• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
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    • 专利摘要:
    Procedure for the use of reject material from the construction industry. The present invention relates to a method of exploiting rejection material of the construction and demolition industry comprising a step that selects a powder of size less than 250 μm. The product (piece) obtained by said process is capable of being used as a structural element, acoustic insulator and/or ornamental element. Therefore, the present invention can be framed in the fields of the construction industry and waste management. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2657076A1
    申请号:ES201631130
    申请日:2016-08-29
    公开日:2018-03-01
    发明作者:María Natividad ANTÓN IGLESIAS；Julen Miguel CABALLERO VALDIZÁN
    申请人:Universidad de Salamanca；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF MATERIAL FOR THE REJECTION OF THE
    CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
    OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention refers to a process for making use of reject material in the construction and demolition industry that comprises a step that selects a powder with a size of less than 250 µm. The product (part) obtained by said procedure is capable of being used as a structural element, acoustic insulator and / or ornamental element.
    Therefore, the present invention can be found in the fields of the construction industry and waste management. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    For years, both the waste derived from industrial activity and that generated in construction and demolition, have been discarded, depositing them in landfills. However, the quantities produced have grown exponentially, its storage being increasingly complex, since this represents an environmental and landscape problem. This debris is sometimes used to fill land or simply dumped in illegal landfills. Phenomena such as natural disasters
    or the same useful life of the same buildings causes construction and demolition waste to continue to increase.
    The recovery of construction rubble allows the use of mortars and concrete, for example, for its transformation into other products used in the same construction industry. The process normally comprises the crushing of said rubble and its classification for the extraction of, for example, aggregates that are used in combination with the appropriate binders for the shaping and manufacture of, for example, new concrete for application in the manufacture of construction elements.
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    Currently, the production and management of construction and demolition waste is regulated by Royal Decree 105/2008. It determines “that construction and demolition waste should be separated into the following fractions, when, individually for each of said fractions, the expected amount of generation for the total work exceeds the following amounts:
     Concrete: 80 t
     Bricks, tiles, ceramics: 40 t
     Metal: 2 t
     Wood: 1 t
     Plastic: 0.5t
     Paper and cardboard: 0.5 t "
    In applications with less structural demands, such as paving stones and tiles, there is a tendency to replace natural aggregates with the aforementioned recycled aggregates from, for example, crushed concrete.
    Construction waste arrives at recycling plants in pieces of different sizes, for example with lengths that can vary from 1 m, 50 cm and 4 cm. In these recycling plants, the waste is crushed to obtain various size fractions, which in turn are screened and selected based on their particle sizes. Commonly, small waste, less than 4 cm, is usually discarded and not reused. Therefore, a certain amount of waste is always kept in landfills that cannot be eliminated or reused. Exceptionally, the fractions between 2 cm and 4 cm are being reused, but they are being used in applications with low mechanical demands such as fillings, embankments, potholes, etc.
    Therefore, it is necessary to develop new procedures for the exploitation of industrial waste that, on the one hand, use small-sized waste and, on the other, that result in new materials with improved mechanical properties.
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    image7 DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention describes a process for making use of reject material or waste from the construction and demolition industry (henceforth the process of the invention), particularly reject material with a particle size of less than 250 µm, for the manufacture of new building materials.
    In the present invention, "reject or waste material" is understood to be that material that is obtained from waste generated from the construction and demolition industry, for example, obtained from forced or accidental demolitions of civil buildings. The rejected material is generated during the construction and demolition activity itself or by the auxiliary industries of the same: brick kilns, terrazzo factories or processing facilities. The reject material of the present invention is therefore made up of concrete, bricks, mortar, cement, tiles or a combination of these materials.
    These reject materials are collected in recycling plants and reduced to different sizes, being the smaller sizes, for example those with a particle size below 4 cm, the least currently used in the recycling process.
    The process of the present invention is specifically directed to the use of the smallest fractions, with particle sizes below 250 µm.
    The process of the present invention comprises the following steps:
    a) Eliminate unwanted remains of reject material from the recycling industry.
    construction,
    b) grinding and sieving the material obtained in step (a),
    c) select a powder with a particle size less than 250 µm of the powder
    obtained in step (b),
    d) shaping the mixture obtained in step (c), and
    e) sintering the piece obtained in step (d) at a temperature of between 1000 ºC
    and 1280 ° C.
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    It is essential that the reject material used in the process of the invention does not contain hazardous residues or remnants of bituminous mixtures. For example, gypsum can generate unwanted gases (SO2) and gaseous organic residues during sintering at high temperatures that worsen the final properties of the recycled material and prevent its application. Therefore, step (a) of the process is directed to the elimination of unwanted debris that may be in the reject material of the construction industry.
    In the present invention, "undesirable remains" are understood as those biological remains (microorganisms and plant waste), organic remains (polymeric resins, tar), inorganic remains (plaster, glass), metal remains (Fe or steel from reinforced concrete) , as well as hazardous waste and bituminous mixtures.
    In step (a) of the process, unwanted residues are removed by, for example, washing, conditioning or magnetizing.
    Washing can be carried out with water, acetone or alcohol.
    The conditioning can be carried out by manual localization, visualization and separation methods or by automatic methods, for example, with the help of sorting machines of the optical type that operate at a wavelength corresponding to the near infrared and that detect color differences. .
    The removal of ferrous residues can be carried out by magnetization.
    Stage (b) of the process refers to the grinding and sieving of the material obtained in stage (a).
    The grinding is carried out by techniques known in the state of the art such as ball mills, roller mills, hammer mills, and cone crusher. Preferably a ball mill is used, preferably with steel balls, where the preferable ratio between the material obtained in step (a) and the steel balls is 2: 3. It is not necessary to carry out a second magnetization operation to eliminate the possible ferrous particles that could contaminate due to grinding because this value is negligible or the value in terms of ferrous oxides is in the range indicated for the waste composition mentioned below. .
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    Once the material obtained in step (a) has been ground, sieving is carried out using sieves of different sizes. In the present invention a series of UNE-EN 933-2: 1996 sieves standardized for a specific particle size, for a particle size less than 250 µm, have been used. Therefore, step (c) refers to the selection of a powder with a particle size less than 250 µm of the powder obtained in step
    (b) of the procedure. The series of standard sieves UNE-EN 933-2: 1996 used
    results in the following range of particle size fractions of  between 63 µm and 20 µm,  between 125 µm and 63 µm, and  between 250 µm and 125 µm.
    The fundamental advantage of the process of the invention is to use in an integral way the fraction less than 4 cm of reject or waste material that normally ends up in a landfill or a waste management company, on the one hand, releasing the cleaner larger material that is You can use as fill, embankments or road potholes, and, on the other hand, use the finest fraction (<250 µm) to manufacture new construction materials with improved properties.
    Step (e) of the process refers to sintering the shaped part in step (d) at a temperature of between 1000 ° C and 1280 ° C to increase its mechanical strength.
    In a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, in step (c) of the process a powder with a particle size between 250 µm and 20 µm is selected. Note that said particle size range refers to the particle size fractions obtained using the series of standard UNE-EN 9332: 1996 sieves indicated above, between 63 µm and 20 µm, between 125 µm and 63 µm, and between 250 µm and 125 µm. Preferably, said waste material powder or pure residues is formed by uniaxial compaction with a hydraulic press applying a preferable pressure of between 100 MPa and 200 MPa. Preferably, the sintering of the piece obtained from said powders is carried out at a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C.
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    In another preferred embodiment, the process of the invention (hereinafter preferred process of the invention) is characterized in that it comprises, between stage (c) and stage (d), a stage (c ') of mixing the powder obtained in step (c) with an aqueous solution of starch, cement or kaolin, that is, the process of the invention is characterized by the following steps:
    a) Eliminate unwanted remains of reject material from the recycling industry.
    construction,
    b) grinding and sieving the material obtained in step (a),
    c) select a powder with a particle size less than 250 µm of the powder
    obtained in step (b),
    c ') of mixing the powder obtained in step (c) with an aqueous solution of
    starch, cement or kaolin,
    d) shaping the mixture obtained in step (c), and
    e) sintering the piece obtained in step (d) at a temperature of between 1000 ºC
    and 1280 ° C.
    In a preferred embodiment of the preferred process of the present invention, in step (c) of the process of the invention a powder with a particle size between 250 µm and 20 µm is selected from the powder obtained in step (b) and, in stage (c '), the powder obtained in stage (c) is mixed with cement or kaolin. Note that said particle size range refers to the particle size fractions obtained using the series of standard UNE-EN 933-2: 1996 sieves indicated above, between 63 µm and 20 µm, between 125 µm and 63 µm. , and between 250 µm and 125 µm.
    In this preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the percentage by weight of the cement or kaolin in the mixture obtained in step (c ') is preferably between 25% and 50%. That is, the mixture obtained in stage (c ') comprises between 75% and 50% of powder obtained in stage (c) and between 50% and 25% of cement or kaolin.
    In this case, step (d) is preferably carried out by water molding, water extrusion or dry uniaxial compaction.
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    When the mixture obtained in stage (c ') comprises cement or kaolin, and stage (d) is carried out by molding with water, the proportion of water used in stage (d) is between 35% - 40% With respect to a final composition formed by the mixture obtained in (c ') and the water.
    When the mixture obtained in stage (c ') comprises cement or kaolin, and stage (d) is carried out by extrusion with water, the proportion of water used in stage (d) is between 35% - 45% With respect to a final composition formed by the mixture obtained in (c ') and the water.
    When the mixture obtained in stage (c ') comprises cement or kaolin and stage (d) is carried out by dry uniaxial compaction, a hydraulic press is used and a pressure preferably between 100 MPa and 200 MPa is applied.
    As mentioned above, step (e) of the procedure refers to sintering the shaped part in step (d) at a temperature between 1000ºC and 1280ºC, and its function is to increase the mechanical resistance of said part.
    In general, when, in step (c), a powder with a particle size less than 250 µm is selected from the powder obtained in step (b), and, in step (c ') it is mixed with cement or kaolin, the sintering temperature used in step (f) of the process decreases with respect to the powder obtained after step (c) of the process (without mixing). This is due to a smaller particle size, greater coalescence between the particles, decreasing their melting point and producing a faster atomic diffusion.
    In pure cement, the sintering temperature is between 1260ºC and 1280ºC. When mixing 50% of cement with 50% of powders from step (c), the sintering temperature decreases to 1175 ºC and if a mixture is made with 25% of cement with 75% of powders from waste construction (stage (c)) the sintering temperature decreases to 1150 ° C.
    The sintering temperature of pure kaolin is between 1250 ° C and 1300 ° C. When 50% kaolin is mixed with 50% powders from stage (c), the sintering temperature drops to 1210 ° C.
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    Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the preferred process of the present invention, when, in step (c ') of the process of the invention, the powder obtained in step (c) is mixed with kaolin, the sintering of step ( f) is preferably carried out at a temperature between 1130 ° C and 1220 ° C.
    In another preferred embodiment of the preferred process of the invention, when, in step (c ') of the process of the invention, the powder obtained in step (c) is mixed with cement and where the sintering of step (f) is carried out at a temperature between 1130 ° C and 1175 ° C.
    When, in step (c) of the preferred process of the invention, a powder with a particle size between 125 µm and 20 µm is selected from the powder obtained in step (b), and, in step (c '), It is mixed with an aqueous solution of starch, where said solution is preferably at a temperature between 58 ° C and 69 ° C, which is the temperature at which gelatinization of the starch begins. Note that said particle size range refers to the particle size fractions obtained using the series of standard UNE-EN 933-2: 1996 sieves indicated above, between 63 µm and 20 µm and between 125 µm and 63 µm. . Preferably, the percentage of the aqueous starch solution in the mixture obtained in step (c ') is between 35% and 40%.
    In the present invention the aqueous starch solution comprises between 35% and 40% starch; the starch can be rice, corn, potato or synthetic.
    In this preferred embodiment of the preferred process of the present invention, when, in step (c) of the process of the invention, a powder with a particle size between 125 µm and 20 µm of the powder obtained in step (b) is selected , and, in step (c '), it is mixed with an aqueous solution of starch, step (d) is preferably carried out by molding or extrusion. Then, the sintering of step (f) is carried out at a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C.
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    The materials or parts obtained after step (f) of the process of the invention or the preferred process of the present invention can be used as structural, acoustic insulating, or ornamental elements. In the present invention, acoustic insulators are understood as those materials or parts capable of absorbing sound, preventing its propagation.
    The pieces obtained by carrying out the process of the invention can reach flexural properties greater than 8 MPa and compressive strengths greater than 65 MPa for forming by molding and extrusion of the 100% residue composition. For mixing with 50% cement with 50% residues, pieces can be obtained that achieve a flexural strength of 6 MPa and compressive strengths of 110 MPa.
    The use of the pieces obtained depends on, for example, their density.
    For example, the pieces obtained with densities between 1.5 and 1.9 g / cm3:
    - They are ideal for use in the rehabilitation of buildings, since pieces can be obtained to measure necessary due to their good behavior in the shapes and depending on their colorimetry.
    - Realization of bricks, which do not have a high structural load.
    - Rehabilitation or replacement of some part of deteriorated sculptures, due to their good behavior in the formed ones.
    - Ornamentation in general, vases, pots, sculptures ...
    - Pieces of different geometric shapes.
    For example, The pieces obtained with densities between 1.9 and 2.4 g / cm3:
    - They are ideal for uses in the manufacture of bricks of common use, and special, since they have good mechanical properties.
    - They are ideal for use in the rehabilitation of buildings, since pieces can be obtained to measure necessary for their good behavior in the forming.
    - Rehabilitation or replacement of some part of deteriorated sculptures, due to their good behavior in the formed ones.
    - Making pieces of different shapes for industrial use, taking into account their mechanical properties.
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    -Parts subjected to high compression forces.
    -Ornamentation in general, vases, pots, sculptures ...
    -Pieces of different geometric shapes.
    -Countertops.
    -Cobblestones EXAMPLE OF REALIZATION
    Next, a process for making use of industrial or construction waste rejection material will be illustrated by means of tests carried out by the inventors, which shows the effectiveness of the product of the invention.
    To take advantage of the rejection material from industrial or construction waste, firstly, the said materials are washed and conditioned, that is, plant debris, tar and plaster are removed by manual methods by visual location and manual separation, and / or by automatic methods using optical sorting machines using wavelengths corresponding to the range of the near infrared (NIR) electromagnetic spectrum, which detect differences in color.
    The clean reject material is then ground. The grinding is carried out using a ball mill, where the balls are made of steel with a material / steel ball ratio of 2: 3.
    Once the material has been ground, the sieving is carried out, selecting a powder with a particle size of less than 250 µm. The particle size range refers to the particle size fractions obtained using the series of standard UNE-EN 933-2: 1996 sieves indicated above, between 63 µm and 20 µm, between 125 µm and 63 µm, and between 250 µm and 125 µm. The composition is analyzed in terms of equivalent oxides of the powder with respect to the total powder obtained, being the following: The procedure for obtaining it is described below to prepare a series of pieces based on the particle size of the reject material (from here "Residues"), selecting the composition formed by the residues and the binder and its proportion, the shaping procedure carried out and the sintering temperature used. This information is summarized in the following Table 1
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    % weight
    SiO2 64.0 - 71.1
    Al2O3 10.2 - 12.7
    CaO 7.30 - 10.9
    K2O 2.41 - 2.83
    MgO 1.03 - 1.23
    Na2O 0.60 - 0.80
    TiO2 0.58 - 0.68
    Fe2O3 5.46 - 7.03
    CuO 0.00 - 0.13
    SO3 0.52 - 1.14
    P2O5 0.001 - 0.009
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    Table 1: Description of the samples prepared according to the particle size, the binder and the shaping procedure used.
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    Table 1 continued
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    Table 1 continued
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    Example 1 - Use of a composition formed by an aqueous solution of starch (35% - 40%) and residues (65% - 60%)
    5 Residues in powder form with particle size between 63 µm and 20 µm or between 125 µm and 63 µm are mixed with 4.5 g of rice starch dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. This solution is at a temperature between 58ºC and 69ºC, which is the temperature at which the gelatinization of the starch begins. The amount of the
    The starch-water mixture used in the process is the smallest, sufficient to achieve incipient humidity conditions.
    Forming type 1: Wet molding
    The shaping of the pieces has been carried out by means of the procedure known as the "Starch" procedure (from the English starch) and subsequent molding. The reject material or residues are mixed with an aqueous solution of rice starch at a temperature between 58 ºC and 69 ºC, which is the temperature at which the gelatinization of the rice starch begins, thus achieving greater homogeneity in the mixture
    20 binder.
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    The molding operation is carried out ensuring that the ratio of aqueous starch solution and residues is as low as possible, between 35% - 40% of aqueous starch solution, which corresponds to incipient moisture, which is the minimum amount. of water necessary so that there is a cohesion between the particles.
    After filling the molds, they have been introduced into a drying oven at a temperature of 80ºC for 24 hours in order to evaporate the water used in the molding.
    Using a muffle furnace, the parts were sintered with a heating cycle up to temperatures within the range of 1050 ° C - 1140 ° C, with intermediate plateaus of 2 h at 600 ° C and 2 h at 800 ° C.
    Rice starch disappears from the mixture when temperatures between 400ºC and 600ºC are reached during the sintering stage.
    The size of the shaped piece influences the binder removal time during the sintering cycle, being 2 hours for small pieces and 4 hours for large pieces, and can be increased to 6 hours for larger pieces.
    The parts were cooled inside the furnace from sintering temperature to room temperature.
    The procedure is completely the same as described above, except that the shaping has been carried out by means of the extrusion procedure. The starch has been mixed with distilled water at a temperature between 58ºC and 69ºC. The aqueous solution ratio of starch and residues may be slightly higher than in the case of the wet molding described above, due to the moisture losses that can occur during extrusion. The value ranges between 35% and 45% aqueous starch solution. Again, the rice starch disappears during the sintering cycle at the temperatures indicated above. The drying and sintering procedure is the same as that carried out using type 1 shaping.
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    Example 2 - Use of a composition formed by waste and kaolin
    The residues in powder form of size between 63 µm and 20 µm or 125 µm and 63 µm obtained after sieving and subsequent sorting / selection are mixed with kaolin.
    Depending on the strengths to be obtained and the desired ornamental color, the mixture can have kaolin / residue ratios between 50/50 and 25/75. The mixture of construction waste together with kaolin is carried out in percentages of between 50% and 25% of kaolin, depending on the resistance to be obtained and the desired ornamental color.
    Forming type 1: Molding with water
    The shaping of the pieces has been carried out by molding with water, the relationship between the composition formed by waste and kaolin, and the water being between 65% - 60% and 35% - 40%, respectively.
    After filling the molds, they have been introduced into a drying oven at a temperature of 80ºC for 24 hours in order to evaporate the water used in the molding.
    Sintering is carried out in a muffle furnace at a temperature between 1130 ° C and 1220 ° C.
    Forming type 2: Extrusion
    The procedure is exactly the same as described above, except that the parts have been shaped by means of the extrusion procedure with water; A ratio between the composition formed by residues and kaolin, and the water of between 65% - 55% and 35% - 45%, respectively, has been used.
    The drying and sintering procedure is the same as that carried out using type 1 shaping, the sintering temperature used being between 1130ºC and 1220ºC.
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    Forming type 3: Uniaxial compaction
    The procedure is exactly the same as described above, except that the shaping has been carried out by uniaxial compaction using a hydraulic press with the help of dies (die lubrication) and using a pressure preferably between 100 MPa - 200 MPa. Uniaxial compaction is carried out dry. Sintering has been carried out at temperatures between 1130ºC and 1220ºC.
    Example 3 Use of a composition consisting of waste and cement
    The residues in the form of powder between 63 µm and 20 µm or 125 µm and 63 µm obtained after sieving and subsequent sorting / selection are mixed with pozzolanic cement.
    The mixture of construction waste together with cement is carried out in percentages of between 50% and 25% of cement, depending on the resistance to be obtained and the desired ornamental color.
    Forming type 1: Molding with water
    The parts were formed by molding with water, the relationship between the composition formed by waste and cement, and the water being between 65% - 60% and 35% - 40%, respectively.
    After filling the molds, they have been introduced into a drying oven at a temperature of 80ºC for 24 hours in order to evaporate the water used in the molding.
    The drying must be carried out at temperatures close to 100 ºC, to avoid the setting of the cement.
    Sintering is carried out in a muffle furnace. Sintering temperatures are in the 1130 ° C and 1175 ° C range.
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    Forming type 2: Extrusion
    The procedure is exactly the same as described above, except that the shaping of the pieces has been carried out by means of the extrusion procedure with water. A relationship between the composition formed by waste and cement, and the water of between 65% - 55% and 35% - 45%, respectively, has been used.
    The drying and sintering procedure is the same as that carried out by type 1 shaping. Drying must be carried out at temperatures close to 100 ºC to avoid setting. Sintering temperatures are in the 1130 ° C and 1175 ° C range.
    Forming type 3: Uniaxial compaction
    The procedure is exactly the same as described above, except that the shaping has been carried out by uniaxial compaction. The pressures used have ranged between 100 MPa and 200 MPa. It is sintered at the same temperatures described above, between 1130ºC and 1175ºC.
    Example 4: 100% waste.
    Residues in powder form with particle size between 63 µm and 20 µm or between 125 µm and 63 µm are selected.
    and the shaping of the pieces is carried out by uniaxial compaction which is a dry process. The pieces have been compacted in a hydraulic press with the help of dies (lubrication in the dies) with compaction pressures, preferably between 100 MPa and 200 MPa.
    The drying step is not necessary, since when the shaping is carried out by dry way at the end of the procedure, the wet material is not found. Sintering is carried out in a muffle furnace with sintering temperatures between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C.
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    The characteristics of the prepared pieces are compiled below in relation to the particle size of the waste used, the composition used and the sintering temperature in Table 2.
    Table 2: Characteristics of the pieces prepared in relation to the particle size of the waste used, the composition used and the sintering temperature. (Φ = Diameter, h = height, I = length, a = width).
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    Characterization of the parts
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    The densities of the pieces were measured with the use of a digital caliper with sensitivity ± 0.01 millimeters, making a minimum of three measurements for each dimension, and for the mass a precision balance with sensitivity ± 0.0001 g, making a minimum of three weights for each piece. Table 3 compiles the data corresponding to the
    5 densities of each of the samples analyzed depending on the sintering temperatures used.
    The color of the pieces was visually measured using a color chart.
    10 Table 3. Densities and color of the pieces depending on their composition and sintering temperature.
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    The pieces obtained with densities between 1.5 and 1.9 g / cm3:
    - They are ideal for use in the rehabilitation of buildings, since pieces can be obtained to measure necessary due to their good behavior in the shapes and depending on their colorimetry.
    - Realization of bricks, which do not have a high structural load.
    - Rehabilitation or replacement of some part of deteriorated sculptures, due to their good behavior in the formed ones.
    - Ornamentation in general, vases, pots, sculptures ...
    - Pieces of different geometric shapes.
    The pieces obtained with densities between 1.9 and 2.4 g / cm3:
    - They are ideal for uses in the manufacture of bricks of common use, and special, since they have good mechanical properties.
    - They are ideal for use in the rehabilitation of buildings, since pieces can be obtained to measure necessary for their good behavior in the forming.
    - Rehabilitation or replacement of some part of deteriorated sculptures, due to their good behavior in the formed ones.
    - Making pieces of different shapes for industrial use, taking into account their mechanical properties.
    - Parts subjected to high compression forces.
    - Ornamentation in general, vases, pots, sculptures ...
    - Pieces of different geometric shapes.
    - Countertops.
    - Cobblestones
    Table 4 summarizes the possible use of each of the pieces based on their density.
    Table 4: Summary of the possible use of each of the pieces based on their density.
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    The characterization of the pieces of different compositions was also carried out when residues of particle size between 63 µm and 20 µm or 125 µm and 63 µm have been used to obtain their mechanical properties such as resistance to corrosion.
    5 bending and compressive strength depending on the composition, density, type of forming and the sintering temperature used.
    Flexural strength was measured by the three-point flexural test. Which is based on the application of a point force in the center of a bar supported on its
    At extremes, resistance is determined by applying force slowly until the bar breaks. The bending test was carried out with a CODEIN model MCO-30 electromechanical traction-compression machine. The machine consists of a double spindle with a range of 300 KN and has a speed spectrum to choose between 0 - 2000 N / s.
    15 To determine the bending breaking stress, the formula is used:
    where: σf = Simple bending stress.
    3 3 ൌ
    ݂ ߪ ଶ
    ݄2 2
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    F = Breaking load expressed in Newtons.
    L = Distance in millimeters between the support rollers.
    b = width of the specimen in millimeters
    h = minimum thickness, in millimeters, of the specimen in the breaking section.
    5
    The compressive strength was measured by the simple compression test. The
    which is based on the application of a force at the upper base of the specimen, and the specimen
    must be fully supported on its lower base, resistance is determined by applying
    force slowly until the specimen breaks. The compression test was performed 10 with the traction-compression machine used in the previous section.
    To determine the compressive breaking stress the formula is used:
    ܨ ൌ
    ܿ ߪ
    ܣ
    where: σc = Simple compression breaking stress.
    15 F = Breaking load expressed in Newtons. A = Area of the specimen section where the load is applied, in square millimeters.
    Table 5 summarizes the results obtained in flexural strength and compressive strength obtained in the characterization of the pieces of different compositions.
    20 when residues of particle size between 63 µm and 20 µm or between 125 µm and 63 µm have been used depending on the composition, density, type of shaping and sintering temperature used.
    Table 5: Results obtained for flexural strength and compressive strength
    25 obtained in the characterization of the pieces of different compositions when residues of particle size between 63 µm and 20 µm have been used depending on the composition, the density, the type of shaping and the sintering temperature used.
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    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [1]
    image 1
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    1. Procedure for the use of rejected material from the food industry.
    construction characterized in that it comprises the following stages: a) eliminate unwanted remains of the reject material from the construction industry, b) grind and sieve the material obtained in stage (a), c) select a powder with a particle size less than 250 µm of the powder obtained in step (b), d) shaping the mixture obtained in step (c), and e) sintering the piece obtained in step (d) at a temperature between 1000 ° C and 1280 ° C.
    [2]
    2.Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, in step (c) a powder with a particle size of between 250 µm and 20 µm is selected.
    [3]
    3. Process according to claim 2, characterized in that step (d) is carried out by uniaxial compaction.
    [4]
    Four. Process according to any of claims 2 to 3, characterized in that step (e) is carried out at a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C.
    [5]
    5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, between stage (c) and stage (d), a stage (c ') of mixing the powder obtained in stage (c) with an aqueous solution of starch, cement or kaolin.
    [6]
    6.Process according to claim 5, characterized in that, in step (c), a powder with a particle size between 250 µm and 20 µm is selected from the powder obtained in step (b) and, in step (c ' ), the powder obtained in step (c) is mixed with cement or kaolin.
    [7]
    7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the percentage by weight of the cement or kaolin in the mixture obtained in step (c ') is between 50% and 25%.
    [8]
    8. Process according to any of claims 6 or 7, characterized in that step (d) is carried out by molding with water, extrusion with water or dry uniaxial compaction.
    [9]
    9. Process according to any of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that, in stage (c ') the powder obtained in stage (c) is mixed with kaolin and where the sintering of stage (f) is carried out at a temperature between 1130ºC and 1220ºC.
    [10]
    10. Process according to any of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that, in stage (c ') the powder obtained in stage (c) is mixed with cement and where the sintering of stage (f) is carried out at a temperature between 1130 ºC and 1175 ºC.
    [11]
    eleven. Process according to claim 5, characterized in that, in step (c), a powder with a particle size between 125 µm and 20 µm of the powder obtained in step (b) is selected, and, in step (c ´), it is mixed with an aqueous solution of starch.
    [12]
    12. Process according to claim 11, characterized in that the percentage of the aqueous starch solution in the mixture obtained in step (c ') is between 35% and 45%.
    [13]
    13. Process according to any of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that step (d) is carried out by molding or by extrusion.
    [14]
    14. Process according to any of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the sintering of step (f) is carried out at a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1140 ° C.
    26 27
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    同族专利:
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    ES2657076B1|2018-11-19|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    CN102627466A|2012-04-16|2012-08-08|江南大学|Method for recycling application of building waste|
    EP2949632A1|2014-05-30|2015-12-02|Destamatic Oy|Hydraulic composite material based on recycled materials and method for production thereof|
    CN104143263A|2014-07-02|2014-11-12|江苏建筑职业技术学院|Temperature-humidity sensing timing traffic light|
    CN105777075A|2016-03-01|2016-07-20|东莞深圳清华大学研究院创新中心|Solid waste resource utilization method|
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