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    • 专利摘要:
    Method and synchronized energy exchange device among users of the electric network for decentralized management. The method comprises obtaining fragments of energy (1) to be exchanged in time intervals between a first user (40; 42) with another user (30; 32) through the electrical network (60); agree an amount of energy (EF) to be exchanged in each time interval; exchange the agreed amount of energy (EF) for said time interval; measure the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42); determine the difference between the actual energy consumed or generated by the first user (40; 42) and the amount of energy (EF) exchanged; and store or supply said energy difference. Obtaining the energy fragments (1) for the different time intervals is done sequentially. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2680654A1
    申请号:ES201700113
    申请日:2017-02-07
    公开日:2018-09-10
    发明作者:Diego Antonio LOPEZ GARCIA；Juan PEREZ TORREGLOSA
    申请人:Universidad de Huelva；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    DESCRIPTION
    Method and device for synchronized energy exchange between users of the electricity grid for decentralized management.
    Technical sector
    The present invention falls within the field of transport of electricity and distribution networks, and more particularly in the field of distributed generation and intelligent electricity networks.
    Background of the invention
    The concept of smart grid (“smartgrid”, in English) has been defined as the evolution of the current electricity grid by incorporating new information and communication technologies (ICT). One of its objectives is to improve the capacity of its users to exchange energy through the network [1]. Until now the network has followed a hierarchical scheme: generation, transport, distribution and consumption. Since demand is not known a priori, suppliers adjust the generation based on the voltage and frequency detected. This works due to the difference in scale between the power generated and the disturbances on demand [14]. However, distributed generation, constantly booming due to cost savings in transportation and the use of renewable sources [2], does not usually provide such high energy flows. The expansion of distributed generation causes degradation in the quality of supply, reliability and control of the network [3]. To contend with this problem, different solutions have been provided. Some have focused on maintaining network stability. Others instead have focused on how to balance production and demand.
    With respect to the first aspect, there are different techniques proposed: those based on the use of storage systems or devices (SD) [15], distributed control [5] and others [4].
    For the balanced production and demand there are different ideas [6]. For example, one of them is to model users as entities that bid following a price function. Then, a hierarchical network of CPUs calculates the breakeven point, thus setting supply and demand. The price becomes the control signal [7]. However, the whole process begins with the reading of the present demand. Therefore, the communication and computing delay always generates a certain mismatch. In addition, this method can cause extreme consumption peaks [8].
    Other solutions combine the price of energy with other signals. This is the case of “reinforced learning” [9] where a decision matrix implements a multiobjective function that also considers power peaks and operating limits. Again, there is always an error due to late communications.
    Other solutions take advantage of a certain level of prediction. This is the case of coordination based on principles of self-organization (homeotaxis [10]), which compares predictive values with current ones to modify behavior. The evolutionary algorithms [11],
    [12], [13] are also based on consumption predictions. But all of them reduce the error due to an imbalance between production and consumption in an insufficient way.
    The method and the device of the present invention synchronize to the maximum production and demand, thus solving two problems simultaneously: the distribution of energy (generator-consumer allocation) and the control of the network (minimizing disturbances due to imbalances between production and demand).
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    Bibliographic references
    [one] . Hassan Farhangi. The path of smart grid. IEEE Power & Energy magazine. January- February 2010. PP. 18-28.
    [2] . El-Khattam, W., Salama, M.M.A. 2004 “Distributed generation technologies, definitions and benefits” Electric Power Systems Research. 71, pp. 119-128. Ed. Elsevier.
    [3] . Barker, P. P., & De Mello, R. W. (2000). Determining the impact of distributed generation on power systems. I. Radial distribution systems. In Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE (Vol. 3, pp. 1645-1656). IEEE
    [4] . Strasser, T., Andren, F., Kathan, J., Cecati, C., Buccella, C., Siano, P., ... & Marík, V. (2015). A review of architectures and concepts for intelligence in future electric energy systems. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 62 (4), 2424-2438.
    [5] . Huang, A. Q., Crow, M. L., Heydt, G. T., Zheng, J. P., & Dale, S. J. (2011). The future renewable electric energy delivery and management (FREEDM) system: the energy internet. Proceedings of the IEEE, 99 (1), 133-148.
    [6]. Badawy, R., Hirsch, B., & Albayrak, S. (2010). Agent-based coordination techniques for matching supply and demand in energy networks. Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 17 (4), 373-382.
    [7]. Kok, K. (2013). The PowerMatcher: Smart coordination for the smart electricity grid. TNO, The Netherlands, 241-250.
    [8]. Zeman, A., Prokopenko, M., Guo, Y., & Li, R. (2008, October). Adaptive control of distributed energy management: A comparative study. In 2008 Second IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (pp. 84-93). IEEE
    [9]. Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement learning: An introduction (Vol. 1, No. 1). Cambridge MIT press
    [10]. Prokopenko, M., Zeman, A., & Li, R. (2008, July). Homeotaxis: Coordination with persistent time-loops. In International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (pp. 403-414). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
    [eleven] . Li, J., Poulton, G., & James, G. (2007, December). Agent-based distributed energy management. In Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial lntelligence (pp. 569-578). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
    [12]. Li, J., Poulton, G., James, G., & Guo, Y. (2009). Multiple energy resource agent coordination based on electricity price. J. Distrib. Energy Resour, 5 (2), 103-120.
    [13]. Guo, Y., Li, J., & James, G. (2005, December). Evolutionary optimization of distributed energy resources. In Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1086-1091). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.J. F. Fuller, E. F. Fuchs, and K. J. Roesler, "Influence of harmonios on power distribution system protection," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 549-557, Apr. 1988.
    [14]. Slootweg, J. G., & Kling, W. L. (2002, July). Impacts of distributed generation on power system transient stability. In Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE (Vol. 2, pp. 862-867). IEEE
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    [fifteen]. Wang, P., Liang, D. H., Yi, J., Lyons, P. F., Davison, P. J., & Taylor, P. C. (2014). Integrating electrical energy storage into coordinated voltage control schemes for distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5 (2), 1018-1032.
    Description of the invention
    The problem of balancing production and demand in the electricity grid is currently solved with the control of large generators (high inertia), the forecast of hourly demand, and the small fluctuations that occur with respect to it. Under these conditions it is not possible to progress towards a network where there is more and more distributed generation (small generators), and more freedom of choice by consumers. In addition, the role of the network operator is essential, with the complexity of centralized control.
    The method proposed in the present invention allows solving the problem regardless of the nature or magnitude of the producer, does not need operator supervision, improves network stability, performs a decentralized control which facilitates scalability and makes the market more flexible to the consumer. In addition, this system is fully compatible with the existing one, and may also serve as a transition to other future transfer methods.
    A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method of synchronized energy exchange between users of the electricity network for decentralized management. The method comprises the following stages:
    - Obtain fragments of energy to be exchanged in time intervals between a first user with at least one other user through the electricity grid. The energy fragments for the different time intervals are obtained sequentially, usually one at a time or in packages or sets of several at the same time.
    - Agree on an amount of energy to be exchanged between the first user with at least one other user in each time interval, where said amount of energy coincides with the energy associated with the energy fragment of the corresponding interval.
    - Exchange, between the first user with at least one other user and in each time interval, the amount of energy agreed for said time interval.
    - Measure, in each time interval, the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user.
    - Determine the difference between the actual energy consumed or generated by the first user and the amount of energy exchanged in each time interval.
    - Store or supply said energy difference.
    In a preferred embodiment, the storage or supply of the energy difference is performed by means of an energy storage device. The method may comprise measuring the charge level of the energy storage device, so that obtaining each energy fragment is carried out at least based on said charge level. Obtaining each energy fragment can be performed based on a charge level target in the energy storage device. In one embodiment, obtaining each energy fragment for a given time interval comprises calculating a target power at the end of said time interval, where the target power
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    It depends on the level of target load and a prediction of the power to be consumed or generated by the first user considering the consumption or generation of at least one immediately preceding interval.
    The obtaining of each energy fragment is preferably carried out based on safety margins to maintain the charge level of the energy storage device within an established operating level. In obtaining each energy fragment, the time intervals of the different energy fragments may be considered to maintain the charge level of the energy storage device within the established operating level.
    The obtaining of each energy fragment for a given time interval is preferably performed in the immediately preceding time interval. In one embodiment, the energy fragments in each time interval are defined by a straight line between a final power, at the final moment of the interval, and an initial power, at the initial moment of the interval.
    The method may also comprise performing periodic synchronization between the first user and at least one other user. The first user can be an energy consumer, an energy producer or both (consumer and energy producer).
    The energy exchange performed in each time interval can be carried out by continuous monitoring of the instantaneous power of the energy fragment, following the power curve or line that marks the energy fragment.
    A second aspect of the present invention relates to a synchronized energy exchange device between users of the electricity network for decentralized management. The device comprises a control unit configured to:
    - Obtain fragments of energy to be exchanged in time intervals between a first user with at least one other user through the electricity grid. The energy fragments for the different time intervals are obtained sequentially, one at a time or several at various times (that is, not all energy fragments at once).
    - Agree on an amount of energy to be exchanged between the first user with at least one other user in each time interval, where said amount of energy coincides with the energy associated with the energy fragment of the corresponding interval.
    - Obtain, in each time interval, the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user.
    - Determine the difference between the actual energy consumed or generated by the first user and the amount of energy exchanged in each time interval.
    - Manage the storage or supply of said energy difference.
    For the management of the storage or supply of the energy difference, the control unit may be configured to send control signals to an energy storage device and receive status signals thereof. Instead of an energy storage device, two separate elements can be used: one to admit excess energy (for example, pouring the excess in heating the hot water system
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    sanitary), and another a generating element to cover the lack of energy (photovoltaic panels, turbines, etc.).
    The control unit is preferably configured to measure the charge level of the energy storage device, and obtain each energy fragment at least based on said charge level. The control unit may be configured to obtain each energy fragment based on a charge level target in the energy storage device. To obtain each energy fragment for a given time interval, the control unit is preferably configured to calculate a target power at the end of said time interval, where the target power depends on the target charge level and a prediction of the power to be consumed or generated by the first user considering the consumption or generation of at least one immediately preceding interval.
    In one embodiment, the control unit is configured to obtain each energy fragment based on safety margins to maintain the charge level of the energy storage device within a set operating level. The device may comprise an input / output interface for connection with a sensor measuring the actual amount of energy stored or supplied by the energy storage device.
    In one embodiment, the energy exchange device also comprises the energy storage device itself. In this case, the energy storage device may comprise at least one energy storage element and an AC / DC converter controlled by the control unit to regulate the load of at least one energy storage element. The energy storage device can be implemented by a supercapacitor battery.
    The energy exchange device may comprise a bidirectional AC / DC converter controlled by the control unit to regulate the charge of the energy storage device. The device may comprise an input / output interface for connection with a sensor measuring the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user. The device may comprise a sensor for measuring the actual amount of energy stored or supplied by the energy storage device. The device may comprise a sensor measuring the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user.
    The device may comprise a synchronization module configured to perform periodic synchronization between the first user and at least one other user. The device may comprise a network interface configured to communicate with at least one other user. The device may comprise a user interface for interaction with the user.
    Brief description of the drawings
    To complement the description that is being made and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, a set of drawings of an illustrative and non-limiting nature is attached as an integral part of said description.
    Figure 1: Example of an energy fragment represented with a dashed line.
    Figure 2: Demand tracking (continuous line) using energy fragments (dashed line).
    Figure 3: Detail of the difference between demanded power and a fragment of energy.
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    Figure 4: Evolution of the energy stored in the energy storage device (upper line) due to the differences between the supplied power (EF, broken line) and the demanded power (Pd or lower continuous line).
    Figure 5: Example of evolution of the energy stored in the energy storage device.
    Figure 6: Scheme of a control algorithm of the energy exchange device.
    Figures 7 A and 7B: Schemes of the energy exchange device.
    Figure 8: Scheme of an embodiment of an energy exchange system according to the present invention.
    Preferred Embodiment of the Invention
    The present invention proposes to divide the energy supplied into energy fragments delimited by small intervals of time (usually a few seconds or minutes), with the aim of approximating the sequence of said fragments with the real demand of the user. Figure 1 shows an example of an energy fragment 1 represented with a dashed line defined between a final power p2 at a final instant t2 (point P2), and an initial power p1 at an initial moment t1 (point P1). The unit of time used could be minutes, as in the example of Figure 1, or a different one (e.g. seconds). The amount of energy (EF) associated with the energy fragment 1 is determined by the lower area delimited by the dashed line.
    In Figure 1 the energy fragment 1 is a segment that linearly connects points P1 and P2. However, instead of straight, the energy fragments 1 can follow different types of curves, for example, and without limitation:
    a) Senoidal, polynomial, stepped, trapezoidal, polygonal or a linear combination of any of the above.
    b) F (t) = a, that is, it is a constant function in the interval.
    c) F (t) = at + b, that is, it is a straight segment, as it appears in the general description.
    d) F (t) = a + bcos (nt / T) where t is time, T is the interval that defines energy fragments 1, and parameters a and b are chosen according to the expected energy needs. This type of function softens transitions between energy fragments 1.
    e) The function is sine, polynomial or combination of any of the above, with the characteristic of imposing the same slope in the transition between intervals. For example: let F1 = a + p-sen (wt + 9) and F2 = a + bx + cx2 + dx3 be two consecutive fragments such that d (F1 (t2)) / dt = d (F2 (t1)) / dt , that is, the derivatives coincide at the transition point.
    Figure 2 illustrates the monitoring of the demand or power demanded 2 (solid line) using energy fragments 1 (dashed lines). These energy fragments 1 are acquired by the consumer from the producer in advance of their supply. The communication networks in force (internet, telephony, PLC or carriers on the power line, GSM, etc.) serve to make such purchase formalized in a matter of milliseconds. When the agreed time comes, both the producer and the consumer exchange with the network exactly the amount of energy acquired (energy fragments 1). To do this, customers must
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    have a device or a storage system that corrects the difference between the energy actually demanded and the energy expected in the transaction (energy fragments 1), in addition to being highly synchronized with the producer.
    Figure 3 shows a detail of the difference between demanded power 2 and a fragment of energy 1 in a time segment t1-t2. Line P1-P2 defines the energy fragment 1, that is, the energy negotiated with the producer and acquired between moments t1 and t2. The Pd (t) line is the demanded power 2, the power actually consumed by a user (for example, that due to household appliances). The area enclosed between the two is:
    - The excess energy (s), that is, the energy to be stored by the storage device, in the event that the instantaneous power of the energy fragment 1 is greater than the demanded power 2; or
    - the deficit energy (ep), that is, energy to be provided by said storage device, in the event that the instantaneous power of the energy fragment 1 is less than the demanded power 2.
    Taking into account the consumption habits, the current demand, the maximum and minimum demands that could occur in the immediate future and the state of charge of the storage device, the following energy fragment 1 is calculated and acquired from the producer, repeating the process.
    An example of the evolution of the energy 3 stored in the storage device (continuous line of the upper graph) is shown in Figure 4 due to the differences between the power supplied (energy fragments 1, broken line of the lower graph ) and the demanded power 2 (Pd, continuous line of the graph below). This example represents a process in which extreme situations are contemplated, in the sense of maximum possible error between the energy fragment 1 (EF) supplied and the demanded power 2 (Pd). If the time interval of the energy fragments 1 is set and a storage device of sufficient capacity is chosen, safety margins (eb) can be established such that the control algorithm can guarantee operation within the maximum capacity Emax of the energy storage device. Observing Figure 4, the case of maximum error occurs when the power demanded Pd is maximum and EF is zero (time interval [0,1]) or vice versa (time interval [4,5]). In these cases the load or energy 3 of the storage device follows a ramp of maximum slope. The control algorithm may act on the following energy fragment 1 to avoid overloading the storage device. For example, zeroing the energy fragment 1 in the time interval [1,2]. At that time the demanded power 2 can only go up, and therefore the energy storage device can only download. The total energy stored in these two intervals defines a safety margin (eb). Likewise, if the opposite sequence occurs (maximum Pd and null EF), as occurs in the time interval [4,5], the control algorithm must act by raising the energy fragment 1 in the following time interval [5-6 ] to prevent the total discharge of the energy storage device. In this case eb would be the same, but taken from the total download. The algorithm is programmed in such a way that it keeps the energy storage device at load levels close to 50% of its capacity, always a safe interval or margin eb away from the upper and lower ends. If the margin is exceeded, it will act as reflected in Figure 4.
    Figure 5 shows an example of the evolution of the charge level of the energy storage device. The extreme horizontal lines (4, 5) indicate, respectively, the maximum Emax and minimum Emin levels of the device load. The closest dotted lines delimit the safety margins, shaded in gray and of width eb. The line
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    average defines a load level target 6, that is, an intermediate load level that is set as the target (for example, 50% of the total load capacity). Using the safety margins (eb) ensures that the charge level of the energy storage device 20 is maintained within a set operating level 7. Of course, the control algorithm can be configured to operate in the energy storage device with any level of operation 7, target of charge level 6, maximum charge level 4 and minimum charge level 5 (e.g. 40% , 80% and 10% of maximum capacity, respectively).
    Figure 6 shows a flow chart with one of the possible implementations of the control algorithm executed by the method. This solution is based on the final power (p2) and the final moment t2 of the last energy fragment 1, which defines the initial power (p1) and the initial moment t1 of the next fragment (step 100 of Figure 6). With respect to said point, the objective power (p0) and the target time t0 are calculated in step 102, such that the new energy fragment 1 (area under the segment (P1-P0)) contains the energy demanded more (or less) that necessary to bring the storage device to values close to the target load level 6 (for example, 50% of its maximum load according to the example of Figure 5). There are several ways to implement this objective, which will depend on the more or less precise knowledge that is available on demand. However, as an example, t0 = t1 + a1 can be set where a is a fixed time interval. You can choose p0 = 2 [Pd (t1) + (e50% -e (t1)) / a] -p1, where p1 is the starting power, Pd (t1) the power demanded at time t1, e50% the half of the maximum storable energy, and (t1) the energy stored at time t1. Next, the maximum time (tmax) is calculated in step 104 in which, in the worst case scenario (maximum error between expected and actual demand) a safety margin (eb) would be exceeded. As an example, in the case of exceeding the upper margin, the maximum time is calculated using the formula:
    P1 - VPp + 2 (P0 - Pi) 0 M - ei) / (tfl - ti)
    Where e1 is the energy stored at the beginning of the fragment and in the energy that results from subtracting the safety margin (eb) from the maximum capacity of the device (Emax).
    Subsequently, it is compared in step 106 if said maximum time (tmax) is less than the minimum interval (Atmin) of duration of a fragment of energy 1 over the initial moment t1. If so, then one of the safety margins (eb) is about to be invaded and it is necessary to act as if it had already happened, choosing in step 120 the minimum time Atmin to find the final moment t2 (t2 = t1 + Atmin ) of the following energy fragment 1; and the final power p2 = 0, if the upper safety margin (Emax-eb) of the energy stored in the storage device is about to be invaded, or p2 = pmax, where pmax is the maximum contracted power, if is about to invade the lower safety margin (Emin + eb). If, on the contrary, said maximum time (tmax) is greater than the minimum interval (Atmin) over the initial instant t1, then it is taken (as shown in stages 110, 112 and 114) as the final moment t2 the smallest of the two possible times (min {t0) tmax}), and the final power p2 = p1 + (po-p1) (tmin-t1) / (t0-t1). This last value arises from the linear extrapolation of the energy fragment 1 at a lower time interval. With this control algorithm and sufficient capacity in the energy storage device, it never overflows.
    For the method to work, the user must have at least one energy exchange device that:
    1- Keep synchronization with the producer.
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    2- Calculate the energy fragments 1 to be acquired so that the capacity of the energy storage device is never exceeded (formed, for example, by a battery and an inverter).
    3- Communicate with the producer or producers and acquire the energy fragments.
    4- Monitor the demand supplied and consumed.
    5- Manage the difference by controlling the loading and unloading of the energy storage device.
    A scheme of the energy exchange device 10 is shown in Figure 7A. The energy exchange device 10 comprises the following elements: a control unit or central processing unit 11 (CPU), an input / output interface 12 (I / O), one or more network interfaces 13 (RED), a synchronization module 14 (GPS, for example) and a user interface 15 (Ul) for user interaction.
    The CPU 11 can be from an FPGA to a microcontroller, that is, a set of integrated circuits and / or electronic elements capable of executing a control algorithm. Generally, it consists of at least one non-volatile memory unit (for example, EEPROM) where the control algorithm is housed, and another memory (for example, RAM) to operate in addition to the processor itself.
    The input / output interface 12 consists of a series of ports for connecting the sensors and actuators to be controlled. Internally, the input / output interface 12 comprises a series of voltage and current adapters, as well as protection elements to transfer the information between the ports and the CPU 11 (optocouplers, relays, A / D converters, etc.). In one embodiment, the sensors controlled by the energy exchange device 10 include: a voltmeter for measuring the voltage of the power grid 60 after the connection 70, two ammeters (S1, S2) intended to monitor the intensities towards the storage device of energy 20 (SD) and towards the rest of the consumption elements (household appliances), and a charge level sensor of the energy storage device 20. As actuators at least one is used to specify the energy storage device 20 how much energy you should store or provide. Other sensors used may be more ammeters or wattmeters that help the device to more effectively anticipate the power demanded in the near future. For example, a wattmeter in the connection of a washing machine can allow the control device to recognize the start of a certain washing cycle and superimpose the predictable power function demanded over the general one. Control of the energy storage device 20, depending on its design, may require more than one control and signaling port.
    In a possible embodiment, not shown in the figures, the energy exchange device 10 can internally include the measuring sensor (S1) of the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42) and / or the measuring sensor (S2) of the actual amount of energy stored or supplied by the energy storage device 20. Three power cables would be output from the energy exchange device 10: one towards the connection, another towards the energy storage device 20 and one last towards the user's consumption elements (eg household electrical network). The energy measurement sensors can be implemented, for example, by wattmeters or with at least two ammeters (one in series with each tributary) and a voltmeter.
    The synchronization module 14 serves to coordinate a first user (consumer 40, in the example of the figure) with another user / s (producer 30, in the example shown); so,
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    both have to keep the equivalent of synchronized clocks. An internal GPS sensor is the simplest and most efficient method of synchronization. However, this sensor can be replaced with the adoption of the NTP protocol or the PTP protocol that provides synchronization by communicating with a server through a communication network 50 (e.g. Internet, GSM, dedicated LAN, VPN, etc.). In anticipation that the location of the device is hidden from the GPS signal, the synchronization module 14 can be external to the energy exchange device 10 and communicate with it via a dedicated cable or through a network.
    The network interface 13 (NETWORK) enables the communication of the energy exchange device 10 with the provider 30. It can comprise, for example, an Ethernet card, WiFi, GSM, xDSL, PLC, etc. (at least one of them). However, a configuration with two network cards that use different infrastructures (for example, Ethernet and GSM) provides the necessary redundancy to ensure service in case of failure. The network interface 13 can also be used to communicate with other sensors or actuators (for example, Z-Wave or KNX wattmeters).
    The user interface 15 may comprise one or more of the following elements:
    - Input means 16 (eg a series of buttons or push buttons, a touch screen) and display means 17 (eg LED lights, a screen) arranged on the device itself and allowing the user to know the operating status and intervene on it . For example, there may be a start-up button and a light indicating its operating status.
    - A connection for computer 18 or console. It can be a USB, RS-232, PS-2 and HDMI connector, etc. The network cards described above, network interface 30, can also be used to communicate with a computer (for example, an Ethernet card can simultaneously serve for communication with producer 30 and for interaction with the user from a computer).
    - A wireless connection for management from a smart mobile, an electronic tablet or a PDA 19, a home automation control panel, etc.
    Through the user interface 15, the device's operating parameters (supplier data, purchase conditions, etc.) can be established, and its operation can be monitored (charge level of the energy storage device 20, total invoiced, download consumption patterns, etc.).
    Everything explained with respect to the first user as a consumer 40 is also applicable to a first user as a producer 42 in a distributed generation system, as shown in the example of Figure 7B. That is, a generator (producer 42) can be combined with an energy storage device 20 to be able to transfer exactly the energy fragments 1 sold to the network. Therefore, the producer 42 must follow a production function equal to the sum of all the energy fragments 1 being transferred. If the generator (photovoltaic solar panels, wind generators, biomass generators, etc.) cannot follow this function, the storage device can replace this lack in the same way as in the case of the first user as a consumer 40.
    In another embodiment, not shown in the figures, the first user can be a consumer of energy 40 and at the same time a producer of energy, so that depending on the determined time interval the first user may be generating energy, if the total energy produced by the generator of the first user it is higher than the total energy consumed by the consumption devices of the first user, or consuming energy, if it is the other way around. In any case, whether it is a generator or consumer of energy, the first user (40; 42) is exchanging energy with the power grid.
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    In the embodiments shown in Figures 7A and 7B, the first user is a consumer 40 or a producer 42 which, in both cases, requires an energy storage device to be able to adjust exact energy fragments 1. In other embodiments, the first user can be a generator capable of emitting exact energy fragments 1 without the need for a storage device, or a consumer capable of consuming exact energy fragments 1 without the need of a storage device. For example, a set of photovoltaic panels in combination with an appropriate DC / AC converter can generate exact energy fragments 1 if they are below their maximum generation capacity in each interval. On the consumer side, if the load is a heating system based on resistors, these can be activated by coinciding with energy fragments 1 of constant value and equal to the power of said resistors.
    In another possible embodiment, not shown in the figures, the energy storage device 20 is not local but external to the first user, that is, it is located outside the location of the first user (either consumer 40 or producer 42), connected to the electricity network 60. In this case, the first user (40; 42) and the energy storage device 20 communicate to continuously notify the surplus or surplus of energy on the commercialized fragment.
    The energy exchange control can be centralized; that is, the manager (the electricity company, an agency, the energy producer, etc.) receives the state of charge of the energy storage device 20 (whether local or external), the current consumption 20 of the user as well as any information that helps to foresee its future consumption (start of a certain washing cycle, start-up of an electric water heater and current water temperature, etc.) and based on that information (and optionally that of other users, prices of the energy, whether renewable or not, etc.) determines the most convenient energy fragment 1.
    In one embodiment, the energy fragments 1 are defined in long intervals with the intention of providing reserve information to the provider in case of communication interruptions. In this way, the supplier follows the contract of the last energy fragment 1 unless a new energy fragment 1 truncates the previous one and replaces it from a given moment. In this case, if the communication is maintained, it would have the same effect as the one described above. If, on the contrary, it is interrupted, the supplier would assume the last piece of energy notified successfully, thus prolonging the supply.
    The energy fragments 1 can be predefined in their temporal extent or in the magnitude of the energy provided, or both at the same time, so that they are chosen within a finite set of possible elements or as a linear combination of the elements of said set. This provision allows operating with energy fragments as discrete consumer goods, facilitating commercial operations and management by the supplier.
    Figure 8 shows, for the example of Figure 7A, a scheme of a possible embodiment of an energy exchange system comprising an energy exchange device 10 and an energy storage device 20. In said embodiment the device for Energy storage 20 comprises at least one energy storage element (implemented in the figure by a supercapacitor battery 21), whose charge is regulated by a bidirectional AC / DC converter 22. Said AC / DC converter 22 is connected on the one hand to the DC bus 90 which binds the capacitor bank and on the other to the connection 70 of the mains 60, but not before passing through a wattmeter (W2). In addition, the AC / DC converter 22 is connected to the CPU 11, to which it sends status signals 23 and from which it receives control signals 24. The control signals 23 are intended to indicate the AC / DC converter 22 in each moment the direction (storage or extraction) and the magnitude (electrical power) of the electrical energy at
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    Exchange with the capacitor bank. This action is aimed at monitoring energy fragments 1, and safeguarding the capacitor bank (keeping its charge level within the safety parameters). This control action can be executed by a specific electronic circuit or directly by the main microprocessor of the CPU 11.
    The CPU 11 encompasses the electronics necessary for the operation of the device. The CPU 11 can be fed from a separate outlet of the AC / DC converter 22, from the same DC bus 90 destined for the supercapacitors 21, or directly from the alternating mains socket by means of an appropriate rectifier circuit. The connections are:
    - Status signals 23 and control 24 to the AC / DC converter 22.
    - Wattmeter (W2) in series with the converter and wattmeter (W1) in series with the installation of the first user (consumer 40), which correspond to the sensors S1 and S2 of Figure 7A.
    - Charge status signal ("E") of the capacitor bank.
    - User interface 15: buttons, LEDs and / or screen of the device through which the user can interact.
    - Network interface 13: network modules, for example two network cards ("Network-1" and "Network-2"). In this preferred implementation they are removable and interchangeable modules, so that the user can acquire and implement the ones that best suits their particular communications installation (for example: WiFi and LTE, or Ethernet and PLC through the power socket, etc. .). The utility of being two offers redundancy (if communication with the provider is lost through one can be restored with the other), in addition to versatility and the possibility of incorporating information from other wireless sensors. This device can be managed through the network modules.
    In one embodiment, the energy exchange device 10 may incorporate the bi-directional AC / DC converter 22 internally controlled from the CPU 11. Thus, the energy exchange device 10 would have one or more outputs for connecting storage elements of energy based on direct current (batteries, capacitors, etc.). In one possible embodiment, the energy exchange device 10 internally incorporates the energy storage device 20 itself. The energy storage device 20 can be implemented, inter alia, by a battery of capacitors (or supercapacitors), flywheels , batteries (eg lithium, lead, nickel) or fuel cells.
    Finally, in this preferred embodiment the synchronization of clocks is achieved by means of a synchronization module 14 implemented for example with a GPS sensor located in a place with the adequate coverage that communicates with the energy exchange device 10 through some of the network cards of the network interface 13.
    The energy exchange device 10 may be provided with additional functions of the uninterruptible power supply type, among which are included: power failures; voltage drops; current peaks, surges and voltage dips; prolonged surges; prolonged voltage gaps; variation in frequency; harmonic distortion The energy exchange device 10 may be provided with additional functions related to consumption, among which are the following:
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    - Registration and visualization of the total consumption of the day, of the week, of the month, of the fragment of the current billing period or of an interval specified by the user, the associated supplier, its cost, the sequence of energy fragments 1 exchanged the tracking error on the network in addition to the costs and penalties that take place.
    - Registration and visualization of the particular consumption detected by each of the sensors of the device (for example, kitchen, washing machine, household appliances, a bedroom, etc.).
    - Registration and display of device status values. In particular the power demanded, consumed, destined or extracted from the energy storage device 20, the charge level of the energy storage device 20, the current energy fragment 1 and the expected energy fragment 1. In general, any other value with which the device operates; for example, safety margins on the energy storage device 20, status values of the control algorithm, performance, tracking error, etc.
    - Display and configuration of device control parameters. For example, household appliance load profiles, consumption habits, preference among suppliers, digital signature, communication network parameters, etc. In particular the possibility of consulting the prices of the energy fragments 1 offered by the different suppliers, and other comparative features: reliability, proximity, type (renewable, nuclear, gas ...), additional services, etc.
    The energy exchange device 10 may be provided with additional functions related to services to external agents (supplier, regulator, power network manager), among which are included:
    - Monitoring of the interconnection node by an external agent. That is, communication of information related to consumption (electrical power consumed, demanded and stored) to the quality of energy (voltage, frequency and offset detected) as well as other values of interest (noise, anomalies and distortions detected ... ) to the network operator (distribution company), to the supplier, or to other agents that must intervene or register the operations carried out (state, intermediaries, consumer associations). In this way an electric company can implement these devices as substitutes for current meters.
    - Monitoring and management of the energy storage device 20 by an external agent. That is, the possibility of ordering the loading or unloading of the energy storage device 20 additionally and / or simultaneously to its tracking service of an energy fragment 1. In this way an electric company can use these devices to better manage the network or production performance (demand peaks and consumption valleys, for example).
    - Monitoring and management of status values and configuration parameters by an external agent. Specifically, the supplier can use this information (state of charge of the energy storage device 20 and user consumption habits) to anticipate upcoming EFs and better manage production.
    In one embodiment, the energy exchange device 10 can simultaneously manage consumption sockets and generation sockets. That is, the device has
    consumer connections (light, appliances, etc.) and generation connections (e.g. photovoltaic panels, wind turbines). The management is similar, only that it has added the possibility of offering EFs to potential consumers according to the generation capacity of the connected elements.
    5
    权利要求:
    Claims (28)
    [1]
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    1. Method of synchronized energy exchange between users of the electricity grid for decentralized management, characterized in that it comprises:
    - Obtain fragments of energy (1) to be exchanged in time intervals between a first user (40; 42) with at least one other user (30; 32) through the power grid (60);
    - agree on an amount of energy (EF) to be exchanged between the first user (40, 42) with at least one other user (30, 32) in each time interval, where said amount of energy (EF) coincides with the energy associated with the energy fragment (1) of the corresponding range;
    - exchange, between the first user (40, 42) with at least one other user (30, 32) and in each time interval, the amount of energy (EF) agreed for said time interval;
    - measure, in each time interval, the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42);
    - determine the difference between the actual energy consumed or generated by the first user (40; 42) and the amount of energy (EF) exchanged in each time interval;
    - store or supply said energy difference; where the obtaining of the energy fragments (1) for the different time intervals is carried out sequentially.
    [2]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the storage or supply of the energy difference is carried out by means of an energy storage device (20).
    [3]
    3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises measuring the level of charge (E) of the energy storage device (20), and wherein obtaining each energy fragment (1) is carried out at least according to said load level (E).
    [4]
    Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the obtaining of each energy fragment (1) is carried out according to a charge level objective (6) in the energy storage device (20).
    [5]
    5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that obtaining each energy fragment (1) for a given time interval comprises calculating
    (102) an objective power (p0) at the end of said time interval, where the objective power (p0) depends on the target load level (6) and a prediction of the power to be consumed or generated by the first user (40 ; 42) considering the consumption or generation of at least one immediately preceding interval.
    [6]
    Method according to any of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the obtaining of each energy fragment (1) is carried out based on safety margins (eb) to maintain the charge level of the energy storage device ( 20) within an established level of operation (7).
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    [7]
    Method according to claim 6, characterized in that in obtaining each energy fragment (1) it is considered to modify the time intervals of the different energy fragments (1) to maintain the charge level of the energy storage device (20) within the operating level (7) established.
    [8]
    Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the obtaining of each energy fragment (1) for a given time interval is carried out in the immediately previous time interval.
    [9]
    Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the energy fragments (1) in each time interval are defined by a straight line between a final power (p2), at the final moment (t2) of the interval, and a initial power (p1), at the initial moment (t1) of the interval.
    [10]
    Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises performing a periodic synchronization between the first user (40; 42) and at least one other user (30; 32).
    [11]
    Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first user is any of the following:
    - consumer (40) of energy;
    - energy producer (42);
    - consumer and energy producer.
    [12]
    Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the exchange of energy carried out in each time interval is carried out by continuous monitoring of the instantaneous power of the energy fragment (1).
    [13]
    13. Synchronized energy exchange device between users of the electricity network for decentralized management, characterized in that it comprises a control unit (11) configured to:
    - obtaining energy fragments (1) to be exchanged in time intervals between a first user (40; 42) with at least one other user (30; 32) through the electricity network (60);
    - agree on an amount of energy (EF) to be exchanged between the first user (40, 42) with at least one other user (30, 32) in each time interval, where said amount of energy (EF) coincides with the energy associated with the energy fragment (1) of the corresponding range;
    - obtain, in each time interval, the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42);
    - determine the difference between the actual energy consumed or generated by the first user (40; 42) and the amount of energy (EF) exchanged in each time interval;
    - manage the storage or supply of said energy difference; where the obtaining of the energy fragments (1) for the different time intervals is carried out sequentially.
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    [14]
    14. Device according to claim 13, characterized in that, for the management of the storage or supply of the energy difference, the control unit (11) is configured to send control signals (24) to an energy storage device ( 20) and receive status signals (23) thereof.
    [15]
    15. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that the control unit (11) is configured to: measure the charge level (E) of the energy storage device (20), and obtain each energy fragment (1) at less depending on said load level (E).
    [16]
    16. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the control unit (11) is configured to obtain each energy fragment (1) as a function of a charge level target (6) in the energy storage device (20) ).
    [17]
    17. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that, for obtaining each energy fragment (1) for a given time interval, the control unit (11) is configured to calculate (102) an objective power (p0) at the end of said time interval, where the target power (p0) depends on the level of target load (6) and a prediction of the power to be consumed or generated by the first user (40; 42) considering the consumption or generation of at least one immediately preceding interval.
    [18]
    18. Device according to any of claims 14 to 17, characterized in that the control unit (11) is configured to obtain each energy fragment (1) based on safety margins (eb) to maintain the level of charging of the energy storage device (20) within a set operating level (7).
    [19]
    19. Device according to any of claims 14 to 18, characterized in that it comprises an input / output interface (12) for connection with a measuring sensor (S2; W2) of the actual amount of energy stored or supplied by the device Energy storage (20).
    [20]
    20. Device according to any of claims 14 to 19, characterized in that it comprises the energy storage device (20).
    [21]
    21. Device according to claim 20, characterized in that the energy storage device (20) comprises at least one energy storage element (21) and an AC / DC converter (22) controlled by the control unit (11) to regulate the load of at least one energy storage element (21).
    [22]
    22. Device according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the energy storage device (20) comprises a supercapacitor battery (21).
    [23]
    23. Device according to any of claims 13 to 19, characterized in that it comprises a bidirectional AC / DC converter (22) controlled by the control unit (11) for regulating the load of the energy storage device (20).
    [24]
    24. Device according to any of claims 13 to 23, characterized in that it comprises an input / output interface (12) for connection with a measuring sensor (S1; W1) of the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42).
    [25]
    25. Device according to any of claims 14 to 24, characterized in that it comprises a sensor for measuring the actual amount of energy stored or supplied by the energy storage device (20).
    [26]
    26. Device according to any of claims 13 to 25, characterized in that it comprises a sensor for measuring the actual amount of energy consumed or produced by the first user (40; 42).
    5 27. Device according to any of claims 13 to 26, characterized in that
    comprises a synchronization module (14) configured to perform a synchronization
    periodic between the first user (40; 42) and at least one other user (30; 32).
    [28]
    28. Device according to any of claims 13 to 27, characterized in that
    10 comprises a network interface (13) configured to communicate with at least one other user
    (30; 32).
    [29]
    29. Device according to any of claims 13 to 28, characterized in that it comprises a user interface (15) for interaction with the user.
    fifteen
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2680654B1|2019-05-08|
    WO2018146361A1|2018-08-16|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    NL1031646C2|2006-04-20|2007-10-23|Nedap Nv|Modular bidirectional bus system for exchanging energy between modules.|
    DE102009040090A1|2009-09-04|2011-03-10|Voltwerk Electronics Gmbh|Island unit for a power grid with a control unit for controlling an energy flow between the power generation unit, the energy storage unit, the load unit and / or the power grid|EP3716597A1|2019-03-29|2020-09-30|UAB Demolita|Assistance to mobile operators in the provision of data services in the visited mobile network|
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    ES201700113A|ES2680654B1|2017-02-07|2017-02-07|Method and device of synchronized exchange of energy between users of the electric network for decentralized management|ES201700113A| ES2680654B1|2017-02-07|2017-02-07|Method and device of synchronized exchange of energy between users of the electric network for decentralized management|
    PCT/ES2018/070086| WO2018146361A1|2017-02-07|2018-02-06|Method and device for the synchronised exchange of energy between electrical grid users with decentralised management|
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