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    • 专利摘要:
    Use of phase change materials to slow the formation of ice or produce de-icing in wind turbines. This invention relates to the use of phase change materials (PCMs) to retard the formation of ice or to produce melting in the different elements of wind turbines. Likewise, it refers to the method to delay the formation of ice or to produce melting in the different elements of the wind turbines based on the use of phase change materials (PCMs) that includes a) the obtaining of the PCMs and b) the incorporation of the PCMs obtained to the different elements of the wind turbine. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2677444A1
    申请号:ES201700079
    申请日:2017-02-01
    公开日:2018-08-01
    发明作者:Amaia MARTINEZ GOITANDIA；Miren Blanco Miguel；Almudena MUÑOZ BABIANO；Olatz GARCÍA MIGUEL
    申请人:Gamesa Innovation and Technology SL；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

     5 USE OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS TO DELAY ICE FORMATION OR PRODUCE DEFROSTING IN AEROGENERATORS Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the use of phase change materials (PCMs) to retard the formation of ice or produce thaw. . In particular, the use of this type of materials is contemplated for this purpose in wind turbines. In addition, the method for delaying the formation of ice or producing defrosting by incorporating 10 PCMs into the different components of the wind turbines is contemplated. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wind turbine blades installed in cold climates and high altitudes are exposed to ice formation and growth and accretion problems thereof. This phenomenon affects the design of a wind turbine in different ways: the formation of ice will cause serious effects on aerodynamics and also affect the structural behavior of the turbine. The effects of temperature and, especially, the formation of ice masses in the structure, can change the natural frequencies of the blades of the wind turbine 20 causing dynamic problems throughout the turbine and, therefore, reducing the Annual Energy Production ( AEP, Annual Energy Production) and negatively affecting the power curve. On the other hand, if the power curve is too low, the adhesion of the ice can even generate unscheduled stops, which severely affects energy production. In addition, the control system may be affected and the 25 control instruments may freeze or freeze giving wrong information to the turbine control system. The structural integrity of the turbine can be affected by the significant imbalance caused by asymmetric ice formation, by resonances caused by changes in the natural frequencies of the components, exceeding the designed fatigue loads and resulting in unscheduled stops, with the corresponding increase in operating costs (OPEX, Operational Expenditure). In addition, the safety of the wind turbine, as well as its surroundings, will also be affected by the formation of ice or, in general, by its operation in cold weather. Detached ice fragments, or even large pieces of ice that may fall from the rotor, can harm people or animals or DESCRIPTIONcause material damage. Even, in some countries, the legislation requires wind turbines to stop in the presence of ice due to the aforementioned safety issues with the consequent loss of earnings. 5 Various anti-ice and thaw methods have been developed in the state of the art, such as those based on nanorecovers and other nanostructured surfaces or active defrosting systems based on heated fabrics. There are certain strategies based on biomimetics (Tak Sing Wong et a / "Bioinspired self-10 repairing s / ippery surfaces with pressure-stab / e omniphobicity" (2011) Nature 477,443-447) that address different aspects such as, for example, development of omniphobic surfaces, so slippery that they prevent the formation of ice, inspired by carnivorous plants, or the development of superhydrophobic surfaces, combining surface roughness with a low surface energy and a fractal dimension in the micro and nanoscale, 15 as in the flower of lotus (Jianyong Lv et al. "Bio-inspired strategies for anti-icing" (2014) ACS Nano 8 (4), pp 3152-3169; Michae / J. Kreder et a / "Design of anti-icing surfaces: smooth, textured or s / ippery "(2016) Nature Reviews Subject / s, 1; Kshitij C. Jha et al. · On modu / ating interfacial structure towards improved anti-icing performance" (2016) Coating 6 (1), 3) 20 Phase change materials (PCMs "Phase Change Materials") are used as or materials for thermal energy storage in different fields of application, depending on the working range of the selected PCM material. PCMs are substances with high melting heats that melt and solidify at a specific temperature, storing and releasing large amounts of thermal energy. When the material freezes it releases energy in the form of latent heat of crystallization and, when melted, stores heat in the form of latent heat of fusion. This phenomenon is due to the fact that a phase change involves large amounts of heat without the material temperature varying. Depending on their composition, they are classified as: 30 Organic (paraffins or non-paraffins such as esters, alcohols or acids) Inorganic (hydrated or metallic salts) Eutectic (organic-organic; organic-inorganic; inorganic-inorganic) 35 In recent years, PCMs have aroused great interest in the energy market5 because, unlike conventional storage materials, such as sensitive heat, PCMs adsorb and release heat at almost constant temperature. In addition, they are able to store between 5-14 times more heat per unit volume. PCMs are used in different industrial sectors as thermal regulators, such as in construction. However, the only references found on the use of PCMs for anti-ice are the following: 10 • The addition / introduction of PCMs in liquids confined between the solid surface and the ice to reduce ice adhesion (lubricant layer) (Michael Berger et al. "Anti-icing strategies inspiring in nanotechnology and biology" March 18, 2014 [online] Available at http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlightlspotid=34823.php). However, this strategy has the disadvantage that the liquid disappears from the solid surface over time, so that the effectiveness of this technology can be limited in time. Unlike this strategy, the approach proposed in the present invention employs substances, which may be confined, or chemically anchored in the materials of wind turbines, such as, for example, in the paint itself, which is the one that comes into contact with 20 surface water and ice. 25 30 35 • Coating based on PCMs in combination with low surface energy materials that undergoes a solid-solid phase change with the consequent change in volume (expands at temperatures below O oC) that acts by breaking the deposited ice sheet (Brian Dixon al. "Novel Phase Change Materiallcephobic Coaling for Ice Mitigatian in Marine Environments" The 1 ih Annual General Assambly af IAMU [online] Available at http://iamu-edu.org/wp-contentluploads/2014/07/Novel- Phase-Change-Material-Icephobic-Coating-for-Ice-Mitigalion-in-Marine-Environments1.pdf). The main difference between this strategy and the approach proposed in the present invention is that PCMs with solid-liquid phase changes are used in the latter, which generally have higher enthalpies of fusion and crystallization. In addition, when considering the use of confined PCMs, the proposed approach does not imply significant changes in the volume of the PCMs when they are included in the wind turbine materials during the phase change of the PCM, thus avoiding possible cracking formations in said materials during use. .Despite the needs in the state of the art, the utility of PCMs as an antifreeze solution in wind turbines has not been described so far. 5 Now, in the present invention, the authors contemplate for the first time the use of this type of PCM materials as an energy storage medium in the materials of the wind turbines, mainly in the blades, to retard the formation of ice or produce thaw. The authors of the present invention have been able to demonstrate, based on an important research work, that the incorporation of PCMs in the coating or structural material of the different components of the wind turbines, under specific conditions, delays the formation of ice, increasing therefore the AEP. 15 To this end, they have developed a method that allows PCMs to be incorporated into the different components of the wind turbine in order to optimally retard the formation of ice or produce thaw. In the developed method, the PCMs can be used confined, either in capsules 20 (organic or inorganic) or impregnated in organic supports, to prevent the PCM from exuding during the phase change. The possibility that PCMs, whether confined or not, may be anchored to the material of the different wind turbine components through reversible or irreversible covalent junctions is also contemplated. PCMs can be incorporated into the paint or coating that covers the different elements of the wind turbine; to the material that composes the internal structure of the different elements of the wind turbine; to the putty (material for shaping identified defects once the blade has been molded) or as a thin layer deposited on the surface by spraying 30 Object of the invention In a first aspect, the present invention contemplates the use of PCMs to delay the formation of ice or produce thaw in the different elements of a wind turbine. 35 In a second aspect, the method for retarding the formation of ice or5 produce defrosting of the different elements of the wind turbines based on the use of phase change materials (PCMs). Brief description of the figures Figure 1. Scheme of the in-situ encapsulation process of phase change materials (PCMs). 10 Figure 2. Crystallization of the PCM and theoretical operation of the paint additivated with PCMs. Description of the invention Based on the problems existing in the state of the art with the formation of ice, especially in relation to wind turbines, and particularly in their blades, the authors of the present invention have developed a method to delay the formation of ice or thaw in the different elements of the wind turbines based on the use of phase change materials (PCMs). Thus, in a main embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated, for the first time, the use of PCMs, both synthesized and commercial, to retard the formation of ice or produce thaw in the different elements of a wind turbine. The PCMs used in the present invention must meet the following requirements: The material must be: o Confined, either by impregnating it in an inorganic support, or encapsulated in organic or inorganic micro-nanocapsules, or Chemically anchored to the material of the different elements of the 30 wind turbines, to prevent it from being exuded. In this case, the material 35 may or may not be confined. The crystallization start temperature should be in the range of -10 ° C to 1Q ° C for a standard location, keeping the crystallization in the widest possible range. The latent heat of crystallization and fusion should be as high as possible (how much5 the higher the latent heat, the greater the storage capacity). The PCMs, when confined, must be able to easily disperse in the materials used for the manufacture of the wind turbine, such as in the base paint or structural resin or putty of the wind turbine components. There are currently commercially available PCMs in the market although, in the present invention, synthesized PCMs (paraffins) can also be used as long as the aforementioned requirements are met. Synthesized or commercial PCMs 10 are selected from organic paraffins, esters, alcohols, acids, eutectic mixtures or hydrated inorganic salts. In another main aspect of the invention, the method for delaying the formation of ice or producing defrosting in the different components of wind turbines based on the use of phase change materials (PCMs) (hereinafter method of the invention) is contemplated. ). The method of the invention comprises the following steps: a) obtaining the PCMs; and b) incorporation of the PCMs to the different elements of the wind turbine (such as: shovels, gondola, instrumentation, generator, converter, thermal conditioning elements, etc.). 25 As mentioned above, the PCMs obtained may be confined or not. 30 35 In the case of not being confined, the incorporation (b) of the PCMs is carried out by chemical anchoring to the material of the different elements of the wind turbines, through reversible or irreversible covalent junctions. In the case of confined PCMs, chemical anchoring is optional. In a particular embodiment of the method of the invention, the PCMs obtained are confined. Preferably, the confinement of PCMs can be carried out by: i) encapsulation of PCMs in nano or micrometric capsules,5 10 organic or inorganic, or ii) the impregnation of PCMs in an inorganic support, such as zeolites, bentonites, or even carbonaceous graphite materials. In an even more preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the confinement of the PCMs is carried out by nano-microencapsulation. More preferably, said PCM encapsulation is based on the use of inorganic nano-microcapsules, with a crystallization start in the range -10 ° C to 10 ° C. The PCM is encapsulated in nano / micro-metric capsules made using inert materials such as silica, titanium or zirconium (or mixtures thereof). These capsules have appropriate shapes and sizes tailored to the needs of the PCMs to be encapsulated, so that they can be introduced into the desired work systems avoiding leaks. In addition, the use 15 of this type of materials improves the thermal efficiency of the work area due to its small size, which is associated with an increase in the contact surface and, therefore, improves thermal performance. The confinement of PCMs in inorganic nano / microcapsules comprises the following 20 stages: 25 30 35 A. Creation of an emulsion or microemulsion, such as oil-in-water emulsions (O / W), water-in-oil (W / O) ) or double emulsions W / O / W or O / W / O. For the particular case of an O / W emulsion, the process would include the following steps: 1) obtaining a mixture comprising a surfactant or mixture of surfactants, PCMs and water, at a working temperature between 25-200 ° C , where the percentage by weight of the surfactant in the mixture is 1-30% and the percentage by weight of PCMs in the mixture is 1-50% and 2) the mechanical or ultrasonic agitation of the mixture obtained in 1), until obtaining the emulsion of drops of PCM in water, B. Addition of an inorganic precursor drop by drop on the emulsion / microemulsion created in A) for the formation of an inorganic microcapsule around each drop of PCM by sol-gel processes , C. Cleaning the capsules formed in B) with a solvent to remove5 the remains of surfactant and non-encapsulated PCMs, D. Drying in a vacuum oven the capsules obtained after step C) for 4-24 hours at a temperature between 25-300 ° C, and E. Obtaining nano / inorganic microcapsules filled with PCM with a size between 30 nm and 30 ~ m. In detail, to carry out the encapsulation of the PCMs (eg organic paraffins, esters, alcohols, eutectic acids or mixtures or hydrated inorganic salts), according to the described method, it is necessary to create an emulsion or microemulsion, as for example oil-in-water (O / W), water-in-oil (W / O) or double W / O / W or O / W / O type emulsions, depending on the nature of the PCM. For the formation of the emulsion it is necessary to add tenso-active agents or surfactants of an anionic, cationic, or non-ionic nature, such as, for example, Triton X, Span 80, Span 60, Tween 20, Tween 80, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) , AOT (Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate of Sodium), or mixture of 15 surfactants, which are selected according to the PCM to be encapsulated and that help the formation of the emulsion and its stabilization, since they reduce the surface tension of the liquid obtaining the desired drop size. The drop size is therefore modular and is related to the capsule size obtained and this size will be defined according to the matrix where the capsule is to be dispersed. The temperature 20 can also help stabilize the emulsion or microemulsion, so it is recommended to work at temperatures between 25-200 ° C. The size of the drops that are formed in the emulsion or microemulsion depends largely on the proportion of surfactant-PCM / water, the percentage by weight of the surfactant in the mixture being between 1-30% and the percentage of PCMs in the mixture between 1-50%. 25 In addition to surfactants and surfactant-PCM / water ratios, the agitation used for the development of the emulsion / microemulsion is also important. Therefore, as mentioned above, in this particular embodiment of the method of the present invention both mechanical agitation and ultrasonic agitation are contemplated. Depending on the desired droplet size, more or less revolutions will be used during stirring, with mechanical agitation between 3000 and 24000 rpm and ultrasonic stirring between 20 and 70 W being preferred, until obtaining the emulsion of drops of PCM in water. 35 Once the emulsion has been developed with the phase change material selected and theOptimum surfactants, the next step in the process is the addition of the inorganic precursor drop by drop onto the micro / emulsion created with the desired PCM. The precursor can be of different inert materials, such as silica, titanium or zirconium. 5 In preferred embodiments, silicon precursors are used, such as TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate), TMOS (tetramethylortosilicate), SiCI4 (silicon tetrachloride), GTPMS (3-glycidoxypropyl) methyldiethoxysilane), APTMS ((3-aminopropyl) -diethoxymethyl MPetyl, dimethoxymethyl) (3-methacryloxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane), MTMS (methyltrimethoxysilane), HOTMS (hexadecyl-trimethoxy-silane), among others. 10 15 Prior to being added to the emulsion, the precursor may or may not be hydrolyzed, by adding water and a catalyst (eg hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid) in an optimal concentration that acidifies the solution until reaching a pH between 1 and 4, so that said hydrolysis can be carried out. Once the precursor is hydrolyzed, it is added dropwise to the emulsion so that it is placed around the created PCM drops. The hydrolyzed precursor is placed around the PCM drops of the emulsion and thanks to the surfactant hydrogen bonds are created that cause a capsule to form around each drop. Once the condensation reaction is finished, the capsules formed are cleaned with the appropriate solvent (which will be selected based on the nature of the PCM and should be soluble in it) such as water, ethanol, propanol, ether, acetone among others. , to remove the remains of PCM that have not been encapsulated, and let it dry in an oven for 4-24 hours at a temperature between 25-300 ° C 25 30 For the study of the size of the drops of emulsions, you can use a light diffraction system that allows, by laser, the study of the droplet size obtained in each emulsion, Masterziser 2000. Thus, by means of the drop size control, capsules of the desired size can be synthesized. For the characterization of the capsules obtained, a differential scanning calorimetry equipment (Differential scanning calorimeter-OSC) (eg Mettler Toledo HP OSC827) is mainly used for the study of storage energies and melting-crystallization temperatures, as well as The stability of the materials developed over several consecutive cooling-heating cycles.This particular embodiment of the method of the invention allows to obtain encapsulated synthesized or commercial PCMs that have optimal crystallization (IlHc) and melting (IlHm) enthalpies, as high as possible so that a high amount of heat is released during the change phase, and crystallization temperatures (Tc) and melting (Tm) suitable to allow the development of paints that work in the appropriate temperature range, as described above. These PCMs allow to reduce the formation of ice in the different elements of the wind turbines, particularly in the blades of the wind turbines, delaying the accumulation of ice around 15-30 minutes, depending on the type of PCMs and the technique used in the measurement , 10 increasing the AEP. The encapsulation of the phase change materials (PCMs) based on the described method, allows capsules between 30 nm and 30.1 m to be obtained by combining the sol-gel technology with Imicroemulsions emulsion techniques, such as 15 emulsions of the oil-in-water (O / W), water in oil (W / O) or double emulsions W / O / W or O / W / O type. "Using this technique you can control the size and shape of the capsules to be synthesized, which allows custom capsules to be made In step b) of the method of the present invention, the confined PCMs can be incorporated 1) to the paint or coating that covers the different elements of the wind turbine; 2) to the material that composes the internal structure of the different elements of the wind turbine (resin or fibers used in the manufacture of composites), 3) to putty or 4) as a thin layer on their surface by means of a spray. the paint or coating, when used n Confined PCMs (organic paraffins, esters, alcohols, acids, eutectic mixtures or hydrated inorganic salts), the confinement size must be less than 30 microns. In the case of the resin, used in the internal structure of the different components of the wind turbine or putty, the PCMs (inorganic or organic), when confined, the allowed size of confinement could be greater, even reaching capsules of 1 mm 35 In the case of putty, paint or coating of the different components of the wind turbine, the incorporation of confined PCMs is carried out by the following steps:-the dispersion of the PCMs confined in the putty or in the paint (or coating) that covers the different components of the wind turbine in a percentage between 5 and 70% by weight, either the direct dispersion or through a predispersion of the PCMs in a solvent compatible with the paint, and 5 -the application of the dispersion to the different components of the wind turbine by means of a spatula, roller, brush, spray or immersion. In order to reduce the viscosity of the dispersion, a solvent (eg N-butylacetate, butanediol, etc.) compatible with the base of the paint and / or a thixotropic agent can be added and mixed with the solution for a time between 2- 15 min. In the case of the resin, the incorporation is carried out by dispersing the PCMs confined by mechanical or ultrasound methods. The resins will be used for the preparation of the composite materials that make up the interior of the different elements of the wind turbine by means of infusion methods, use of prepregs, manual mold molding (hand lay up), resin transfer molding, pultrusion, polymerization on-site, etc. In the case of the fibers used for the manufacture of composites that make up the interior of the different elements of the wind turbine, the incorporation is carried out by impregnating a dispersion of the PCMs confined on said fibers or by immersing said fibers in a dispersion of confined PCMs. In preferred embodiments of the method of the invention, PCMs (confined or by chemical anchoring) are used in the blades of the wind turbine. In this case, before the generation of ice, the PCM is melted and the temperature begins to fall, approaching the beginning of the crystallization of the PCM between -10 ° C and 10 ° C. The temperature drop of the additive blade is dampened as the material releases its latent heat to become solid keeping the temperature in the range of its phase change 30 (slope less pronounced compared to the "unadditioned" blade -see figure 2). The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting of the scope of the invention.Examples Example 1. Obtaining of silicon microcapsules filled with PCMs by sol-gel technology starting from oil-in-water emulsions OMl 5 For the development of PCM capsules, between 0.1 and 2 g of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were dissolved. high molecular weight in water at a temperature between 25 ° C and 100 ° C. On the other hand, between 1 and 20 g of PCM were weighed (two types of PCMs, hexadecane and octadecane were used) that were mixed at a temperature between 25 ° C and 100 ° C with a percentage of surfactant (Tween 80) of between 1% and 50% with respect to the amount of PCM added (preferably between 20% and 40%). Once the PVA solution was dissolved, it was added over the PCM solution dropwise and kept under stirring at 15000 rpm for a time between 1 and 4h to form the PCM-water emulsion. While waiting for the indicated time, TEOS, GPTMS and acetic acid were mixed in the proportion 1: 0.5: 0.05 and left under stirring for a time between 1 and 3 h at a temperature between 25 ° C and 100 ° C to begin to take place the hydrolysis of the precursors. After the indicated time, the reaction was cooled and allowed to stir. The solution was centrifuged to obtain silica microcapsules filled with PCM. Said capsules were washed several times with ethanol to remove surfactant residues and PCM residues that had not been encapsulated. Finally, the solid obtained was dried in a vacuum oven for 8-24 hours at a temperature between 50-200 ° C. 25 Example 2. Functionality test A. - Peltier test This test consisted of the formation of a drop of water on a painted panel with reference coating without PCMs and with a coating with PCM capsules (5, 15 and 25% of Type 1 Paraffin capsules and 10% Type 2 Paraffin capsules) (see table 1). 30 The temperature was lowered from 5 to 5 ° C keeping in isotherm for 2-10 min until reaching -20 ° C. The measurement parameters were: Surface temperature Drop freezing time5 10 15 Table 1. Results tested in Peltíer. Panel + Paint-Panel + Paint-Panel + Paint-10% Paraffin P Peltier Reference 5% Paraffin Type 1 15% Paraffin Type 1 25% Paraffin Type 1 Type 2 25 25.2 23.5 23.2 23 20 22.2 21.7 22.5 21.1 15 18.9 19.5 20.3 18.8 10 15.4 16 17.6 15.6 5 12.3 13.5 14.7 13.3 O 9 10, 4 11.4 10.7 -5 5.8 8 9.8 8.5 -10 2.9 5.2 7.5 5.15 -15 0.5 2.7 5 3.7 -20 (t: O) -0.2 2 4.9 0.7 -20 (t: 5 ') -1.4 0.7 2.9 -1.9 -20 (t: 0.3 (three drops -1.9 0.3 -2 10 ') frozen) -20 (t: -0.3 (one drop 1 drop -2 15') frozen) frozen -20 (t: -0.4 (three drops 3 drops 20 ') frozen ) -2.4 frozen -20 (t: -3.5 25 ') -20 (t: -4.5 (no start of 30') freezing of the drop) According to the results obtained, the following was concluded : The PCMs are capable of delaying the formation of ice up to 20-30 minutes according to the type and% of PCMs used. A damping of the decrease in surface temperature is also observed, corresponding to the action of the PCMs. B. - Test in climatic chamber In addition, tests were carried out in climatic chamber to review the functionality according to the following methodology: Two drops of water were formed in each panel evaluated, starting the test at5 10 temperature of 20 ° C and a relative humidity of between 40% and 60%. The temperature and humidity were reduced by monitoring the temperature on the surface of each specimen using thermocouples placed on the surface of each specimen. The temperature ramp inside the chamber was carried out in three stages: (1) Tamb => -5 ° C 2 ° C / min (around 10-20min), Isotherm at -5 ° C (10-20min) -5 ° C => -10 ° C (10-20min) Table 2. Climate chamber test results Paraffin Type 1 Paraffin Type Paraffin Type 2 Test time (5%) 1 (10%) (15%) Start 19.8 20.4 20.4 15min (OOC) 5.7 5.2 6.4 (-5 ° C) t = O 0.5 0.4 1.1 - (- 5 ° C) t = 5min 2.8 -2.8 -2.8 - (- 5 ° C) t = 10min 3.8 -3.4 -3.8 - (-5 ° C) t = 15min 4.9 -4.6 -4.7 - (- 10 ° C) t = 0 7.8 -7.6 -7.6 - (- 10 ° C) t = 10min 8.5 -8.5 -8.5 - (- 10 ° C ) t = 15min 8.4 -8.5 -8.6 - (- 15 ° C) t = O 11.6 -11.7 -11.4 Paraffin Type 2 Paint (25%) Ref 20.4 20.5 4.8 3.8 -0.5 -1.2 -3.8 -4.1 -4.1 -4.3 - 5 -5.2 -8 -8.3 -8.7 -8.8 -8.7 -8.8 -12 -12.3 Similar to the previous case, it was observed that the freezing of the water drop was delayed and that the surface temperature was higher due to the heat release of the PCM, establishing the following order of improvement: the paint q what better behavior he had in the climatic chamber was the one that contained a higher percentage of5 capsules of Paraffin Type 2, followed by paints with 15% capsules of Paraffin Type 2 and 10% capsules of Paraffin Type 1, which have a very similar behavior. Subsequently, the paint with 5% of Type 1 Paraffin capsules and finally, the one that shows the worst performance is the non-additive reference paint. 
    权利要求:
    Claims (18)
    [1]
    5 10 CLAIMS 1. Use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to retard the formation of ice or produce de-icing in the different elements of wind turbines.
    [2]
    2. Use according to claim 1 where the PCMs are confined.
    [3]
    3. Use according to claim 2, where the PCMs are confined in organic or inorganic micro / nanocapsules or impregnated in an inorganic support.
    [4]
    4. Use, according to any of claims 1-3, where the PCMs are chemically anchored to the material that makes up the different elements of the wind turbines. fifteen
    [5]
    5. Method to retard the formation of ice or produce de-icing in the different elements of wind turbines based on the use of phase change materials (PCMs) that comprises the following stages: a) obtaining the PCMs; and b) incorporation of the PCMs obtained to the different elements of the 20 wind turbine. 25
    [6]
    6. Method according to claim 5, wherein the PCMs are confined.
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 6, where the confinement of the PCMs can be carried out by: i) encapsulation of the PCMs in nano / microcapsules, organic or inorganic, or ii) the impregnation of the PCMs in an inorganic support.
    [8]
    8. Method according to claim 7, wherein the confinement of the PCMs is carried out in inorganic nano / microcapsules. 35
    [9]
    9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the confinement of the PCMs in inorganic nano / microcapsules comprises the following steps: A. creation of an oil-in-water (O / W) emulsion comprising: 1) obtaining a mixture that comprises a surfactant agent or mixture of surfactants, PCMs and water, at a working temperature between 25-200 ° C, where the percentage by weight of the surfactant in5 10 15 20 the mixture is 1-30% and the percentage by weight of PCMs in the mixture is 1-50% and 2) mechanical or ultrasonic stirring of the mixture obtained in 1), until obtaining the emulsion of PCM drops in water, B. Dropwise addition of an inorganic precursor on the emulsion created in A) for the formation of an inorganic nano / micro capsule around each PCM drop by sol-gel processes, C. Cleaning of the nano / microcapsules formed in B) with a solvent to eliminate the residual surfactant and unencapsulated PCM, D. drying in a vacuum oven the capsules obtained after step C) for 4-24 hours at a temperature between 25-300oC, and E. Obtaining inorganic nano / microcapsules filled with PCM with a size between 30 nm and 30 IJm.
    [10]
    10. Method according to claim 9, wherein prior to stage B) comprises a stage A ') in which the inorganic precursor is hydrolyzed by adding water and a catalyst in an optimal concentration that acidifies the solution to a pH between 1 and 4.
    [11]
    11. Method, according to any of claims 5-10 where in step b) the PCMs are incorporated by means of chemical anchoring to the material of the different elements of the wind turbine. 25
    [12]
    12. Method according to any of claims 6-10 where in step b) the confined PCMs are incorporated into the paint or coating or putty of the different elements of the wind turbine.
    [13]
    13. Method according to claim 12, wherein the incorporation of the confined PCMs to the paint or coating or putty of the different wind turbine elements is carried out through the following steps: 35 -the dispersion of the confined PCMs in the paint or coating or putty that covers the different elements of the wind turbine in a percentage situated between 10 and 70% by weight, and - the application of the dispersion to the different components of thewind turbine by spatula, roller, brush, spray or immersion.
    [14]
    14. Method according to any of claims 6-10 where in step b) the confined PCMs are incorporated into the structural material of the different elements of the wind turbine.
    [15]
    15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the incorporation into the structural material is carried out by dispersing the PCMs confined in the resins used to manufacture the composites that make up the interior of the different elements of the wind turbine.
    [16]
    16. Method according to claim 14, where the incorporation into the structural material is carried out by spraying a dispersion of the confined PCMs on the fibers used to manufacture the composites that make up the interior of the 15 different elements of the wind turbine, or either by immersing said fibers in a dispersion of the confined PCMs.
    [17]
    17. Method according to any of claims 6-10 where the confined PCMs are deposited as a thin layer on the surface of the different elements of the wind turbine by spraying.
    [18]
    18. Method according to any of claims 5-17, where the PCMs are incorporated into the blades of the wind turbine.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3358180A1|2018-08-08|
    DK3358180T3|2021-04-19|
    US20180230972A1|2018-08-16|
    EP3358180B1|2021-02-24|
    ES2863912T3|2021-10-13|
    CN108374769A|2018-08-07|
    ES2677444B1|2019-05-09|
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ES201700079A|ES2677444B1|2017-02-01|2017-02-01|Use of phase change materials to slow the formation of ice or produce de-icing in wind turbines|ES201700079A| ES2677444B1|2017-02-01|2017-02-01|Use of phase change materials to slow the formation of ice or produce de-icing in wind turbines|
    ES18152292T| ES2863912T3|2017-02-01|2018-01-18|Use of phase change materials to retard ice formation or cause de-icing in wind turbines|
    DK18152292.1T| DK3358180T3|2017-02-01|2018-01-18|Use of phase change materials to delay ice formation or to cause de-icing in wind turbines|
    EP18152292.1A| EP3358180B1|2017-02-01|2018-01-18|Use of phase change materials to delay icing or to cause de-icing in wind turbines|
    US15/882,337| US20180230972A1|2017-02-01|2018-01-29|Use of phase change materials to delay icing or to cause de-icing in wind-driven power generators|
    CN201810096720.0A| CN108374769A|2017-02-01|2018-01-31|Phase-change material postpones the application for freezing or causing deicing in wind-driven generator|
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