if the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command; failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints. The invention also relates to a computer program intended to execute, when loaded in memory of a computer, an adaptation of a constant slope flight segment according to a method of the invention. said program comprising at least: computer code elements configured to perform an acquisition of state variables characterizing the aircraft, environmental variables characterizing its environment and trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the points initial and final segment; computer code elements configured to execute a calculation from said state variables, said environment variables and said path variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion; computer code elements configured to check the validity of the initially predicted trajectory with respect to the most constraining limiting ground slope; computer code elements configured to perform the following operations when the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: a feasibility check of a modification command of at least one state variable; if the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command; failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints. The method according to the invention makes it possible to determine vertical descent and approach paths while guaranteeing that said trajectories remain traceable according to a set of criteria. The method according to the invention makes it possible to determine optimized vertical approach trajectories in terms of fuel consumption, flight time and noise induced by the trajectory. The method according to the invention allows great flexibility in determining performance criteria and associated margins. The method of the invention allows to apply a set of margins of security to a set of performance margin, guaranteeing all of these margins without accumulating them. The present invention may be implemented in an FMS-type flight management device, but may also be implemented in ground-based aircraft flight management devices, in aircraft control systems. air traffic, flight management systems of airlines, or any other system for determining 25 segments of constant slope flight plan. A method according to the invention makes it possible to apply safety margins via a set of performance criteria, and to adapt the segment to the most restrictive criterion and margin. This makes it possible to obtain more optimized trajectories than according to the state of the art, for which the margins related to each of the criteria are added to each other in a systematic manner, without taking into account, for example, the real uncertainty on the weather conditions. In certain embodiments, a method according to the invention makes it possible to make the most of the aerodynamic performance bases 35 according to the state of the art by calculating an air limit slope as a function of a resultant aerodynamic drag. iteratively.
[0002] LIST OF FIGURES [0032] Other characteristics will become apparent on reading the detailed description given by way of nonlimiting example, which follows, with reference to appended drawings which represent: FIG. 1, a functional diagram of the different capacitors of FIG. a Flight Management System (FMS) according to the state of the art; FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d, respectively a possible speed profile, an anticipated speed profile, an optimized speed profile and a speed profile definition envelope according to the state of the art; FIG. 3, an example of insertion of the invention within an FMS type system; Figure 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to the invention; FIG. 5, a flow diagram detailing a part of an exemplary method according to an embodiment of the invention; Figure 6 is a flow diagram detailing another part of a method according to an embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c, three examples of pilot display of the vertical trajectories obtained by a method according to the invention. FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c, respectively an example of a vertical trajectory comprising two missed speed constraints following an unforeseen tailwind; a vertical trajectory comprising modified flight segments according to the invention to hold the first constraint; a vertical trajectory comprising modified flight segments according to the invention to hold both the first and the second constraint. [0033] Certain Anglo-Saxon acronyms commonly used in the technical field of the present application may be used during the description. These acronyms are listed in the table below, including their Anglo-Saxon expression and their meaning. 35 Acronym Expression Meaning AOC Aeronautical Operational Control Aeronautical Operational Control. A set or subset of applications used by an aircraft to communicate with ground services. ATC Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control. Service provided by air traffic controllers on the ground to safely navigate a grounded aircraft. CAS Calibrated Air Speed Speed Air Calibrated. Air speed calculated by the instruments. CDA Continuous Descent Approach Continuous Descent Approach. Approach procedure with only downward segments and no or minimizing level segments in contrast to conventional approach procedures. CDO Continuous Descent Operations Operations in Continuous Descent. Other name of the CDA. DB DataBase Database. Container to store and retrieve all information related to an activity. Usually comes in computerized form. EFB Electronic Flight Bag Electronic Flight Bag. Electronic information management device that helps crews perform flight management tasks more efficiently with less paper. FAF Final Approach Fix Final Approach Point. Last fixed point of an aircraft flight path prior to landing, from which it usually enters the final approach flight segment.
[0003] FMD Flight Flight Management Display. Flight Display Display Management System integrated into an FMS FMS Flight Flight Management System. Computerized Management System for calculating aircraft flight paths and flight plans, and providing guidance instructions adapted to the pilot or autopilot to follow the calculated trajectory. FPLN Flight PLaN Flight Plan. Set of geographical elements composing the skeleton of the trajectory of an aircraft. A flight plan includes an airport of departure, an arrival airport, and crossing points. FPA Flight Path Angle of the Flight Path. Angle formed Angle between a horizontal line and a line tangent to the direction of flight of an aircraft. Global GPS Global Positioning System. Satellite positioning system. System Positioning INR INertial Reference Inertial Reference. Data set provided by an inertial unit (position, lateral speed, rotational speed, etc ...). KCCU Keyboard Console Control Unit Keypad Cursor Control Unit. Man Machine Interface can be integrated into a cockpit including a keyboard so that the driver can enter information in the FMS. MCDU Multifunction Control Display Unit Multifunction Display Unit. Man-machine interface that can be integrated into a cockpit allowing the display and the entry of many information related to the FMS. ND Navigation Display Navigation Screen. Cockpit display element showing the lateral flight path.
[0004] OPD Optimized Profile Descent Optimized Descent Profile. Another name for CDAs, mainly used in the United States. PFD Primary Flight Primary Flight Display. Display Display element that can be integrated into a cockpit. TAS True Air Speed Real Air Speed. Speed of an aircraft within an air mass. VD Vertical Display Vertical Display. Display element that can be integrated in a cockpit, and displaying the vertical trajectory of the aircraft. VFE Speed Flaps Speed Extended Shutters. Maximum air speed that can be adopted by an aircraft to remain in its flight envelope in an extended Hyper-lift configuration, that is to say a configuration in which the nozzles and / or flaps are extended. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the remainder of the description, the method according to the invention is illustrated by examples relating to the construction of vertical profiles for CDA approach procedures, although it should be noted that the invention may apply for any operation requiring vertical flight profiles with a constant ground slope, including constant ground climbing procedures. Figure 1 shows a functional diagram of different capabilities of an FMS 1 of an aircraft according to the state of the art. A flight management system may be implemented by at least one on-board computer on board the aircraft. The FMS 1 determines in particular a geometry of a flight plan profile followed by the aircraft. The trajectory is calculated in four dimensions: three spatial dimensions and one dimension time / velocity profile. The FMS 1 also transmits to a pilot, via a first pilot interface 310, or to an autopilot, guidance instructions calculated by the FMS 1 to follow the flight profile. [0036] A flight management system may comprise one or more databases such as the PERF database DB 150, and the database NAV DB 130. The databases PERF DB 150 and NAV DB 130 respectively comprise aircraft performance data and air navigation data, such as routes and tags. The management of a flight plan according to the state of the art can call for means of creation / modification of the flight plan by the crew of the aircraft through one or more human interfaces. machine, for example: - a MCDU; - a KCCU; - a FMD; 15 - An ND. - A VD [0038] A capacity of the FMS 1 may be a flight plan management function 110, usually called FPLN. The capacity FPLN 110 allows including management of different geographical elements comprising a skeleton of a route to be followed by the aircraft comprising: a departure airport, crossing points, air routes to follow, an arrival airport. The FPLN 110 also allows management of different procedures that are part of a flight plan such as: a departure procedure, an arrival procedure, one or more waiting procedures. The FPLN 110 capability allows the creation, modification, deletion of a primary or secondary flight plan. The flight plan and its various information related in particular to the corresponding trajectory calculated by the FMS can be displayed for consultation on the part of the crew by display devices 310, 30 also called human-machine interfaces, present in the cockpit of the aircraft as a FMD 310, an ND 310, a VD 310. The VD 310 displays in particular a vertical flight profile. FPLN 110 uses data stored in PERF databases DB 150 and NAV DB 130 to construct a flight plan and the associated trajectory. For example, the database PERF DB 150 may include aerodynamic parameters of the aircraft, or even characteristics of the engines of the aircraft. In particular, it contains the performance margins systematically applied in the state of the art to guarantee safe margins on the descent and approach phases. For example, the NAV DB 130 database may include the following: geographic points, beacons, air routes, departure procedures, arrival procedures, altitude, speed or slope constraints. A capacity 130 of the FMS, named TRAJ 120 in FIG. 1, makes it possible to calculate a lateral trajectory for the flight plan defined by the capacity FPLN 110. The capacity TRAJ 120 builds in particular a continuous trajectory from points of flight. an initial flight plan while respecting the performance of the aircraft provided by the database PERF DB 150. The initial flight plan can be an active, temporary, secondary flight plan. The continuous trajectory can be presented to the pilot by means of one of the man-machine interfaces 310. A capacity of the FMS 1 can be a prediction function of the PRED trajectory 140. The prediction function PRED 140 notably constructs an optimized vertical profile. from the lateral trajectory of the aircraft, provided by the TRAJ function 120. For this purpose, the prediction function PRED 140 uses the data of the first database PERF DB 150. The vertical profile can be presented to the pilot at the for example a VD 310. A capacity of the FMS 1 may be a location function, named LOCNAV 170 in Figure 1. The function LOCNAV 170 performs in particular an optimized geographical location, in real time, the aircraft according to geolocation means embarked on board the aircraft. A capacity of the FMS 1 can be a guiding function 200. The guiding function 200 provides in particular to the autopilot or to one of the man-machine interfaces 310, flight controls for guiding the aircraft in the lateral geographical planes. and vertical (altitude and speed) for said aircraft to follow the trajectory provided in the initial flight plan. [0045] FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d respectively represent a possible speed profile, a so-called anticipated speed profile, an optimized speed profile and a speed profile definition envelope according to the state of the art. During an approach procedure a system FMS 1 according to the state of the art is capable, knowing the position of the aircraft and the list of points of passage before the final approach, to determine the horizontal distance remaining before the final approach. According to the state of the art, it is possible, by adjusting the instants of setting aerodynamic configuration, i.e. the times at which the aircraft changes the position of its beaks, flaps, landing gear and air brakes, to build a speed profile for decelerating to a final approach speed over the remaining horizontal distance. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art FMS contains all the necessary information, in particular in the PERF database DB 150, to determine, according to the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft and its environment, the evolution of the speed of the aircraft. It can conversely, from two speed constraints at two points, determine the aerodynamic configuration to adopt to change the speed of the aircraft so as to validate the speed constraints. Figure 2a shows a possible speed profile according to the prior art. This speed profile represents the gradual deceleration between an initial speed 210a, which may be a cruising speed, and an approach speed 220a which is the speed to be reached at the stabilization point 230a, usually at 500 or 1000 feet. of the ground. This profile includes several so-called setting moments 240a, 250a, 260a, 270a and 280a. These instants correspond to changes in the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft inducing additional deceleration capabilities for the aircraft. Figure 2a shows a speed profile for which the aerodynamic configurations involve the beaks and flaps, as part of a conventional landing procedure. It should be noted that the following configuration sequence is specific to the landing and differs from that applied to take-off, which consists of tapping the spouts and flaps instead of extending them. On landing, the following configuration points are observed in particular: point 240a represents the exit point of the slats ("slats" in English), generally called "configuration 1" in the common aeronautical language from a configuration called " smooth "or" CLEAN "in English. Point "O", generally so called in the aeronautical common language, on the axis of velocities, indicates the minimum speed at which it is possible to get out the nozzles; point 250a represents the exit point of a first flap extension, generally referred to as "configuration 2" in the common aeronautical language. The point "S", generally so called in the aeronautical common language, on the axis of velocities, indicates the minimum speed at which it is possible to release the first extension of the flaps The exit of the flaps induces an increase of the aerodynamic drag, and thus allows a greater deceleration of the aircraft; point 260a represents the exit point of the landing gear. The point "LG" (for "Land ing Gear" in English), on the axis of speeds, indicates the minimum speed at which it is possible to get out the landing gear. The exit of the landing gear further increases the drag of the aircraft, and thus further increases the deceleration capacity; point 270a represents the exit point of a second extension of the flaps, which may correspond to configurations called "configuration 3" or "FULL" in the common aeronautical language. Point "F", generally so called in the aeronautical common language, on the axis of velocities, indicates the minimum speed at which it is possible to leave the second extension of the shutters. The output of the second extension of the flaps again increases the drag and the deceleration capacity of the aircraft. Note that the numbering of the configuration called "configuration x" with x = 1 or 2 or 3 for example depends on the number of available surface notches depending on the carrier or type of aircraft. The approach of the aircraft is generally operated at reduced thrust, close to the IDLE thrust, the thrust being adapted to maintain the desired speed on a given slope. In the profile shown in FIG. 2a, the decelerations are generally followed by constant speed phases before the following configuration and deceleration. However, it is possible, by modulating the configuration instants, to modify the descent speed profile, the speed for a given configuration being limited to a minimum speed related to the lift of the aircraft, so as to avoid a stall. FIG. 2b represents a so-called "anticipated" speed profile according to the state of the prior art. Within the framework of this profile, each of the instants of setting configuration has been advanced to occur at the end of the deceleration phase caused by the previous aerodynamic configuration. Therefore, the aircraft will decelerate to the maximum of its capabilities to reach an approach speed 220b at a point 210b much earlier than the final approach point 230b. The profile is then said "anticipated" because each moment of configuration is anticipated to the maximum. FIG. 2c represents an "optimized" speed profile according to the state of the art. This profile was constructed by delaying as much as possible each of the 20 instants of configuration, and iteratively determining the instants of setting configuration, from last to first, to decelerate as late as possible. Thus the instant of setting configuration "F" is delayed at point 270a in order to have the deceleration distance just sufficient, increased by margins from the PERF DB 150 in the current state of the art to reach the point 280a with the desired speed to start the final approach. Likewise, the "LG" 260a configuration time is delayed as far as possible to reach point 270a with the speed just enough to go into configuration "F" early enough to hold all the following speeds. Thus, from the last instant of configuration to the first, it is possible to obtain the speed profile to travel the distance to the final approach with the highest speed at each moment. The optimized profile seems the most interesting to fly in terms of fuel consumption, and for several reasons: - The optimized profile 2c is the one for which the speed of the aircraft is the most important, in each point of the trajectory approach. The distance traveled is constant, so it is the one for which the journey time will be the lowest. In addition, it is the one for which the travel time in hyper-lift configuration, so aerodynamic drag and strong thrust will be the lowest. It is therefore the most fuel efficient trajectory. In addition, the optimized profile 2c is the one for which the aircraft flies the highest, which reduces noise pollution in the generally densely populated areas near airports. As part of the approach procedures, at each of the points of passage followed by the aircraft may be associated altitude, speed, slope or time constraints. Vertical stresses define an altitude, or possibly minimum and maximum altitudes, at which the aircraft must fly over each of the crossing points. Knowing the horizontal distance of the different crossing points before the final approach, a state-of-the-art FMS 1 system will then be able to calculate, from the aerodynamic configurations and velocity profiles 2a, 2b or 2c, a approach path including the horizontal position, altitude, aerodynamic configuration and speed of the aircraft at each moment. A major disadvantage of this method is that it is impossible to build a priori a speed profile ensuring that the trajectory built will be stolen. Indeed, the altitude constraints inducing slopes of descent, it is a priori impossible to determine if the set aerodynamic configuration, descent slope, speed is included in the flight envelope of the aircraft for the whole of a trajectory. It is then the responsibility of the pilot to ensure that the calculated trajectory is volable, and to take the necessary corrective measures if necessary. In the case of a so-called optimized speed profile 2c, the pilot will have no freedom to adjust the instants setting aerodynamic configuration. Indeed, if a setting time has been too delayed in relation to the deceleration capabilities of the aircraft, the pilot will no longer have any lever to increase the deceleration. Such an optimized speed profile (calculated without margin) 2c is also not robust in the face of unforeseen events. For example, in the event of a tailwind slightly stronger than expected, the aircraft will have to be slightly ahead of the intended course. The gradual deceleration to the starting point of approach will no longer be valid. In either case, the pilot may be forced to use his airbrakes or even make a late go-around, with disastrous consequences in terms of fuel consumption and noise. According to the state of the art, the conventional procedure to avoid an exit of the airbrakes or a late go-around is therefore to apply different margins with respect to the deceleration capacity of the aircraft and to anticipate the instants setting configuration of the aircraft, to allow the opportunity for the pilot to modulate the configuration of the aircraft in case of unexpected element. This leads the aircraft to adopt a non-optimal approach trajectory in terms of consumption. On the other hand, a state-of-the-art FMS 1 system is incapable of determining, a priori, a velocity profile included in the definition envelope of the velocity profile 2d, being as optimized as possible while guaranteeing the trajectory being constructed in each point. FIG. 3 represents an example of insertion of the invention within an FMS-type system. This figure is given by way of example only and it should be noted that the invention can also be applied to any system dealing with calculation of constant ground slope aircraft trajectory segments. In particular, it is likely to apply to a system calculating an aircraft trajectory on the ground and transmitting said trajectory to the aircraft for execution. In the context of this FMS system according to the invention, the FPLN module 110 constructs a list of waypoints for the descent, in particular using the navigation data contained in the NAV DB module 130. This list of crossing points are then transmitted to the modules TRAJ 120 and PRED 140. The invention can notably be implemented within these modules TRAJ 120 and PRED 140, by making it possible to construct a trajectory that is as optimized as possible, while making sure to respect the flight capabilities of the aircraft defined in a performance database of the aircraft PERF DB 150. According to some embodiments, the trajectory is presented to the pilot via a human interface system. machine 310. [0062] FIG. 4 represents a flow diagram of a method according to the invention. The method applies to a trajectory segment with a constant ground slope. Said flight plan segment may have been previously initialized by a trajectory creation method according to the state of the art. It can also be defined, at least at one of its ends, by a condition at the rejoining limits of a second trajectory segment according to the invention. A method according to the invention comprises in particular a calculation of ground slope limit. Limit ground slope is understood to mean a ground slope limiting the area considered as flying by the aircraft. In many cases, the ground slope limit is a minimum slope (in the sense that the ground slope of an aircraft is negative downhill) allowing an aircraft to validate a performance criterion while remaining in its flight envelope. In some cases, it is a maximum slope. For example, a maximum ground slope can be obtained to avoid an overhead area or a ground obstacle.
[0005] Some examples of ground slope limit will be developed in the following description. A method according to the invention comprises in particular the following steps: A step 400 of acquisition of state variables characterizing the aircraft, environmental variables characterizing its environment, trajectory variables characterizing its trajectory predicted by the one of the initial and final points of the segment; A calculation step 410 from said state variables, said environment variables and said trajectory variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion; A step 420 for validating the ground slope of the segment relative to the ground slope limit obtained in step 410; A step 430 of verifying the feasibility of a command for modifying at least one state variable; If the feasibility is verified, a step 440 for predicting the execution of said command, followed by a new calculation of the ground slope limit according to the new state variables; If the feasibility is not verified, a step 450 for predicting modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints. Step 400 of acquisition of the state variables, environment variables and trajectory variables comprises the acquisition of all the variables making it possible to predict the behavior of the aircraft during the course of the segment. trajectory. This set of variables notably comprises: state variables linked to the aircraft, for example aircraft weight, center of gravity position, aircraft altitude, ground and air speeds of the aircraft, air slope, the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft, the position of the throttle, the status of the anti-ice system, the vertical load factor, or the various commands that may be provided to the aircraft during the course of the flight. flight segment; environmental variables characterizing the environment of the aircraft, for example temperature, atmospheric pressure, or the intensities and directions of the wind; trajectory variables characterizing the predicted trajectory of the aircraft, for example the predicted ground slope, the altitude of the initial and final points of the segment, or the planned date of passage to said initial and final points of the segment. The acquisition of the state variables, environment variables and trajectory variables related to the aircraft is performed at least at one of the initial and final points of the segment. According to a set of embodiments of the invention, the state of the aircraft is known at the initial point of the segment. It is then possible to predict, using all the variables of state, environment and trajectory acquired and a base of aerodynamic performances such as the PERF DB 150, the evolution of the state. of the aircraft on the entire segment. This prediction mode is called "forward" according to the English terminology, in that it allows, from a known state at the beginning of the trajectory, to know the different states of the aircraft at the following points of the path. According to other embodiments of the invention, the state of the aircraft is known at the end point of the segment. It is then possible to calculate, using all the variables of state, environment and trajectory acquired and an aerodynamic performance base such as the PERF DB 150, what the state should be. of the aircraft at the initial point of the segment to reach the final state set. This prediction mode is called "backward" according to the English terminology, in that it allows, from a known state at the end of the trajectory, to "go back" to the beginning of the trajectory and to determine successively the states of the aircraft in the different points of the trajectory. Step 410 consists in calculating a limit ground slope enabling at least one performance criterion to be validated, based on the state, environment and trajectory variables acquired in step 400. ensure that the trajectory segment is flyable within said performance criterion, while remaining within the allowable flight range provided by an aerodynamic database such as the PERF DB 150. It is possible to apply this step for each criteria selected for the construction of the trajectory. In particular, it is possible to calculate a limiting ground slope validating the following performance criteria: operational criteria, for example an altitude constraint or a transit time; Criteria ensuring that the trajectory is flightable, for example the deceleration capacity of the aircraft, the vertical speed, or the arrival of unforeseen events; Comfort criteria, for example limiting the jerk in the cabin; Safety criteria in relation to unforeseen events degrading the performance of the aircraft, or "what if" according to the English terminology, for example an engine failure, the activation of the anti-ice system, or an unexpected tailwind . More generally, this limit ground slope calculation can be applied to any performance criterion having an impact on the validation of operational constraints, the safety of the aircraft, the fact that the trajectory is flight, passenger comfort or the occurrence of unplanned events affecting the performance of the aircraft. It is possible for each of these criteria to apply a margin to the calculation. For example, if one wishes to calculate the limit ground slope allowing to validate a criterion related to the not exceeding a limit jerk value, it is possible to apply a margin of comfort by reducing the value of limit jerk, and in applying the calculation of the ground slope limit for this new value. Similarly, if it is desired to calculate the limit ground slope for validating a limit deceleration criterion, it is possible to apply a safety margin by increasing the deceleration value and then calculating the limit ground slope for this new value. . A method according to the invention therefore makes it possible, at the end of step 410, to obtain at least one limit ground slope, for at least one performance criterion, while having integrated any margins in the calculation. said limit slopes. The slope will then be validated according to the most stringent performance criterion, which makes it possible to ensure that all the performance criteria and associated margins are respected, without unnecessarily accumulating the safety margins and over-constraining the safety margin. calculated ground slope. Step 420 consists of comparing the predicted / calculated ground slope of the segment with each of the limiting ground slopes for each of the performance criteria in order to verify whether the performance criteria are validated. In one embodiment of the invention, the comparison is validated if the predicted ground slope of the segment is less than or equal in absolute value to each of the ground slopes for each of the selected performance criteria. If the ground slope is validated, the flight segment and the predicted execution of the flight commands are not changed. If not, the following steps can be used to modify the predicted trajectory to validate the performance criteria. Step 430 makes it possible to verify the feasibility of a modification command of at least one state variable. In a preferred embodiment, this step verifies the possibility of modifying state variables impacting the flight performance of the aircraft, for example the following state variables: the resultant engine thrust; - the extension of the beaks and shutters; - the landing gear exit; - the extension of the airbrakes; In a more general manner, the feasibility of a change control of a state variable can be evaluated for any actuator for modulating the total energy dissipation or mechanical energy of the device, depending on the design of it. In a set of embodiments of the invention, step 430 verifies successively, for each of the state variables impacting the performance of the aircraft, if a modification command of this variable makes it possible to increase the capacity deceleration of the aircraft; as soon as such a command is identified, the adjustment prediction of this command is made at step 440; if no command to increase the deceleration capacity of the aircraft is identified, step 450, verifying the possibility of modifying the flight segment is activated. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the commands 15 for modifying the state variables are tested in the following order: 1. A command to reduce the engine thrust. If the engine thrust is greater than the reduced thrust called "IDLE", step 430 checks the possibility of reducing it. It should be noted, however, that this will in many cases be impossible, as engine thrust is generally already minimized for CDA procedures; 2. An extension control of the spouts and flaps. In one embodiment of the invention, step 430 verifies the possibility of extending the spouts and shutters according to predefined configurations. According to one set of embodiments, predefined configurations are tested. Many predefined configurations are possible. For example, it is possible to successively adopt a configuration called "smooth", several "intermediate configurations" and a "landing configuration". The "intermediate configurations" 30 and "landing configuration" are obtained by the progressive output of actuators intended to modulate the total energy dissipation or mechanical energy of the aircraft. Step 430 successively checks the possibility of extending the spouts and flaps in a predefined extension step. In one embodiment of the invention, step 430 verifies whether the condition VFEnext_conf CASE; is checked, within which VFEnext_conf represents the maximum speed of the hyper-lift configuration after extension of the spouts and flaps, and CAS; represents the calibrated air speed of the aircraft at the point considered. A hyper-weighted configuration is called a configuration for which the beaks and / or flaps are out. This configuration makes it possible to increase the lift of the aircraft at low speed, for example at landing. These configurations are, however, storable only up to an air speed called VFE $ Clean at each configuration and lower than the cruising speed of the aircraft. The verification of this inequality means that, at the air speed of the point considered, the aircraft remains in its flight range after extension of the beaks and flaps, and therefore this extension is possible without danger. 3. Landing Gear Exit Control. In a set of embodiments of the invention, it is considered that the output of the landing gear is possible if said train is not already out and the condition VL0 k CAS; is checked. Within this VLO expression, the English Landing Gear Operation, represents the maximum airspeed at which safe landing gear can be pulled out, and CAS; the air speed calibrated at the flight point in question; 4. An extension control of the airbrakes. In one embodiment of this part of the invention, step 430 verifies the possibility of extending the airbrakes from a so-called "zero" position to a so-called "half-extension" position, then from the "half-way" position. extension "to a position called" full extension ". In another embodiment of the invention, step 430 verifies the possibility of extending the airbrakes according to extension steps having a value p redefined. Other orders, however, are possible for the flight control tests. For example, it is possible to test the extension of the air brakes before the extension of the beaks and flaps. When the feasibility of a change command of a state variable is verified in step 430, step 440 predicts the execution of said command. According to an embodiment of the invention, this execution prediction consists of modifying said state variable as a function of said command, then re-executing steps 400 and 410 as a function of the modified state variables. When no state variable modification command is identified as possible in step 430, the step 450 of predicting modification of one of the initial and final points of the flight segment is performed, under reserves constraints of flight plan and continuity of the trajectory. In one embodiment of the invention, step 450 first determines a ground slope for the segment as the nearest slope of the ground from the initially predicted ground slope and each of the limiting ground slopes for each of the performance criteria tested. This new predicted ground slope can in particular be determined by the formula FPAfpin = max (FPAFPLN, Ysoli) 1 = 1 to n, within which FPAfon represents the constant ground slope for the flight segment considered, and Ysoii the ground slope limit for the criterion i, n the number of performance criteria tested. In the examples dealing with descending procedures the ground slopes are expressed with a negative angle, which means that the "maximum" slope among a set of slopes will in fact be the one with the absolute value the lowest, and therefore the highest. close to the ground. The determination of the ground slope allows, if a point of the segment is fixed, to determine the altitude of each of the points of the segment and to validate that each altitude constraint on the segment is verified. In particular, this makes it possible to validate that constraints of the AT, AT OR ABOVE, AT OR BELOW or WINDOW type are validated by the determined ground slope. Soil slopes can be modified in the context of 25 WINDOW constraints to replace the AT constraints for CDA approach procedures. In one embodiment of this part of the invention, a "forward" type prediction fixes the initial point of the flight segment, for example by ensuring continuity with the preceding flight segment. The determination of the ground slope then makes it possible to determine the altitude of each of the points of the flight segment, and to determine whether any altitude constraints present within the segment are validated or not, in particular at the end point of the segment. . In a second embodiment, a "backward" prediction fixes the end point of the flight segment, for example by providing continuity with the next flight segment. The determination of the ground slope then makes it possible to determine the altitude of each of the points of the flight segment, and to determine whether any altitude constraints present within the segment are validated or not, in particular at the initial point of the segment. If all altitude constraints are validated, step 450 modifies the flight segment by modifying the altitude of one of the initial or final flight points of the segment, and the segment is validated vis-à-vis performance criteria considered. Otherwise, the performance criteria are not validated and it is not possible to adjust the flight segment by a modification command of the state vector of the aircraft, or by modifying one of the points initial and final flight segment. It is then necessary to redefine the performance criteria and / or warn the crew of the impossibility of modifying the flight segment to ensure the holding thereof. FIG. 5 is a flow diagram detailing a part of a method according to an implementation mode of the invention. This exemplary method comprises, in addition to steps 400, 420, 430, 440 and 450, a set of sub-steps for step 410 of calculating the limit air slope for each of the performance criteria: Step 500 calculating the resultant engine thrust; A step 510 of initializing the air slope limits to a default value; A step 520 of calculating an aerodynamic drag resultant as a function of the limit air slope and of the state variables of the aircraft; A step 530 for calculating the limit air slope as a function of the aerodynamic drag resultant, the aircraft state variables and the engine thrust resultant; A step 540 of checking a stopping criterion; A step 550 for calculating a limit ground slope starting from the limit air slope. In this embodiment of the invention, once the state variables, the environment variables and the trajectory variables acquired in step 400, the step of calculating the limit ground slope comprises, for each of the selected performance criteria, first calculating the engine thrust resultant at step 500, then initializing a limit air slope at step 510. The limiting air slope is then obtained by calculating iteratively tracks the resultant aerodynamic drag as a function of the limit air slope at step 520, and the limit air slope as a function of the aerodynamic drag resultant in step 530, until a criterion of stopping is validated in step 540. This iterative procedure makes it possible to make the most of the PERF DB 150 aerodynamic performance databases according to the state of the art, since these databases make it possible to determine, starting from performan charts this of the aircraft, an air slope from a drag resultant and all the state variables of the aircraft, and a resultant of drag according to an air slope and all the state variables of the aircraft, but do not allow to determine the two jointly. Once the stop criterion has been validated, step 550 makes it possible to determine the limit ground slope directly as a function of the limit air slope. The step 500 calculation engine thrust resultant is known from the state of the art. It is thus possible, in a state-of-the-art FMS system 1, to extract an engine thrust resultant from a PERF DB 150 aerodynamic performance database from the state variables related to the aircraft and variables related to its environment, for example the altitude of the aircraft, the speed MACH thereof, the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft, the position of the throttle, the status of the anti-ice system, the number of operational engines, or temperature, or any other representative value of the aircraft or its environment. Step 510 is to initialize the air slope, also noted Vair, to a default value to initialize the iterative calculation of the limit air slope.
[0006] In one embodiment of the invention, the limit air slope is initialized to a current value for CDA type procedures, for example -3 °. In a second embodiment of the invention, the initialization value depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft and the desired deceleration level. The initialization value may, for example, be pre-calculated in a table taking as input the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft and the desired deceleration value and output the initialization slope. It can also be calculated using the aircraft state variables and the PERF DB 150. The step 520 of calculating the aerodynamic drag result is known from the state of the aircraft. art. It consists, from an aerodynamic performance database such as the PERF DB 150, to calculate the resultant aerodynamic drag from the state variables related to the aircraft or variables related to its environment, for example the mass of the aircraft, the position of the center of gravity of the aircraft, the actual air speed or SAR of the aircraft, the slope of the air Vair, the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft, the position of the throttle, the status of the anti-ice system, the number of operational engines, the vertical load factor, the temperature, or any other data representative of the aircraft or its environment. The step 530 for calculating the limit air slope consists in calculating the value of the limit air slope as a function of the resultant aerodynamic drag calculated in step 520, of a set of state variables related to the aircraft and variables related to its environment, as well as a performance criterion. By way of example, the limit air slope can be calculated as a function of a deceleration limit value of the aircraft dCAS, where CAS represents the dt air speed, according to the Anglo-Saxon acronym Calibrated Air Speed. According to the state of the art, it is possible to determine the air slope of an aircraft in the deceleration phase: yrn, = arcsin (F - D TAS dCAS m CAS dt TAS [g + g] 2RT Within which : F represents the engine thrust, expressed in N; D represents the aerodynamic drag (D representing the initial of the Anglo-Saxon word Drag), expressed in N; M represents the predicted mass of the aircraft, expressed in kg; TAS represents the actual air speed of the aircraft, or True Air Speed, expressed in nn.s-1, CAS represents the calibrated air speed, or Calibrated Air Speed, expressed in ms-1, dCAS represents the limit value of deceleration used for the dt performance criterion, in ms-2, g represents the acceleration of gravity at the flight point considered, and is expressed in ms-2, R represents the perfect gas constant, and is expressed in J.kg-1. K-T represents the temperature, and is expressed in K. In one embodiment of the invention, the celeration is fixed by a constraint for a given item. For example, it is possible to set an acceleration value less than or equal to 0 for the passage of the FAF, so as to guarantee that the aircraft has the capacity to decelerate on its final approach segment. It is also possible, for example, for final approach procedures to set a deceleration capacity of 0.5 knots per second at the point of stabilization of kinetic energy. In another embodiment, the deceleration limit value is set at a point of the segment considered to be the most restrictive, for example the initial point. In another embodiment, the deceleration limit value is set according to the current speed and a next speed constraint. In this embodiment, it is possible to determine the deceleration limit value to be reached by the equation: dCAS CAS, -CASwpT CSTRT dt tt WPT CSTRT Within which: CAS; represents the calibrated air velocity predicted from the aircraft at a point of flight t; represents the predicted passage time at the point of flight considered; CASwpLcs-riu represents the next predicted speed constraint of the aircraft; twpT_CSTR represents the predicted time at the point of flight of the next speed constraint. It should be noted that, during a descent phase, the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft evolves, with the gradual exit of beaks, flaps, trains and possibly air brakes, to a deceleration capacity increasingly important . Thus, a limit deceleration capacity is conservative and can only increase over time, for a supposedly stable weather, and it is possible to calculate the deceleration capacity of an aircraft at a point i, considering that the capacity deceleration of the aircraft on a flight segment having i as an initial point will be at least equal to the deceleration capacity of said aircraft at the point i. In one set of embodiments of the invention, it is possible to apply margins for the safety criteria of the aircraft at step 530. For example, in order to apply a margin of safety for the deceleration capacity of the aircraft, it is possible to modify the deceleration value dCAS, for example by multiplying it by a coefficient dt safety multiplier, then using this value for the calculation of the limit air slope. The calculated air limit slope thus integrates the desired safety margin. Step 540 is to validate or not a stopping criterion for the iteration of steps 520 and 530. In one embodiment of the invention, the stopping criterion relates to the difference between the air slope. initially predicted for the calculation of step 520, and the air slope calculated in step 530. If these two air slope values are sufficiently close, the air slope is validated and is used for the calculation of step 550 In the opposite case, at least one additional iteration is necessary to converge the value of the air slope and the value of the air slope calculated in step 530 is reused for a new calculation iteration 520. In a set of modes In the embodiment of the invention, the stopping criterion is validated when the air slopes obtained during two successive iterations have a lower angular difference in absolute value than a predefined threshold. This predefined threshold may in particular have a value considered small enough to guarantee convergence of the algorithm. By way of example, it can be considered that the stopping criterion is validated when the two slopes are different from less than 0.001 °. Step 550 consists of calculating the limit ground slope from the limit air slope. This calculation is known from the state of the art, and the ground slope limit ysol is obtained by: VGND VWx 30 7501 arctan tan (Tan) VGND where VGND represents the ground speed of the aircraft (from the English GrouND ), and can be calculated by the equation: - (TAS2 Vwy2 .COS (r) VWx VGND [0095] Within these two equations, Vwx and Vwy represent the wind speed respectively projected on the x and y axes of the FIGURE 6 A flow diagram detailing another part of a method according to an embodiment of the invention This embodiment is given by way of nonlimiting example. and comprises, in addition to steps 400, 410, 420, 430, 440 and 450 described above: a step 600 of verifying the possibility of modifying one of the initial and final points of the flight segment; a step 610 of cockpit alert; a step 620 for displaying the predicted trajectory; 600 for verifying the possibility of modifying the trajectory; n of the initial and final points of the segment is activated if the ground slope of the studied flight segment 15 does not satisfy at least one of the selected performance criteria, and if it has been determined in step 430 that no modification command condition variables of the aircraft are not eligible. This step first determines the maximum ground slope among the set of limited ground slopes determined by step 410. It then determines, from a point whose altitude is fixed within the segment. and the ground slope, the altitudes of each of the points of the segment. Finally, it checks, for each active altitude constraint on the flight segment, whether this constraint is respected or not. When all the altitude constraints applying to the flight segment are verified, one of the initial and final points of the predicted trajectory is modified in step 450 to limit the ground slope according to the most large of the limiting ground slopes calculated in step 410. [00101] A step 620 display of the predicted trajectory or the flight segment can then be activated, to present the pilot the trajectory obtained.
[0007] This step can also be activated at the end of step 420, if the ground slope of the flight segment considered is greater than the limiting ground slopes associated with each of the performance criteria studied. The step 620 of displaying the trajectory to the pilot may include the display of information on systems adapted within the cockpit, according to their availability. For example, it may independently or commonly include a display on: a FMD; an ND; a DV; a PFD; More generally, this display can be performed on any system making it possible to present to a pilot the result of the application of at least one performance criterion on the trajectory of the aircraft in the descent or approach phase. . In a preferred embodiment, any modification of the trajectory or the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft is indicated in the cockpit. Preferably, a modification indicated in the cockpit is easily identifiable by the pilots. In particular, the display phase can clearly indicate whether the calculated trajectory is volable or not, and whether it is "easily" voleable, that is to say whether the aircraft is close to the limit of its actual performance considering the environmental conditions associated with this trajectory. When at step 600 at least one altitude constraint is not respected, a cockpit alert step 610 is activated. This step comprises an information display in an aircraft cockpit according to the same means as step 610. On the other hand, a pilot of the aircraft must be clearly informed that the trajectory is not viable by respecting the whole of the aircraft. performance criteria and trajectory constraints. [00105] Step 610 may include means for alerting the pilot, but also means for modifying the set of constraints and performance criteria, in order to allow a pilot to adjust the performance criteria and constraints. applying to the aircraft, and to recalculate an approach path. [00106] FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c show three examples of pilot display of the vertical trajectories obtained by a method according to the invention. [00107] FIG. 7a represents an exemplary display of a vertical trajectory produced according to the invention on a VD type equipment or any other means for visualizing the vertical trajectory. The vertical trajectory comprises 4 segments 710a, 711a, 712a, 713a. In the example, a color scheme indicates the "ease" with which each of the segments can be stolen: the segments 710a and 711a, are considered "easily" stolen, and may for example be colored green when presented to the pilot. Segment 712a, is considered "difficult" to fly, and may for example be indicated in orange during its presentation to the pilot. Finally, the segment 713a, is considered non-theft, and may be indicated in red when presented to the pilot. This display also indicates the altitude constraints 720a, 721a, 722a, 723a and 724a present on this trajectory. Constraints 721a, 723a and 724a are of type "AT", while stresses 720a and 722a are of type "WINDOW". [00109] The points "1", "2", "3", "L" and "F" represent the successive points of aerodynamic configuration change, with the extension of actuators such as nozzles, flaps or gear trains. landing intended to modulate the total energy or the mechanical energy dissipated by the apparatus. [00110] Figure 7b shows an example of display of a vertical trajectory according to the invention on a type of equipment EFB. This display is given as an example, and may be used separately or in conjunction with the display 7a. The display 7b notably comprises a display of the vertical trajectory with the associated altitude constraints 710b, the display of the evolution of the speed as a function of the distance within the envelope of evolution of the possible speeds 720b, as well as the evolution of the performance criteria, associated with the limits assigned to them 730b. This display 25 allows the pilot, for each of the flight performance criteria, to check at each flight point whether the criterion is widely validated, just validated, or not validated. The means to implement to ensure a flawless profile can be displayed superimposed on the display 7b. [00111] Fig. 7c shows an exemplary display of a vertical path segment on a VD type equipment, and may be used separately or in conjunction with the display modes 7a and 7b. This display example comprises the display 700c of the ground slope of the flight path segment studied, as well as the limiting ground slopes 710c, 711c and 712c respectively associated with three performance criteria. A display of this type allows an aircraft pilot to identify safety margins against different criteria. These display methods are given by way of example. Other display modes of the trajectories obtained are also possible, in particular when the trajectory of the aircraft is calculated on the ground, and transmitted to the aircraft. [00113] FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c respectively represent an example of a vertical trajectory comprising two missed speed constraints following an unforeseen tail wind; a vertical trajectory comprising modified flight segments according to the invention to hold the first constraint; a vertical trajectory comprising modified flight segments according to the invention to hold both the first and the second constraint. These figures are given by way of non-limiting example of adaptation of two vertical trajectory segments by a method according to the invention. In this example, an aircraft in the landing phase according to a CDA procedure with altitude and speed constraints is confronted with an unplanned tailwind, because of which it does not respect its speed constraints. Figure 8a shows a vertical profile in approach, altitude and speed of the aircraft. The graph 80a represents the profile at altitude of this descent, that is to say the evolution of the altitude of the aircraft according to the distance traveled. This graph has a vertical axis 801a indicating the altitude of the aircraft and a horizontal axis 802a representing the distance traveled. Graph 81a shows the evolution of the speed of the aircraft as a function of the distance traveled. It comprises a vertical axis 811a indicating the speed of the aircraft and a horizontal axis 812a indicating the distance traveled. The vertical trajectory comprises two segments 803a and 804a, constrained by 3 points A, B and C. Each point A, B and C is associated with altitude constraints, respectively hA, hB and tic. Points B and C are associated with speed constraints VA and Vc. The altitude constraints hA and hC are of type "WINDOW", while the constraint hB is of type "AT". The axis 812a represents the distance relative to the current position of the aircraft, while the axis 811a represents the speed of the aircraft at the point 35 considered. The points VB and VC represent the speed constraints at points B and C. The whole of FIG. 8a therefore represents the gradual descent and deceleration of the aircraft until landing. At point A, the aircraft is in the following state: IDLE engine thrust (minimum); aerodynamic configuration 2 (nozzles and flaps released); landing gear extended; no airbrake. Point 815a represents the estimated exit point of an aerodynamic configuration 3 intended for landing, including an upper extension of the spouts and flaps. Following an unplanned tailwind, the aircraft is no longer able to hold the speed constraints VB and VC: the speed segments 813a and 814a are located above the stresses VB and VC in FIG. 8a. A method according to the invention is then used to adapt the two flight segments 803a and 804a to hold all the constraints in altitude and speed. In a first step, the method is applied to the flight segment 803a in order to validate the VB speed constraint. A single criterion related to deceleration is applied at point A, for which the deceleration capacity is given by: dCASI _CAS B -CAS A dt) A tB tA dCAS Or represents the deceleration at point A, cASB the constraint of dt A speed air at point B, CASA the initial velocity at point A, tB the passage time at point B and tA the passage time at point A. The deceleration capacity of the aircraft being insufficient to hold the slope initially predicted with the wind back, the limit slope calculated for this performance criterion in step 410 is smaller, in absolute value, than the slope of the flight segment 803a originally planned. The performance criterion adopted is therefore not validated in step 420. In step 430, the method checks whether an order is possible to validate the performance criterion. In its initial configuration, the aircraft decelerates below the so-called VFE speed (or Speed Flaps Extended) related to the configuration 3 at point 816a. This speed represents a maximum speed in the hyper-lift position related to the configuration 3, that is to say the maximum speed below which the configuration 3 is usable. Since point 816a is located within flight segment 803a, it is possible to apply flight control to go to configuration 3 from that point. Step 430 thus identifies a flight control application capability within flight segment 803a to go into configuration 3. It is possible, iteratively, to determine the optimum time of passage in configuration 3 from point B. In this case, this moment corresponds to the passage of the VFE linked to the configuration 3, at point 816a. [00119] The execution prediction of the configuration changeover command 3 is carried out in step 440, then a new limit slope is calculated in step 410, taking into account the new deceleration capacity of the aircraft . This slope is equal to that of the flight segment 803a, the performance criterion is validated in step 420, and the flight segment 803a including the anticipation of the passage in configuration 3 validated. [00120] FIG. 8b represents the trajectory predicted after the adaptation of the flight segment 803a. The profiles in altitude 80b and in speed 81b are organized along the same axes as the profiles 80a and 81a: the axis 801b represents the altitude of the aircraft, the axis 811b its speed, and the axes 802b and 812b the distance traveled by the aircraft from its current position. The flight segments 803b and 804b correspond to the matched segments 803a and 804a. (00121) After the anticipation of the passage in aerodynamic configuration 3 at point 815b, the speed profile 813b on the first flight segment 803b decelerates more rapidly, the speed constraint VB is thus respected, but the second speed constraint VC at the end of the second flight segment 804b is not respected, the speed profile 814b having a speed too high at this point. [00122] A method according to the invention is then applied to the second segment 814b, in retaining a performance criterion on the deceleration capacity of the aircraft At step 410, a limiting ground slope is calculated with respect to the deceleration required to move from the velocity constraint VB to the velocity constraint VC to a time (tc - tB) The slope obtained is smaller in absolute value than the effective slope of the segment 804b.The performance criterion is therefore not validated at step 420. At step 430 , no flight control pe It is now possible to increase the deceleration capacity of the aircraft: the engine thrust is already at the reduced speed "IDLE", the airbrakes are proscribed because inducing too much vibration, and the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft, already in maximum configuration, can not evolve anymore. Step 450 of the method is then activated, in an attempt to modify one of the initial and final points of the segment. In segment 804b, the altitude of point B is fixed by continuity with the previous segment. The limit slope calculated in step 410 is then applied to segment 804b, starting from point B, which makes it possible in particular to increase the altitude of the aircraft at point C. The set of altitude constraints present on this segment are then evaluated. The altitude constraint hB is always verified, and the constraint hC, of type "WINDOW", allows an adjustment of the altitude at the point C sufficient to validate the adaptation of the flight segment. [00125] Figure 8c shows the vertical path at the end of the process. The profiles in altitude 80c and in speed 81c are organized according to the same axes as the profiles 80b and 81b: the axis 801c represents the altitude of the aircraft, the axis 811c its speed, and the axes 802c and 812c the distance traveled by the aircraft from its current position. The flight segments 803c and 804c correspond to the adapted segments 803b and 804b. On this final trajectory, the set of constraints hA, hB, hC, VB and VC are respected. The deceleration capacity 814c for decelerating from the speed VB to the speed VC could be obtained by adapting the slope of the flight segment 804b in order to obtain the segment 804c. the constraint hC being of type "WINDOW", the altitude constraint hC remains nevertheless respected. [00127] The above examples demonstrate the ability of a method according to the invention to adapt and optimize constant slope flight segments. They are however given only by way of example and in no way limit the scope of the invention, defined in the claims below. 30

权利要求:
Claims (13)
[0001]
REVENDICATIONS1. A method of adapting a descending flight segment of an aircraft with a constant ground slope, comprising at least: a step of acquiring state variables characterizing the aircraft, environment variables characterizing its environment and trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the initial and final points of the segment (400); A step of calculating from said state variables, said environment variables and said path variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion (410); A step of verifying the validity of the trajectory initially predicted with respect to the most restrictive limiting ground slope (420); When the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: a feasibility verification step of a modification command of at least one state variable (430); o If the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command (440); o Failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints (450).
[0002]
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating a limit ground slope for at least one performance criterion comprises a step of calculating a limit air slope for said at least one performance criterion (530). ;
[0003]
3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the step of calculating the limit air slope comprises at least: a step of calculating a resultant engine thrust (500); A step of initialization of the limit air slope to a default value (510); a step of calculating a resultant of aerodynamic drag as a function of the limit air slope and the state variables of the aircraft (520); ); A step of calculating the limit air slope as a function of the aerodynamic drag resultant, the aircraft state variables and the engine thrust resultant (530).
[0004]
The method of claim 3, wherein the step of calculating the aerodynamic drag result and the step of calculating the limit air slope are performed iteratively until a stop criterion is verified. (540).
[0005]
5. Method according to claim 4, wherein the stopping criterion is verified when the air slopes obtained during two successive iterations have a lower angular difference in absolute value than a predefined threshold.
[0006]
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the predefined threshold has a sufficiently small value to ensure the convergence of the algorithm.
[0007]
7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, comprising at least one performance criterion related to the deceleration capacity of the aircraft.
[0008]
8. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the step of verifying the feasibility of a change command of at least one state variable successively comprises the verification of the feasibility of one or more commands an actuator for modulating the ability to dissipate the total or mechanical energy of the aircraft
[0009]
9. The method of claim 8, comprising the successive verification of: - a thrust reduction control engine; an extension control of the nozzles and flaps; a landing gear output control; an airbrake extension control;
[0010]
10. Method according to one of claims 1 to 9, comprising a step of presenting the vertical trajectory obtained to the pilot (620)
[0011]
11. Method according to one of claims 1 to 9, comprising, when the flight plan constraints do not allow the modification of any of the initial and final points of the segment (600), the display or emission of a cockpit alert (610).
[0012]
Aircraft flight management device, comprising calculation means configured to execute an adaptation of a constant slope descending flight segment comprising at least: a step of acquiring state variables characterizing the aircraft; aircraft, environmental variables characterizing its environment and trajectory variables characterizing its trajectory predicted at one of the initial and final points of the segment (400); A step of calculating from said state variables, said environment variables and said path variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion (410); A step of verifying the validity of the trajectory initially predicted with respect to the most restrictive limiting ground slope (420); - When the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: o A feasibility verification step of a modification command of at least one state variable (430); o If the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command (440); o Failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints (450).
[0013]
13.Computer program for executing, when loaded into a computer memory, an adaptation of a constant slope flight segment of an aircraft according to one of claims 1 to 11, said program comprising at least: Computer code elements configured to execute an acquisition of state variables characterizing the aircraft, environmental variables characterizing its environment, trajectory variables characterizing its predicted trajectory at one of the initial and final points of the aircraft. segment (400); Computer code elements configured to execute a calculation from said state variables, said environment variables and said path variables of a ground slope limit for at least one performance criterion (410); Computer code elements configured to check the validity of the initially predicted trajectory with respect to the most restrictive limiting ground slope (420); Computer code elements configured to perform the following operations when the initially predicted trajectory is not valid: a feasibility check of a change command of at least one state variable (430); o If the feasibility is verified, a prediction of execution of said command (440); o Failing this, a prediction of modification of one of the initial and final points of the segment subject to flight plan constraints (450).

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US20160085239A1|2016-03-24|

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US10126756B2|2018-11-13|

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优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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FR1402108A|FR3026177B1|2014-09-22|2014-09-22|METHOD FOR ADAPTING A SOLAR SLOPE AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC SEGMENT CONSTANT TO AT LEAST ONE PERFORMANCE CRITERION|

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FR1402108|2014-09-22|FR1402108A| FR3026177B1|2014-09-22|2014-09-22|METHOD FOR ADAPTING A SOLAR SLOPE AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC SEGMENT CONSTANT TO AT LEAST ONE PERFORMANCE CRITERION|

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US14/861,610| US10126756B2|2014-09-22|2015-09-22|Method of adapting a segment of an aircraft trajectory with constant ground gradient segment according to at least one performance criterion|