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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a radiation detection device comprising at least two radiation detectors (D1, D2, D3) distributed in series along a support cable (MB), each detector comprising an optically coupled stimulated luminescence detection element. optically to at least one optical fiber (F1, F2, ..., F3), each optically stimulated luminescence detection element being held opposite a first end of the optical fiber by a mechanical part fixed on the support cable, the mechanical part being held in a flexible cable (FL) by holding means, the second ends of each optical fiber opening at the same end of the flexible cable.
    公开号:FR3021755A1
    申请号:FR1455032
    申请日:2014-06-03
    公开日:2015-12-04
    发明作者:Sylvain Magne；Karim Boudergui；Hamid Makil
    申请人:Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA；Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] TECHNICAL FIELD AND PRIOR ART The invention relates to a device for detecting radiation and a detection system capable of determining radiation present in an installation. The radiations concerned are, for example, energy photons between 50KeV and 6MeV, or even more, electrons with energy higher than MeV, etc. The radiological protection of the people who intervene in a nuclear power environment is obligatory in order to minimize their exposure. Adherence to ALARA (ALARA for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable", or "As Low as Reasonably Possible") has significant regulatory, economic and logistical implications for the organization of work. An individual dosimetry is thus deployed at all stages of a fuel cycle, from its preparation to the monitoring of the operation of a plant, to the monitoring of its clean-up for dismantling and the storage of waste following its completion. of construction. Decommissioning techniques (ie robotics, tele-operation, dosimetry) have progressed over time and can deconstruct the infrastructures as soon as possible after final shutdown by minimizing the exposure of workers. Dosimetry makes it possible to optimize the storage and management of waste, anticipate the impact of remediation on the response staff and develop an optimized dismantling scenario in terms of logistics, cost and risk management. . Upstream of the cycle, dosimetry concerns the monitoring of infrastructure activities in operation (power plants, production plants, etc.). The problem of detecting existing contamination in hard-to-reach areas such as, for example, piping, is particularly important to resolve. US Patent 5,665,972 discloses devices which measure contamination in pipe lines. Measurements taken are one-dimensional measurements also called 1-D measures. In the remainder of the description, the respective abbreviations "0-D", "1-D" and "2-D" will be frequently used in place of the terms "punctual", "one-dimensional" and "two-dimensional" .
    [0002] A first device disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,665,972 is shown in FIG. 1. It comprises a detection element 1 formed of a plurality of thermoluminescent dosimeters, for example four dosimeters, inserted into a support. The detection element 1 is fixed on its side walls to flexible metal cables 2. Two discs 3a, 3b pierced at their center are arranged on either side of the detector element 1, the flexible metal cables 2 passing through. discs via their piercing. The disks 3a, 3b bear against the inner wall of the pipe 4, the contamination of which is to be measured. The purpose of the discs 3a, 3b is to maintain the detection element 1 substantially along the axis of the pipe by means of pre-tensioning of the cables. Two intermediate half-tubes T1, T2 are placed vis-a-vis on the inner wall 15 of the pipe 4 in order to maintain a minimum distance between the two disks. The detection of the contamination inside the pipe is made by pulling, moving the detector element 1 inside the pipe. The device shown in Figure 1 has drawbacks. The presence of the intermediate half-tubes T1, T2 excludes the crossing of curvatures. This device can therefore only be used in straight lines. In addition, thermo-luminescent dosimeters do not allow operational use since they require dismantling the assembly after each exposure, and then transmit the dosimeters to a specialized laboratory to record the measurements. A second device disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,665,972 is shown in FIG. 2. It comprises a series of detectors 5. Each detector 5 consists of a miniature Geiger-Muller detector inserted into a protective shell. The shells are connected to each other by a carrying cable 6 consisting of two elementary flexible metal cables, each elementary flexible metal cable having a diameter of 1.6 mm. The carrier cable 6 has the function of pulling all the detectors in the pipe 4 whose contamination is to be measured. An electric cable 7 connects the different detectors 5 to each other. The electric cable 7 serves to power the Geiger-Muller detectors in high voltage and to convey the measurement signals.
    [0003] The device of Figure 2 also has drawbacks. Indeed, Geiger-Muller detectors, even miniature, remain relatively large. It is thus not possible to perform dose rate measurements in very small diameter pipes such as, for example, 8mm diameter pipes. Another disadvantage of Geiger-Muller detectors is that they require high voltage and are dazzled by high dose rates. Furthermore, the transmission of a measurement signal is disturbed as long as the length of the cable is too long (for example, beyond 20m) and the resolution of a miniature Geiger-Muller detector deported by a long length of cable is of the order of mGy / h, which is not sufficient at the ultimate stages of decontamination where the dose rate reaches values of a few p.Gy / h. A common disadvantage of the two devices of the prior art described above is that they must be installed by traction, then requiring the presence of access to each of the two ends of the pipe to be analyzed. Another common disadvantage of the two devices is that the conduits concerned have a relatively high diameter, typically between 25mm and 50mm. The invention does not have the disadvantages mentioned above. The invention relates to a radiation detection device comprising at least two radiation detectors distributed in series along a support cable, each detector comprising an optically stimulated luminescence detection element (" Optically Stimulated Luminescence "or OSL) optically coupled to at least one optical fiber, each OSL detection element being held opposite a first end of the optical fiber by a mechanical part fixed on the support cable, the workpiece mechanical being held in a flexible cable by holding means, the second ends of each optical fiber opening at one end of the flexible cable. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the mechanical part which encloses the support cable comprises a first threaded bore and a second bore aligned with the first bore, the OSL detection element being fixed in a screw itself screwed. in the first bore and the optical fiber being fixed in the second bore. According to another additional feature of the invention, the holding means comprise a carrier cylinder made of a deformable solid material on which the optical fibers are wound, preferably in a helix. According to yet another additional characteristic of the invention, a plurality of optical fibers are coupled to the same OSL detection element, the plurality of optical fibers being grouped together in a capillary tube in the form of a bundle of optical fibers.
    [0004] According to yet another additional characteristic of the invention, an optical fiber containing a plurality of Bragg gratings ("Fiber Bragg Gratings" in English) is inserted into a capillary tube (eg polyimide), and then wound in the same way as the other optical fibers to lead to the first end of the flexible cable.
    [0005] According to yet another additional feature of the invention, the second end of the flexible cable, opposite the first end, is closed by a tip. In a particular embodiment, the tip comprises a microphone. According to yet another additional characteristic of the invention, the support cable is a multi-strand wire.
    [0006] According to yet another additional characteristic of the invention, the flexible cable is a stapled metal tube. The invention also relates to a system for detecting radiation in an installation, the system comprising a radiation detection device according to the invention and means for introducing by propulsion the radiation detection device 30 into the installation.
    [0007] The object of the invention is a flexible cable of very small diameter (typically a few millimeters) which contains millimetric or even sub-millimetric miniature sensors delivering a linear mapping (1-D), resistant to radiation. high levels (typically several tens of kGy or more) and 5 can be deported over a long distance (typically several tens of meters or more). In the case of very low dose rates, for example less than 10 μGy / h, it is possible to integrate the dose over a duration of exposure of several hours, days, weeks or even months, and thus to obtain a exploitable dose signal (ie having a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio) to deduce an average dose rate with the desired uncertainty which is generally of the order of one percent. The procedure that results from the use of the detection device of the invention has a beneficial impact on the organization of work. Since shipyards are rarely operational at night, the possibility offered by the device of the invention of a nocturnal exposure makes it possible to reduce organizational constraints. Moreover, the entire sensitive cable can be exposed simultaneously. By way of nonlimiting example, sixteen simultaneous readings per day corresponding to sixteen detectors distributed in the flexible cable can be performed. It is then possible to save time on the inspection of the entire infrastructure (pipe, tanks, building, etc.) by the use of a plurality of cables conforming to the cable of the invention. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the detection device consists of optically stimulated luminescence detectors or optically coupled Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) detectors, each at the end of the optical fiber serving, on the one hand, to transmit an optical stimulation light to the OSL detector and, on the other hand, to collect the luminescence emitted by the OSL detector, which results from the exposure of the latter to the radiation. Advantageously, the optical stimulation of the OSL detector simultaneously causes OSL light emission by the detector and the resetting of the detector.
    [0008] Advantageously also, the detection device of the invention makes it possible to perform an operational measurement during which the cable can be left in place during the entire reading and resetting operation, which is carried out online and remotely. The flexible cable equipped with a plurality of optical fiber detectors is deposited at the location where it is desired to record the activity measurements (infrastructure, pipe, tank, etc.) and left in place for a fixed period of time. by the user depending on the activity sought, the exposure time is even higher than the desired flow is low. For each of the detectors contained in the flexible cable, the doses are deduced from the luminescences recorded following the optical stimulation. An average dose rate distribution can then be determined over the entire sensitive range of the cable by establishing the quotient between the measured doses and the chosen exposure time. Another advantage of the invention is the absence of electronics in the cable, the latter being deported outside the cable, in a dedicated box. Moreover, also advantageously, the OSL detectors are not thermalized, which leads to the economy of a thermalization electronics. The optical measurement being naturally immune to electromagnetic disturbances, the device of the invention makes it possible to save voluminous triaxial cables. In addition, the presence of miniature OSL detectors and 20 small diameter optical fiber bundles leads to the optimization of the volume of the detection device, thus increasing the measurement capacity for the same external cable diameter. At equivalent volume, it is then possible to accommodate a plurality of OSL detectors in the space occupied by a single conventional CZT sensor (CZT for "Cadmium Zinc Telluride").
    [0009] According to the invention, the measurement dynamic in terms of dose rate typically ranges from a few 4y / h to about 10 Gy / h, ie between 5 to 7 orders of magnitude (i.e. equivalent of 17 bits to 24 bits respectively). This range of dose rate is much higher than that of conventional detectors.
    [0010] According to an improvement of the invention, the temperature profile along the flexible cable is determined in parallel with the dose rate profile. Indeed, in the case where the temperature is not precisely known, a measurement of the temperature profile can be performed by a line of Bragg gratings deployed along the cable according to the known methods (see S. Melle et al. "Practical fiber-optic Bragg grating strain gauge system", Appl Opt., 32 (19), 1993, pp. 3601-3609). It is then possible to correct the influence of the temperature on the dose measurement. By way of non-limiting example, the correction may be about 0.3% -1 <-1 for reduced alumina crystals. OSL sensors have a high radioresistance so that the cable is not disassembled. This property guarantees a saving of time in operation but also a saving of consumable for the operator since the lifespan of the cable can be very important (typically several years). Moreover, since the response of the OSL detectors remains stable as a function of time, the time which separates two consecutive calibrations can be long. By way of nonlimiting example, an annual calibration is sufficient for continuous exposure under 1 Gy / h (calibration every 10 kGy). In the case where reduced alumina crystals are used as OSL detector elements, the OSL emission occurs at around 400nm for a stimulation in the range 480nm-550nm. The transmission of an optical fiber core of pure silica sheathed fluorine is typically 50 dB / km (0.05 dB / m) at 400 nm. Thus, the OSL signal is attenuated by a factor 1/2 over a range of 60m. In practice, this requires doubling the integration time required for the detector at the end of the chain compared to that of an equivalent detector, connected close to the instrumentation. The flexible cable can thus advantageously have a length of 50 to 60 meters or more, to cover a wide variety of sanitation applications.
    [0011] It is possible to reach larger ranges with OSL detectors emitting in red or near infrared (MgS: Ce, Sm or Li2B407-Mn for example). The attenuation is then of the order of 8 dB / km so that the OSL signal is attenuated by a factor 1/2 over a range of 400m at the wavelength of 650nm. Such a flexible OSL can then cover large areas compatible with very large infrastructures (factories, storage sites, etc.).
    [0012] As opposed to the 1-D devices disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,665,972, the originality of the device of the invention lies in the following essential elements: It can be inserted into the pipeline by propulsion, which is the operating mode of the invention. better suited to a construction site since, frequently, only one access is available to penetrate an installation to inspect, - It can be inserted in pipes of diameter less than 1 cm and having a radius of curvature as small as 3 cm, - It is constituted radiosoresistant OSL detectors, which can endure doses of several tens of kGy without significant variation in their sensitivity, thus making it possible to envisage the production of a non-removable cable and a stable dose response over time, it is naturally preserved electromagnetic disturbances and significant offsets can be envisaged, - The range of dose rate is important (5 to 7 orders of size) 15 taking into account the combination of the dose range (3 to 4 orders) with the range of integration times (2 to 3 orders), the same cable can thus be operational in a highly "dosing" environment ( typically 10 Gy / h) and weakly "dosing" (typically 1 μGy / h) while modifying the duration of exposure, - The range in energy of photons is important (typically from 50keV to more than 6 MeV), - The fibers optics have an "over-length" that allows to accompany the bending of the mechanical structure of the cable without breaking, and - In an improvement of the invention, the device of the invention provides temperature measurements associated with the flow measurements thus ensuring, if necessary, total insensitivity of the measurement to temperature fluctuations.
    [0013] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading a preferred embodiment with reference to the appended figures among which: FIG. 1, already described, represents a first device of FIG. radiation detection according to the prior art; FIG. 2, already described, represents a second device for detecting radiation according to the prior art; FIG. 3 represents a block diagram of a radiation detection device 10 according to the invention; FIGS. 4A-4D show detailed views of the radiation detection device of the invention; FIGS. 5A and 5B show closure elements of the radiation detection device of the invention; FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a dose rate measurement instrumentation associated with the radiation detection device of the invention; - Figure 7 shows a radiation detection system in an installation, the system using a radiation detection device according to the device of the invention.
    [0014] In all the figures, the same references designate the same elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION FIG. 3 represents a block diagram of the essential elements that constitute a radiation detection device according to the invention and FIGS. 4A-4D represent detailed views of the detection device of the invention. the invention. The device comprises a set of OSL detectors D, (i = 1, 2, 3, etc.) placed in a flexible cable FL. The detectors D are connected to each other by means of a support cable MB. Each detector D is equipped with a bundle of fibers F. FIG. 4C shows a longitudinal sectional view of a detector D. FIG. 4D represents a sectional cross-sectional view of this same detector. The flexible cable FL is preferably a flexible metal tube stapled ("interlocked hose" in English). The stapled metal flexible tube can be single stapled or double stapled. The single staple tube has greater flexibility and a larger inside / outside diameter ratio than the double staple tube, but has less mechanical strength. In practice, for dismantling applications, a double stapling flexible tube such as that shown, for example, in FIG. 4A is preferred. By way of non-limiting example, the double stapling flexible tube is made of stainless steel and can be declined over a wide range of nominal diameters, typically between 4 mm and 100 mm. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the tube has, for example, an internal diameter of 4.8 mm and an external diameter of 8.5 mm. The minimum bending radius of the flexible tube is 35mm. Its weight per unit length is, for example, equal to 112 g / m 2. Other cables can also be used such as, for example, flexible metal sleeves based braid coated with a layer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such flexible metal cables are made from a preformed stainless steel metal strip. Since such cables are apt to be immersed, a polymeric coating R is applied externally, for example by coating. The coating R also has the advantage of facilitating the propulsion operations (reduction of friction by its smooth character) and decontamination (dismantling context). Among the polymers that can be used for coating, polyethylene (PE) is recommended by virtue of its temperature resistance (up to 105 ° C. in its crosslinked form) and radiation, and of its satisfactory chemical stability, especially with respect to - acids used for sanitation. As mentioned previously, a support cable MB connects the detectors D to each other. In contrast to the prior art (see US Patent 5,665,972), the support cable MB is not used to deploy or insert the detectors within a conduit. In the context of the invention, the force required to deploy 3021755 11 or insert the detectors in the pipes is applied to the single flexible cable FL. The latter can advantageously withstand a propulsion effort without flaming because, because of its diameter, its bending stiffness moment is much higher than that of the support cable. In the context of the invention, the support cable MB is only used to connect the detectors and maintain a constant spacing between them. The size of the detection device of the invention is mainly a function of the diameter of the fiber bundles (generally of the order of 200 μm to 600 μm), which diameter has an impact on the detection performance. Greater measurement capacity can be achieved by increasing the diameter of the cable or by reducing the diameter of the collection fiber bundles (typically 100 μm). The volume occupied by an elementary detector D, and the optical signal collected are two parameters evolving according to the square of the diameter of the flexible cable FL. Thus, with a constant flexible cable diameter, a capacity increase of a factor of 4 (64 fibers), for example, can be achieved by a reduction of the beam diameter by a factor of 2. The reduction of signal following this reduction diameter then imposes to increase the exposure time by a factor of 4 to maintain an identical signal-to-noise ratio. In the context of the invention, the optical fibers used to make a fiber bundle have a small diameter (typically 100 μm to 200 μm). It is thus advantageously possible to wind them easily and to reduce the curvature constraints. By way of non-limiting example, an example of a fiber bundle consisting of 7 fibers arranged in a hexagonal arrangement is given in FIG. 4B. The fibers fb are assembled by gluing or inserted into a flexible capillary tube K formed from a radio-resistant polymer, for example silicone, polyurethane, polyethylene or polypropylene. It is also possible to assemble a larger number of smaller diameter fibers, for example by a bundle of 19 fibers. Advantageously, the fibers fb have a low sheath / core diameter ratio ("low core / clad ratio" in English) in order to optimize the collection of light. The optical fibers are preferably multimode, with a core diameter of between 100 μm and 200 μm and have, for example, a numerical aperture (NA) of between 0.22 and 0.48.
    [0015] It is also possible to use multimode index jump fibers or index gradient multimode fibers coated with a hard polymer such as polyimide. This polymer is applied in thin films (a few tens of micrometers) and shows good resistance to radiation and temperature.
    [0016] Most of the fibers are also coated with other acrylate or tefzel polymers, which are then removed over the last few centimeters to form the fiber bundle. By way of nonlimiting examples, the following multimode index jump fibers may be used: core 200 μm, sheath 225 μm, coating 500 μm, NA = 0.39, core 200 μm, sheath 230 μm, 500 μm coating, NA = 0.48, 200 μm core, 230 μm sheath, 500 μm coating, NA = 0.37 or 0.43. Regardless of the type of fiber used, a hexagonal fiber bundle has a smaller coverage than a single fiber having the outer diameter of the bundle. Thus, for a total area of 0.22 mm covered by seven fibers of a hexagonal beam, the area of a single fiber having the outer diameter of the beam would be 0.283 mm 2. The surface loss is about 30%. However, the rigidity of a fiber increases according to the cube of its diameter. The 7-fiber hex beam then has 27 times less flexibility than a single fiber of equivalent diameter and is therefore much easier to wind inside the flexible cable. Moreover, for a given radius of curvature, the curvature constraints change proportionally to the diameter of the fiber. Thus, the stresses applied to the fiber bundle are three times smaller than for a single fiber. In practice, deformation applied to a fiber must remain well below 25 percent to reduce the risk of breakage. Curvature deformation is the diameter of the fiber divided by twice its radius of curvature. For a fiber 200um in diameter and a minimum radius of curvature of 30mm, the maximum deformation generated by the curvature is about 0.33%, which is acceptable.
    [0017] FIG. 4C shows a longitudinal sectional view of a detector D, and FIG. 4D shows a cross sectional view of the flexible cable at a detector D. An OSL detector crystal 9 is placed vis-à- The detector crystal 9 and the fiber bundle F are placed facing each other in two concentric bores of a clamp d. A first bore accommodates the optical fiber bundle F, and therefore has a diameter required to accommodate the bundle of fibers, for example 0.6mm. The second bore is threaded and accommodates a set screw V, for example stainless steel, which contains the detector crystal 9. The detector crystal 9 is fixed downhole, for example by an epoxy type adhesive having a satisfactory mechanical strength radiation. The fiber bundle F is also fixed in its frame, for example using an epoxy-type adhesive. This coupling process between the detector crystal 9 and the fiber bundle F allows a very small air gap to be left between the crystal and the bundle of fibers. It is also possible for the detector crystal 9 and the end of the fiber bundle F to be in contact with each other. In practice, there is a small air thickness of a few tens of micrometers between the detector crystal 9 and the end of the fiber bundle F, because of their surface state. Each clamp is, for example, machined in a parallelepiped of stainless steel approximately 3 x 3 x 10 mm3. The steel parallelepiped is, for example, machined by turning on a first portion and pierced by a hole of a diameter equivalent to that of the support cable, for example a diameter of 1 mm, on a second part. On this second part, the steel parallelepiped is also grooved over a half-length to form a clamp. The support cable MB is then engaged in the hole and the clamp clamped on the support cable by two screws VR, for example, made of stainless steel. Alternatively, it is possible to secure each clamp to the support cable MB by welding. By way of non-limiting example, the support cable MB consists of a multi-strand wire of stainless steel (e.g. 0 = 1 mm), with a modulus of elasticity close to 200 3021755 14 GPa. A maximum tensile force of the order of 400 N (40 kg), corresponding to a stress of 400 MPa, can then be applied in the elastic limit of 0.2%. To optimize the distribution of the fiber bundles in the flexible cable FL, the different clamps can succeed one another with variable angular orientations, for example spirally, along the support cable MB. The length of the clamps can advantageously be designed according to the minimum curvature that it is necessary to provide the flexible cable FL. By way of nonlimiting example, for a desired minimum radius of curvature equal to 30 mm of a flexible cable FL of internal diameter equal to 4 mm, the length of a linear segment should not exceed 20 mm. Clips of 10 mm in length can then be chosen not to generate the curvature of the flexible cable in operation. Fig. 4D shows a cross-sectional view of the flexible cable at a detector D. The fiber bundles F 1, F 1, F 1, etc. which come from the respective detectors Dj, Dk, Di, etc. (not shown in the figure) are wound, preferably in a spiral, on a carrier cylinder S made of a deformable solid material, for example a foam cylinder, which surrounds the gripper d (the cylinder S is not represented on Figure 3 for convenience). Fiber bundles Fj, Fk, Fi, etc. are distributed on the carrier cylinder S which is positioned between the inner wall of the flexible cable FL and the clamp d. The inner wall of the cable FL is, preferably, covered with a film of grease G able to allow the movement of the fiber bundles. The bundles of fibers are wound on the carrier cylinder S before mounting the detectors in the flexible cable FL. In operation, the carrier cylinder S does not advantageously oppose resistance to the movements of the fibers.
    [0018] In a particular embodiment of the invention, Bragg B gratings are photo-inscribed in a conventional monomode fiber, which fiber is inserted into a wound capillary, in the manner of the optical fiber bundles, around the carrier cylinder S Each Bragg grating B is placed as close as possible to a detector crystal 9. In a manner known per se, the Bragg gratings are used to measure the temperature of the detector crystals 9. Each Bragg grating is photo-inscribed at a specific distance. different Bragg wavelength that can identify its position in the flexible. The bending behavior of the sensor cable of the invention is described below, in the case where the internal diameter of the flexible cable is, for example, equal to 4mm. In this case, the difference in radius of curvature between two bundles of fibers located at the two ends of an inner diameter of the flexible cable aligned with the radius of curvature of the flexible cable is substantially equal to 4 mm. The fiber bundle farthest from the center of the radius of curvature then travels a greater distance than the other bundle of fibers, at a rate of substantially 25mm per revolution of the FL cable. Specifically, the worst case scenario is the storage situation for which the flexible cable is always wound in the same direction (see Figure 7). For the winding of a 20m long cable on a storage drum having a radius of 150mm, 21 turns are required to wind the complete cable on the drum. The length offset between the two fiber bundles at both ends of the inner diameter of the cable is then substantially equal to 525 mm (i.e. 21x25mm). According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the bundles of fibers are wound helically around the axis of the flexible cable. For a given length of a rectilinear fraction of the flexible cable, each bundle of fiber consequently has a length greater than the length of the rectilinear portion of the cable. In the following description, the difference between the length of the fiber bundle and the length of the rectilinear fraction of the cable that corresponds to it is called "over-length". In the case where the internal diameter of the cable is substantially equal to 4 mm, the propellers have, for example, a pitch of the order of 50 to 60 mm. According to this configuration, the over-length obtained by winding in a helix is about 1.55 mm in steps of 50 mm, ie an over-length of 31 mm / m which is then sufficient to wind the cable on a 150 mm drum. radius without risk of deterioration. The embodiment of the detection device of the invention will now be described. The set of detectors D, and fiber bundles F, are firstly wound on the support roll and covered with grease in order firstly to facilitate their insertion into the flexible cable and secondly facilitate the movement of the fibers inside the cable during subsequent decontamination operations. A wire puller in the form of a rigid rod, of a length substantially equal to that of the flexible cable FL, is then connected to the support cable and inserted into the flexible cable at a first end of the flexible cable. The flexible cable is held straight when the wire puller is inserted. The wire puller is then released from the flexible cable, at the end of the flexible cable opposite the first end, thus causing all the sensors D, inside the cable. Once the set of detectors D, placed inside the flexible cable 10, the thread puller is removed and a protective and sealing tip is positioned at the end of the flexible cable located opposite the end through which the bundles of fibers leave. This tip is detailed below with reference to Figures 5A and 5B. At the sealing tip, the support cable MB is cut off and the end thereof is preferably left free. At the end of the flexible cable FL located opposite the endpiece, the fiber bundles F 1, F 1, F 1, F 1, etc., the capillary KP and the support cable MB are connected to a flange like this. is detailed with reference to Figures 6 and 7 below. Figs. 5A and 5B show closure members of the flexible cable.
    [0019] Fig. 5A shows a flexible cable closure member according to a first embodiment of the invention. By way of non-limiting example, the closure element is an EB steel plug which is welded to the end of the flexible cable FL. The steel cap allows the shocks of the cable to be dealt with during the progression of the cable in a pipe.
    [0020] Fig. 5B shows a flexible cable closure member according to a second embodiment of the invention. The closure element according to the second embodiment of the invention comprises a microphone MC. A first part Pi of the closure element is a frame, preferably made of stainless steel, which is secured to the flexible cable by welding and a second portion P2 is a plug, preferably duralumin, consisting of a screw head 3021755 17 hemispherical screwed on the mount. The microphone MC is inserted in a cylinder CY, preferably in silicone, to protect it from shocks and embedded in a grease GR which ensures the acoustic coupling with the cap. The MC microphone is connected to AL wires. The electrical wires AL make it possible to electrically power the microphone and to recover the electrical signal delivered by the microphone. By way of non-limiting example, three electrical wires come out of the microphone and are connected, by welding, to three electrical wires present in the flexible cable FL. If necessary, excess thread is wound. One of the power leads can be electrically connected to a multi-strand wire to reduce the number of wires in the flex cable.
    [0021] The use of a closure element equipped with a microphone occurs, for example, during the deployment in pool of a flexible cable. In such a context, an acoustic localization by ultrasound can be implemented. The microphone is, for example a miniature microphone better known as MEMS microphone (MEMS for "Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems"). In a particular embodiment (not shown in the figures), several microphones may also be arranged in different places within the flexible cable whose diameter is then adapted to the presence of the microphones. It is then possible to account for the deployment of the cable under water. The location is obtained, in a manner known per se, by immersing at least three sound sources in the pool to be inspected. One possible mode of operation is to transmit sequentially, by each source, a pulsed and periodic sound signal at an arbitrary frequency, for example close to 20 kHz, in order to reduce the sound overlaps due to the echoes on the walls. The three signals sequentially received by the MEMS microphones (or microphones) accommodated in the flexible cable are then synchronized with respect to the respective transmit signals to determine the time delays. The distance between a microphone housed in the flexible cable and the local mark that carries the three sound sources is then determined from the three measured time delays and the known speed of sound in the water. Figure 6 shows a block diagram of a dose rate measurement instrumentation associated with the radiation detecting device of the invention.
    [0022] The fiber optic bundles protruding from the end of the flexible cable FL located opposite the closure plug constitute a bundle of fiber bundles E. The bundles of fibers of the bundle E are connected to an optical switch Q. The number of fiber bundles is equal to the number of detectors D ,,, for example 16. The optical switch Q is connected to an optoelectronic detection block 10. In a manner known per se, the optoelectronic detection block 10 contains a laser, a photomultiplier, an electromechanical shutter and filters for filtering the laser light before stimulation of the OSL detectors and the luminescence that results from the detection, after collection by the fiber bundles (see Magne et al., "Multichannel dosemeter and A1203 Optically Stimulated Fiberglass for radiation therapy - evaluation with electron beams "Radiat Prot Dosim 131 (1), 2008, pp 93-99). The instrumentation described in Figure 6 performs a reading of the different detectors sequentially. For nuclear power, decommissioning and radiation shielding applications, ambient dose rates must be taken under exposure from uncontrolled permanent sources. For this reason, a preliminary reset is always performed before exposure. The protocol then proceeds as follows: Preliminary optical stimulation pre-clearing all the OSL detectors, Stopping the preliminary optical stimulation and exposing the OSL detectors for a user-defined time T (some minutes, hours, days, even weeks or months). Subsequent optical stimulation with reading of OSL luminescences from the different OSL detectors and reset of all the detectors. In a manner known per se, the optoelectronic detection block 10 delivers, from the OSL luminescence reading data, dose rate DB data for each of the OSL detectors.
    [0023] An elementary OSL signal detected by the block 10 consists of an OSL pulse and a baseline. The baseline is a signal that results from the contribution of various phenomena, namely: background noise of the OSL detector, fluorescence of the deep traps of the OSL detector crystal, scintillation and Cerenkov effect in the fiber that propagates the OSL pulse, which are a function of the radiating nature of the environment around the flexible cable. The OSL pulse reaches an asymptotic minimum after a TOSL reading time, since most of the traps present in the detector crystal have been emptied (typically 99.9%). A measurement of the mean value of the asymptotic minimum is then carried out on the last recording points. This average value is then subtracted from the OSL pulse signal over the entire TOSL period. The corrected signal resulting from this subtraction is independent of external disturbances and, in particular, the Cerenkov effect. The corrected signal is then integrated over the entire time band and then weighted by a calibration coefficient to deduce the integrated dose D over the entire duration of exposure. The average dose rate DdD is then estimated by dividing the dose D by the duration of exposure T: DdD = D / T The user can carry out a periodic acquisition sequence or a single measurement. In the case where the user makes several acquisitions periodically, the protocol advantageously reduces to two phases (exposure and optical stimulation) since the optical stimulation realizes the reset for the next measurement.
    [0024] Similarly, the user can make several readings on several cables in parallel in order to save time on the overall dosimetry of an installation. This option is particularly advantageous in a low-dose environment, with high exposure times (of the order of the day, or even the week or the month). In this case, the reset operations are time stamped for all the lines analyzed in parallel.
    [0025] 3021755 20 Disconnecting the flexible cable allows the operator to exit the zone during the exposure phase. This phase has little impact on the exposure of personnel and its duration can be chosen as long as it is necessary, the mode of parallel operation to save time on reading.
    [0026] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an OSL crystalline fiber of 0.5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in length is an interesting compromise. The dose resolution is estimated to be about 0.7 mGy with A1203: C crystals. By way of non-limiting example, for an exposure time of 18 hours, the resolution in average dose rate is 0.7 mGy / 18h is 40 uGy / h. Such a duration can then be obtained easily by triggering the integration at the end of the day around 16:00 and by performing the dose readings the next morning around 10:00. Still as an example, it is also possible to integrate, for a whole week (i.e. 168 hours), measurement data at the end of a sanitation project. The resolution in dose rate is then of the order of 0.7 mGy / 168 h, 4 uGy / h.
    [0027] The detection device of the invention advantageously makes it possible to achieve a high dynamic in terms of dose rate (5 to 7 decades) thanks to the combination of the dose range (3 to 4 decades) and the duration range. exposure (2 to 3 decades). The advantage of a sensitive 1-D cable is to record several measurements at different points (linear mapping of the activity) simultaneously in order to save time in the dosimetry. Indeed, the readings can then be performed simultaneously in different places and not sequentially as is the case by moving a point sensor on the entire scene to be analyzed. FIG. 7 shows a radiation detection system in an installation that uses a detection device according to the device of the invention. In general, the installation may be a contaminated facility or an installation that, without being contaminated, is exposed to radiation. In the example of Figure 7, the installation I is a contaminated installation which must, therefore, be decontaminated.
    [0028] The installation to be decontaminated I comprises, for example, a pipe 11 and a tank 12 into which the pipe 11 opens. The flexible cable FL equipped with detectors is introduced into pipe 11 from an uncontaminated zone ZA which is accessible to users. The flexible cable FL is introduced into the installation I by means of a propulsion device which comprises an injection tube 13, a motor 14 equipped with a control lever 15, a drum 16 on which the cable hose is wound and mechanical drive means 17 which connect the motor to the drum. The drum 16 is equipped with a multi-fiber connector 18 which connects the second ends of the open-ended optical fibers which open out of the flexible cable to a measuring instrumentation.
    [0029] The measurement instrumentation includes, for example, a multi-fiber optical cable 19, a multi-channel connector 20 and a measurement unit 21. The purpose is to perform dose rate readings within the and the vessel and, thus, to monitor the evolution of the sanitation process. The facility I remains inaccessible as long as sanitation is not completed. As described below, the measurements take place in three phases. Phase 1: Propulsion of the cable The operator has previously disconnected the multifibre optical cable 19 20 of the drum. In case of forgetfulness, the presence of the connector in its housing prevents the starting of the engine. The end of the flexible cable FL initially wound around the drum 16 is engaged in the injection tube 13. The injection tube 13 is connected to the inlet of the pipe 11. When the operator engages the control lever 15 in the "propulsion" position, the rotation of the motor 14 is activated at a controlled speed and the mechanical drive means 17 put the reel in rotation. The flexible cable FL is then propelled into the pipe 11. Drive rollers are used to propel the flexible cable. The drive pressure of the rollers is adjustable up to a maximum value depending on the resistance of the cable. For example, for a cable resistant to 200 kg, the maximum effort can be limited to 50 kg to take into account a factor of safety. In the event of a blockage due, for example, to an unforeseen decrease in the section of the pipe, there is natural stopping of the propulsion and safeguarding of the cable as soon as the reaction force is greater than the friction force. The operator must then stop the propulsion operation to analyze the cause of the blockage. When the cable is fully deployed, the core serving as a stopper impacts the injection tube 13 and blocks the cable to avoid destroying the optical link fitted to the drum's hub. The drive rollers then begin to skate and the operator must then shut off the engine and shift to neutral. Phase 2: Exposure and flow measurement When the flexible cable reaches the desired position, whether or not the cable is completely unwound, the operator puts the motor in neutral. The operator then connects the measurement instrumentation 19, 20, 21 to the connector 18 housed in the hub of the drum. As mentioned previously with reference to FIG. 6, the measurement instrumentation comprises means capable of optically stimulating the OSL detectors. The optical stimulation of the OSL detectors can therefore be performed. Preferably, the connection of the measurement instrumentation to the connector 18 deactivates the power supply of the motor and prevents rotation of the motor. The operator can either leave the measurement instrumentation connected and wait for the end of the exposure, or disconnect the measurement instrumentation to perform the optical stimulation of other flexible cables. In any case, at the end of the exposure time, the measurement instrumentation must be connected to the connector 18 so that the luminescences that result from the detection of nuclear radiation are read. In the case - not desired - where the operator forgets to connect the measurement instrumentation and still triggers the data acquisition, nothing happens because the flexible cable FL is not connected. The user then observes no signal and an error message appears on the screen 3021755 23 informing him of the anomaly. The operator is then asked to connect the measurement instrumentation and to make a reading. On the basis of the luminescence data read, the calculation unit 20 calculates the dose rates. Phase 3: Rewinding the cable 5 Once the luminescence read, the operator again disconnects the multifibre cable 19 of the drum which allows again to run the engine. The operator can then engage rewinding of the cable on the reel by operating the lever 15 in the "rewind" position. This operation is performed by rotating a second hub driving a belt which transmits the rotational force to the drum. The drum is then rotated in the opposite direction of the direction of the phase 1 and the flexible cable FL is rewound, preferably in "zig-zag" (combination of a rotational movement and an alternating translational movement) to distribute the cable evenly over the entire surface of the drum. Other rewinding protocols may also be considered.
    [0030] It is advantageously possible to easily disconnect the measuring instrumentation of the flexible cable FL, whether in the propulsion / rewinding phase or in the radiation exposure phase. The measurement instrumentation can then be reused to make measurements with other cables previously propelled into other conduits in order to save time in monitoring the contamination of the installation as a whole. Advantageously, temperature measurements can be made in parallel, if necessary, by means of a single-mode fiber present in the multi-fiber optical cable 19 and connected, via the connector 18, to the monomode fiber which contains the Bragg gratings present in the flexible cable. Likewise, when necessary, for example for pool measurements, an electrical connector (not shown in the figure) retrieves the signal from the microphone (s) incorporated in the flexible cable. FL. The multi-fiber optical cable 19 is connected to the connector 18 integral with the drum. The optical cable 19 is disconnected during the phases of propulsion and rewinding since the reel is rotated during these two phases. In one embodiment, the optical cable 19 comprises a core (two half-shells) screwed at the end portion (a few tens of centimeters from the end) which serves as a mechanical stop. The course of the cable, guided by a guide tube at the exit of the drum, 5 is then naturally blocked when the core impacts the guide tube. In addition, a presence sensor of the plugged in connector triggers a safety preventing the start of the engine in case of oblivion. The presence of the connector disables the power supply of the motor and thus prevents it from turning (and thus destroying the optical cable). The logistical interest of the flexible cable equipped with OSL detectors of the invention will now be described. The use of the 1-D cable of the invention makes it possible to save time on the overall dosimetry of the installation studied and consequently contributes, indirectly, to optimizing the cost of a remediation operation. This procedure is particularly interesting from a logistic point of view in weakly "dosing" environments characterized by high exposure times (of the order of the day to the week). The user can perform 1-D curvilinear surveys with a single cable. In this case, the 1-D cable can remain connected to its read instrumentation or be disconnected, allowing the operator to exit the zone during the exposure phase. By way of non-limiting example, for 16 simultaneous measurement points taken with a flexible cable, the total duration DT of a dosimetry operation OSL 1-D is: DT = T + 32xTon, where T is the duration of exposure (For example a few tens of minutes, several hours, several days or several weeks), and TOSL is the duration of reading and resetting OSL detectors (typically of the order of a few tens of seconds). The user can also carry out 2-D readings by deploying N 1-D flexible cables in parallel, for example 8 cables. In this case, the N 1-D cables are deployed and disconnected simultaneously and the reset and read operations 3021755 are timestamped for all curves analyzed in parallel. The total duration DT of the OSL 2-D dosimetry operation is then, for 16 simultaneous measuring points measured with a flexible cable: DT = T + 32 x 8 x TOSI, ie 5 DT = T + 256 x Ton Let's consider a dose rate of 6mGy / h. By adopting an exposure time of 2 hours, the OSL measurement resolution of the dose rate is substantially 0.25 mGy / h (SNR = 24). The total duration of the OSL dosimetry operation is then 2.25 hours for 16 measurement points in 1-D and 4.1 hours for 128 points of measurement in 2-D. It is possible to compare these OSL dosimetry times with the duration of a conventional point dosimetry (0-D) performed using a miniature CZT detector (a few mm3) that can be inserted and moved in a pipe. The acquisition time is of the order of 15 minutes for a typical dose rate of 6mGy / h (cf.
    [0031] A. Rocher, N. Blanc de Lanaute "Characterizations by gamma spectrometry Cd-Zn-Te of the contamination of the circuits of the nuclear power stations", Congress SFRP 2013, Paris). As a result, the dosimetry time with the CZT detector is 4 hours (16x15 minutes = 4 hours) at 1-D and 32 hours (128x15 minutes = 32 hours) at 2-D. At equivalent performance, the OSL dosimetry 1-D / 2-D performed with the device of the invention is therefore faster than the 0-D dosimetry performed with a CZT detector. Moreover, the conventional 0-D measurement requires a permanent on-line operator since the readings are performed sequentially. In return, the OSL methodology relies on an almost simultaneous reading mode of all the detectors at the same time in an automated way. Thus, the presence of an operator is only required for triggering the OSL read protocol. This parallel OSL methodology thus saves time in the actual dosimetry operation as well as in operator time.
    [0032] In parallel with the economic interest of the use of the detection device of the invention, a linear mapping of the activity makes it possible to reduce the measurement uncertainty of statistical origin, for a measurement time identical to that of a single detector moved. Indeed, consider a single point detector (0-D) delivering a measurement of dose rate with a given uncertainty after a time of exposure T. It takes a total time N x T to analyze the N points measuring the scene. In return, consider now the case of a cable consisting of N detectors simultaneously exposed for the same duration of exposure T. The measurement statistics is then the same and the measurement time is reduced by a factor N. This same cable exposed for a duration N x T then delivers a dose rate measurement with an improved uncertainty of a factor 1 / / N relative to a single -N / displaced detector. At the same dosimetry duration of a scene, the 1-D measurement thus makes it possible to improve the results of measurements of dose rates. For 16 points, the measurement uncertainty is, for example, improved by a factor of 4. For a plurality of 8 cables with 16 simultaneously exposed detectors, the measurement uncertainty is, for example, improved by a factor of 11 with respect to a unique detector.
    权利要求:
    Claims (18)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. Radiation detection device comprising at least two radiation detectors (D,) distributed in series along a support cable (MB), characterized in that each detector (D,) comprises an optically stimulated luminescence detection element ( 9) optically coupled to at least one optical fiber (Fi), each optically stimulated luminescence sensing element (9) being held facing a first end of the optical fiber by a mechanical part (d) attached thereto on the support cable (MB), the mechanical part (d) being held in a flexible cable (FL) by holding means (S, Fk, Fi, Fi), the second ends of each optical fiber opening to the same first end of the flexible cable (FL).
    [0002]
    2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical part (d) which surrounds the support cable (MB) comprises a first bore and a second bore aligned with each other, the optically stimulated luminescence detection element. (9) being fixed in the first bore and the optical fiber (F) being fixed in the second bore.
    [0003]
    3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the holding means (S, Fk, Fi, Fj) comprise a carrier cylinder (S) made of a deformable solid material on which the optical fibers are wound.
    [0004]
    4. Device according to claim 3, wherein the optical fibers are helically wound.
    [0005]
    5. Device according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the deformable solid material is a polymer. 3021755 28
    [0006]
    6. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of optical fibers are coupled to the same optically stimulated luminescence detection element (9), the plurality of optical fibers being grouped together in a capillary tube (K) under the shape of a bundle of optical fibers (F,). 5
    [0007]
    7. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a grease layer (G) covers an inner wall of the flexible cable.
    [0008]
    Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a polymer layer (R) covers an outer wall of the flexible cable.
    [0009]
    Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a monomode optical fiber containing a plurality of Bragg gratings (B) is fixed in the mechanical part (d), the optical fiber having an end opening at the first end. flexible cable (FL).
    [0010]
    10. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support cable (MB) is a multi-strand wire. 20
    [0011]
    11. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the flexible cable (FL) is a stapled metal tube.
    [0012]
    12. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nominal diameter of the flexible cable (FL) is between 4mm and 100 mm. 25
    [0013]
    13. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the core diameter of a multimode optical fiber is between 100um and 200um. 3021755 29
    [0014]
    14. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a second end of the flexible cable (FL), opposite the first end, is closed by a nozzle (EB). 5
    [0015]
    15. Device according to claim 14, wherein the tip comprises a microphone (MC).
    [0016]
    16. System for detecting radiation in an installation (I), the system comprising a radiation detection device and means for introducing the radiation detection device into the installation (I), characterized in that the device for radiation detection is a device according to any one of claims 14 or 15 and in that the means for introducing the radiation detection device into the installation (I) comprises a drum (16) on which the flexible cable (FL) ) is wound, an injection tube (13) which opens into the installation and in which the tip of the flexible cable is engaged and means (14, 15) able to propel the flexible cable (FL) in installation.
    [0017]
    17. The detection system according to claim 16, wherein the means (14, 15) able to propel the flexible cable (FL) into the installation comprise a motor (14) and mechanical means (17) connected to the engine capable of rotating the reel (16) when a propulsion command is applied to the engine.
    [0018]
    18. A detection system according to claim 16 or 17, wherein a multi-fiber connector (18) attached to the drum (16) connects the second ends of the optical fibers to a suitable measuring instrumentation (19, 20, 21). stimulating optically stimulated luminescence detection elements (9) and reading luminescence resulting from radiation exposure.
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    US10048388B2|2018-08-14|
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1455032A|FR3021755B1|2014-06-03|2014-06-03|RADIATION DETECTION DEVICE AND DETECTION SYSTEM THEREOF|FR1455032A| FR3021755B1|2014-06-03|2014-06-03|RADIATION DETECTION DEVICE AND DETECTION SYSTEM THEREOF|
    JP2016570971A| JP6600648B2|2014-06-03|2015-06-01|Device and system for detecting radiation|
    US15/315,628| US10048388B2|2014-06-03|2015-06-01|Device for detecting radiation and associated detection device|
    PCT/EP2015/062067| WO2015185472A1|2014-06-03|2015-06-01|Device for detecting radiation and associated detection system|
    EP15725365.9A| EP3152595B1|2014-06-03|2015-06-01|Device for detecting radiation and associated detection system|
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