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    • 专利摘要:

    公开号:ES2654574T9
    申请号:ES12849611.4T
    申请日:2012-10-11
    公开日:2018-06-18
    发明作者:Bin Huang；John Vaughn；Hyo J. Lee
    申请人:MOLECON (SUZHOU) NOVEL MATERIALS Co Ltd；Molecon Suzhou Novel Mat Co Ltd；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    DESCRIPTION
    Quickly degradable polyester polymer and method of preparation and use thereof
    5 Cross References to Related Requests
    This application is a continuation in part (CIP) of the US Provisional Patent Application, No. 61 / 095,541, registered on September 9, 2008; United States Patent Application 13 / 061,802; International Patent Application No. PCT / US09 / 56222.
    10 Field of the invention
    The present invention relates to methods of preparation and applications of a type of rapidly degrading polyester polymers. In particular, the invention relates to the preparation and applications of condensation type co-polyesters by incorporating small biodegradable segments in the main polymer chains. It belongs to the field of functional polymeric materials.
    Background of the invention
    Polyesters is the general name of polymers prepared by condensation polymerization of polyols (poly alcohols) with polyacids, the typical polyester being an aromatic polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is widely applied in different fiber, packaging and others for its excellent chemical stability, adequate mechanical characteristics and transparency and healthy development. There is currently a strong increase in the production and sale of polyester, particularly in the field of packaging for soft drinks. 25 Due to the advance in the investigation of the resistance characteristics of polyester, with the applications in the field of beer, food and cosmetic packaging, the polyester market is expanded. However, it is difficult to naturally degrade polyester (PET) residues in nature. In an environment with a humidity of 45% ~ 100% and a temperature of 20 ° C, PET bottles 30 can remain for 30 ~ 40 years and with only 50% loss of their mechanical properties; Under the same conditions, a polyester film can remain for 90 ~ 100 years. The immense amount of
    5
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    Polyester waste represents, therefore, a tremendous impact on the environment.
    Recycling of polyester waste is a priority method used worldwide because it solves environmental problems while fully utilizing resources. Different recycling technologies have been developed for the PET family. A simple way to recycle polyester waste can be: purification after cleaning treatment, recasting and new processing in relatively inferior products, such as toys and bottles for detergents. In order to reproduce a superior polyester, it is necessary to degrade the re-polymerized polyesters or used as chemical raw material, since the polyester is a polycondensed macromolecular material. In addition, there are despetrolization technologies, complete recycling technologies, burning technologies along with other waste and other energy recycling technologies.
    However, recycling and reuse of polyester waste cannot be considered as a definitive solution in terms of environmental pollution. The first reason is the limitation of the reuse of polyester waste, since they contain many additives or other impurities that cannot be removed, or because it is a regenerated polyester, so it is very difficult to reuse it. Secondly, many polyester products are not suitable for collection and recycling, such as sheets from agriculture, garbage bags etc. Finally, it may not be worth recycling these products if the cost is too high or they are not valuable. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the degradation possibilities of these polyesters, to make it possible to degrade them into small molecules at certain times under natural conditions and, finally, return them to the recirculation system of nature.
    It would be very beneficial to promote the development of polyesters in the long term if the useful life of polyester in nature could be effectively controlled and, therefore, to avoid environmental pollution, making PET-based polyester materials environmentally friendly. ambient.
    Chemical factors that may affect the degradability of materials include their hydrophilicity, morphology, molecular mass and polymeric compositions, etc. The stronger the hydrophilicity of a polymer, the easier the hydrolysis is and also the biodegradation by microorganisms is favored. Hydrolytic enzymes tend to attack the ester, amide and carboxylic amino acid bonds and the amorphous domains of the polymers are
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    more easily damaged by water and microorganisms than the crystalline domains of polymers. Polymers with weak chains and a low glass transition temperature degrade more easily; The possibility of degradation of polymers also increases as their molecular weight is reduced. The composition of polymers, such as copolymers and mixed polymers, can also influence the performance of their degradation.
    PET polyester contains ester bonds that are easily damaged by microorganisms enzymes and water. A minimum amount of moisture in the liquid state can cause rapid breakage of polyester bonds. During the processing and production of polyesters, it is necessary to strictly control the moisture content of the resin. However, under normal conditions, PET polyester has good chemical stability, it is difficult to degrade it under natural conditions. This could be attributed to the regularity of the structure of the main PET polymer chain and the aromatic rings contained therein. The aromatic rings present increase the polarity of the polymer chains regularly, which reduces their flexibility and improves the performance of their crystallization. A high crystallinity of the polymers can play a role in resistant hydrolysis because water molecules are blocked from entering the crystallization phase. PET is a half-crystallized polymer, its initial state of degradation occurs in those amorphous domains with a relatively loose structure and the edges of half-crystallized domains. The hydrolysis and breakage of molecular chain segments between crystal microparticles results in amorphous molecular chains, crystallizing further causes crystallinity to increase obviously, thus preventing another hydrolysis from occurring; on the other hand, increasing the stiffness of the molecular chain reduces the activity of movement of macromolecules. It can be characterized by a higher glass transition temperature and therefore reduce the sensitivity of polymers to hydrolysis. Therefore, unlike the liquid state, solid state degradation is a complex process that depends on the activities of the polymer chains and their penetration capacity.
    Based on the above analysis regarding the control factors of the degradability of the PET polyester, it is necessary to reduce the crystallization capacity and the glass transition temperature to improve the possibility of degradation of the PET polyester. The reduction of the glass transition temperature of the polyester can also increase the mobility of the segments of the polymer chain and reduce the energy required to change its state, thus increasing
    the sensitivity of polyester to hydrolysis. With a low crystallization capacity, water molecules or microbes can be effectively penetrated into the inner material and attack their weak ester bonds.
    The ways to reduce the crystallinity of PET can be either by controlling the last 5 phase of the processing of polymeric materials, or by molecular design concepts, to some extent to reverse the polarity of the PET polymer to a structured architecture of greater rigidity. By introducing a third structural unit that is flexible or contains specific functional groups, the crystallization characteristics 10 of the PET can be radically changed. The methods for introducing third structural units are mainly copolymerization with the addition of a modifier and the reaction mixture with aliphatic polyesters.
    WO 2010/030599 A2 describes copolyamides or modified copolyesters of the condensation type. These polymers are structurally different from the polyester polymers shown here and comprise degradable and non-degradable blocks with a short length polyester (oligomers) or polyamide (oligomers) and modifiers containing hydroxyl acid blocks.
    Although the approach is theoretically clear in terms of obtaining aromatic polyesters of the PET category, the applications are still very limited in the practice of production. Because the polyesters of the PET category are widely used materials in synthetic resins, studying their degradability can eliminate the impact of their waste on the environment and would be very positive in terms of long-term development.
    Content of the invention
    25 In order to solve the above related problems of existing technologies, the objective of the present invention is to provide a type of rapidly degradable polyester polymers and methods for their elaboration and uses, thus achieving the purpose of rapid degradation under special conditions. for polyester polymers such as PET and to solve environmental pollution problems resulting from the use of this type of polymers.
    For the purpose of the above stated objectives of the invention, the technical approach used in the present invention is as follows:
    In one aspect, the present invention provides a type of rapidly degrading polyester polymers with repeated units consisting of non-degradable chain blocks A and degradable B blocks, obtained by condensation polymerization and where these polyester polymers have the formula of
    —FAB ^ rT.
    5 '
    wherein said non-degradable blocks have a structure according to formula (I):
    image 1
    10
    wherein said degradable blocks have a structure according to formula (II):
    image2
    resulting in polyester polymers
    - <- AB.
    with a structure according to formula (III):
    image3
    15 where
    R is methyl,
    R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 are H, p = 2,
    m and s are any integer independently selected from 1,2,3,4 or 5,
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    5
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    30
    t is an integer greater than 1 and less than 31, r = 1 or 2, u = 1 or 2,
    n is an integer greater than 2.
    Also described herein are polyester polymers obtained by condensation polymerization as defined above, obtaining polymers - (- AB-) n- with a structure according to formula (III) where p, m, s, r and are integers greater than 1 ; R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 are independently selected members in each structural unit from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl , substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, ester, nitro, amine, amide, thiol or substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy.
    Also described herein are polyester polymers obtained by condensation polymerization as defined above, obtaining polyester polymers - (-AB-) n- with a structure according to formula (III) where p, m, s, r and are major integers that 0 and less than 11; t is an integer greater than 1, less than 31; n is an integer greater than 1; R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are independently selected in each structural unit from H or (C1-C1o) alkyl; R7 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
    Also described herein are polyester polymers obtained by condensation polymerization as defined above, obtaining polyester polymers - (-AB-) n- with a structure according to formula (III) where p, m, s, r and are major integers that 0, less than 11; t is an integer greater than 1, less than 31; n is an integer greater than 1; R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are independently selected in each structural unit from H or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl tert-butyl; R7 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
    In another aspect, the present invention provides a preparation method for producing rapid degradation polyester polymers as follows:
    image4
    a) Organic synthesis of degradable B blocks:
    b) Condensation polymerization of non-degradable A blocks and degradable B blocks by solution polymerization or bulk polymerization:
    5
    image5
    where the definition of R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and p, m, s, r, u, t, n is the same given above and X is selected from Cl, Br, I, NH2 u OH
    image6
    In some embodiments, the synthesis of non-degradable A blocks consists of the following steps:
    In some embodiments, another preparation method for producing rapidly degrading polyester polymers is as follows:
    image7
    where the definition of R, Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and p, m, s, r, u, t, n is the same as above.
    In other embodiments, the synthesis of
    image8
    It includes the following steps:
    image9
    To ensure that degradable blocks are distributed uniformly along the main polymer chains, the blocks or oligomers are first synthesized by melt condensation polymerization (for example, reaction 5 under vacuum at 240-290 ° C for 2 ~ 7 hours), then add the degradable blocks and continue the melt condensation polymerization (for example, continue the reaction under vacuum at 240-290 ° C for 2 ~ 7 hours).
    High molecular weight polymers can be obtained provided that the moles of the non-degradable blocks are greater than the moles of the degradable blocks 10 because ethylene glycol can be removed in the non-degradable blocks excessively dosed under high temperature vacuum and, therefore, produce a self-condensation polymerization to form high molecular polymers.
    When compared to existing technologies, the polyester polymers described in the present invention comprise differently structured degradable blocks along the main polymer chains and thus reduce crystallinity, making their melting temperature much lower. than that of normal polyester polymers. In addition, due to the included degradable blocks, the ductile segments of the polymer are lengthened and also the lower
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    glass transition temperature of the polymer than that of normal polyester polymers. Thus, the polyester polymers of the present invention not only have excellent processing characteristics, but can also rapidly degrade into many non-degradable short chains in a suitable environment (such as alkaline solutions) followed by another complete degradation of the short non-segments. degradable The problems of environmental pollution that result from the use of this type of polymers are effectively solved and satisfies the need for a wide use of this type of polymers. Especially, it is possible to secure this type of polymers applied in beverage bottles, food wrap films, shopping bags and other food containers. Additionally, the method of preparation according to the present invention is simple, cheap and the raw material is easy to obtain at a low price. It is suitable for large-scale production and has practical value and great potential for use.
    Legend of the figures
    Figure 1: DSC curve for the mPET polyester (MeGSGMe) prepared according to example 1.
    Figure 2: degradation curve of the mPET polyester (MeGSGMe) prepared according to example 1.
    Figure 3: Relationship of intrinsic viscosity versus polymerization time for PET oligomers prepared according to Example 2.
    Examples
    The following examples are a detailed and complete demonstration of the present invention. All the following experimental methods in all the examples are normal experimental methods, except if it is specially commented. All chemicals and materials are obtained commercially except when specifically mentioned.
    The chemical analysis methods and analytical instruments in the present invention are described below:
    1. Determination of intrinsic viscosity (IV)
    Industrial standard method for determining PET: according to the society of the plastics industry (SPI's) on standard measurements of a mixed solution of PET polymers in phenol / 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (60:40 by weight), with a Ubbelohde viscometer, determination temperature of 25 ° C.
    Because the degree of PET polymerization is calculated with the following formula:
    DPn = 1.19 x IV -7;
    where the unit for IV is dl / g, the chain length of the polyester according to the present invention is calculated with the same methods.
    5 2. Chemical composition and structure
    The chemical structures according to the present invention are determined by NMR at a temperature of 20 ° C in solution with a D-substituted chloroform solvent (CDCb).
    3. Measurements of thermal characteristics
    The thermal characteristics of the polyester polymers prepared according to the present invention are measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) Q20, manufactured by TA Instruments.
    4. Degradation measurements
    The degradation measurement is the percentage of the weight loss of the polyester polymers prepared according to the present invention in 5% aqueous NaOH solution at 100 ° C with stirring for n hours.
    5. Mechanical characteristics test
    The tensile strength measurement is performed by the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Sinica Academy, according to standard methods according to ASTMD638-97.
    Example 1
    1. Synthesis of a degradable block: di (methyl hydroxyacetate) succinate (MeGSGMe)
    To a solution of succinic acid (23.62 grams, 0.20 mol) and trimethylamine (56 ml, 25 0.4 mol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (50 ml) was added methyl bromoacetate (73.43 g,
    0.48 mol) drop by drop. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and another 100 ml of anhydrous acetonitrile was added when a white precipitate appeared. After 24 hours of reaction, the solution was filtered in order to remove the ammonium salts and the acetonitrile solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue is
    30 kept under vacuum (3 mmHg) at 50 ° C for 16 hours to remove the bromacetate
    -12 -
    of excess methyl. The residue was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 ml) and washed with DI water to remove minimal amounts of ammonium. The solvent was removed in vacuo after drying with MgSO4 and 41.43 grams of the solid degradable block, MeGSGMe, yield: 79% were obtained. 1HNMR 5 (CDCb, 400 Mz) 5 4.66 (D, 4H); 5.77 (S, 6H); 5 2.80 (T, 4H).
    2. Synthesis of polyester polymers according to the present invention
    In a stainless steel pressure reactor with a magnetic stir bar, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET, 71.19 grams) and di (methyl hydroxyacetate) succinate (MeGSGMe degradable blocks, 10.49 grams) are introduced ) (the 10 unit molar repeat fraction for BHET: MeGSGMe is 7: 1) and 0.01% by weight of Sb2O3, a vacuum purge with N2 is performed three times and the vacuum is reduced to approximately 2 mm Hg. The system is placed in an oil bath at 275 ° C for 5 hours stirring under vacuum. The pump is then opened and dry ice is added to quickly cool the melt to room temperature. 57.2 grams of solids were obtained, ie the rapid degradation polyester polymer described in the present invention, called mPET (MeGSGMe). The mass of the solid is roughly crushed into small pieces and the viscosity in phenol / 1,1,2,2, -tetrachloroethane (weight ratio 60/40 is measured according to SPI standard PET measurement procedure (The Society of Plastic Industry) .
    20 Figure 1 is the DSC measurement (temperature rise 10 ° C / min) for the polymer synthesized above and shows its thermal characteristics. As you can see, the glass transition temperature of the new polymer is 56 ° C, the melting temperature is 216 ° C, the recrystallization temperature during the temperature increase is 121 ° C. Figure 1 shows that, due to the 25 differently structured degradable blocks, blocks incorporated in the main polymer chains, the crystallinity of the polyester polymers obtained in the present invention is reduced and their melting temperature is much lower than that of normal PET. In addition, due to the incorporation of degradable blocks, the ductile segments of the polyester chains are longer, reducing the glass transition temperature of the polyester according to the present invention below that of normal PET.
    The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer obtained is measured as 0.57 dl / g in phenol / 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (weight ratio 60:40) based on standard measurement methods of the Society of Plastic Industry (SPI ) for PET.
    In addition, the calculation based on the formula of B. Gantillon shows that the degree of polymerization of the polyesters synthesized in this example is equal to DPn = 1.19 x IV -7 = 1.19 x (0.57 x 100) - 7 = 61, the degree of polymerization for normal PET.
    According to ASTMD638-97, the Young module for polymer 5 synthesized in this example is measured as 910 Mpa, the tensile stress is 57 MPa.
    Figure 2 shows the weight loss of polyester polymers synthesized at 100 ° C, in 5% aqueous NaOH solution, by stirring for n hours. From the figure it can be seen that the percentage of weight loss of the polymer 10 synthesized in this example reaches 49.78% after 120 minutes, 83.84% after 240 minutes, 92.24% after 480 minutes . This further demonstrates the rapid degradation of the polyester polymers synthesized according to the present invention under certain conditions.
    Example 2
    15 1. Synthesis of a degradable block: MeGSGMe
    To a solution of succinic acid (23.62 g, 0.20 mol) and triethylamine (84 ml, 0.6 mol) in methylene chloride (50 ml) was added dripping methyl chloroacetate (65.11 g, 0 , 6 mol) and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. When a white precipitate formed, methylene chloride (100 ml) was added. Solution 20 was stirred for 24 hours, the solid part was removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with water to remove residual amines, dried with anhydrous MgSO4. The CH2Cl2 solvent was removed in vacuo and 47.20 g of the MeGSGMe solid degradable block was obtained in 90% yield. 1HNMR (CDCb, 400 Mz) 5 4.66 (D, 4H); 5.77 (S, 6H); 5 2.80 (T, 4H).
    25 2. Synthesis of non-degradable blocks: PET oligomer
    They were introduced into a pressure reactor, purged with nitrogen gas three times, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET, 200 grams, 0.393 mol) and Sb2O3 (0.02 grams) and heated under vacuum for 45 minutes to 275 ° C. The system was kept under vacuum of 3 mmHG at 275 ° C for several periods of time (2 ~ 7 30 hours) to obtain different PET oligomers of different intrinsic viscosities. The PET oligomers obtained were measured for intrinsic viscosity in a mixed phenol / 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solution (weight ratio
    60:40). Figure 4 shows the correlation of the intrinsic viscosity of the PET oligomer against the polymerization time.
    3. Synthesis of polyester polymers described in the present invention
    The degradable blocks synthesized in step 1 were added to the PET oligomers 5 synthesized in step 2 and polymerization was continued at 275 ° C for 1 ~ 3 hours and the determined degree of polymerization (intrinsic viscosity) was terminated. According to this method, polymers with different moles ratios of degradable blocks / non-degradable blocks can be synthesized = 1: 5, 1: 7, 1: 9 and so on (ie t = 5, 7, 9 ... etc .).
    10 Table 1 is the result of the testing of the mechanical characteristics of the polymers of this example according to the proportions of moles 1: 5, 1: 7, 1: 9 degradable blocks / non-degradable blocks.
    fifteen
    Table 1 Characterization results of various polymers
     degradable blocks / non-degradable blocks  IV (dl / g) Tg (° C) Tm (° C) Young module (MPa) tension tension (MPa)
     1: 5  0.61 54 199 890 57.5
     1: 7  0.57 56 216 910 57.0
     1: 9  0.713 63 213 930 57.5
    In summary, the polyester polymers provided in the present invention not only have excellent mechanical processing characteristics, but can also rapidly degrade in a suitable environment (as in alkaline solution) and, therefore, effectively solve pollution problems. environmental caused by this type of polymers. They meet the high demand for use and especially ensure that these types of polymers can be applied to beverage bottles, food wrapping films, shopping bags and other food containers. In addition, the method of preparation according to the present invention is simple, cheap and the raw material can be obtained
    easily and economically They are suitable for large-scale production and have practical value and potential use.
    Finally, the examples given above are used only to explain in more detail the technical demonstration of the invention and cannot be interpreted as a limitation of the scope of the protected invention, any refinement and non-essential adjustment based on the content of the invention will remain within the scope of protection of the same.
    权利要求:
    Claims (9)
    [1]
    5
    10
    Claims
    1. Polyester polymers of rapid degradation,
    image 1
    which are obtained by polycondensation of structural repeating units comprising non-degradable A blocks and degradable B blocks, where:
    Non-degradable A blocks have a structure of formula (I):
    image2
    and where the degradable B blocks have a structure of formula (II):
    image3
    resulting in polyester polymers
    image4
    with a structure of formula (III):
    image5
    where R is methyl,
    R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 are H, p = 2,
    m and s are any integer independently selected from 1,2,3,4 or 5, t is an integer greater than 1, less than 31, r = 1 or 2, u = 1 or 2,
    5 n is an integer greater than 2.
    [2]
    2. Method for preparing a polymer according to claim 1, comprising degradable blocks and non-degradable blocks, said method comprising the steps of:
    10
    a) Synthesis of degradable blocks B
    image6
    b) Polycondensation polymerization of non-degradable blocks with degradable blocks by solution polymerization or fusion polymerization
    image7
    wherein the definition of R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and p, m, s, r, u, t, n is the same as in claim 1 and X is selected from Cl, Br, I, NH2 or OH.
    [3]
    3. Method for preparing a polymer according to claim 2, wherein the synthesis of said non-degradable block A comprises the steps of:
    image8
    [4]
    4. Method for preparing said rapid degradation polyester polymers according to claim 1, comprising the step of:
    image9
    5 wherein the definition of R, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and p, m, s, r, u, t, n is the same as defined in claim 1.
    [5]
    5.
    Method according to claim 4, wherein said synthesis of
    image10
    image11
    [6]
    6. Method for preparing polymers according to claims 2 or 4, wherein the non-degradable blocks or oligomers are first synthesized to then add the degradable blocks and continue polymerization by
    5 fusion.
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the conditions for melt polymerization are: polymerization at 240 ~ 290 ° C under vacuum for 2 ~ 7 hours.
    [8]
    8. Method according to claims 2 or 4, wherein the moles of hydroxyl contained in the non-degradable blocks are greater than the moles of
    10 hydroxyl contained in the degradable blocks.
    [9]
    9. Polyester polymers according to claim 1, for use in beverage containers, food wrap sheets, shopping bags and other food containers.
    Thermal flux (W / g)
    DSC
    Sample: 20120903 Size: 9.6400 mg Method: Heat / Cool / Heat Comment: Ramp 10 degrees / min at 200 Nitrogen
    File: D: DSC 201209003.001 Operator: zxl
    Start Date: 04-Sep-2012 14:27 Instrument: DSC Q20 V24.4 Build 116
    image12
    Temperature (° C)
    Figure 1
    Weight loss rate (%)
    image13
    Figure 2
    image14
    Figure 3
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    同族专利:
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    US9018316B2|2015-04-28|
    US20140275436A1|2014-09-18|
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    ES2654574T3|2018-02-14|
    DK2767554T3|2017-11-06|
    TW201326252A|2013-07-01|
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    JP2014528502A|2014-10-27|
    WO2013071802A1|2013-05-23|
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    JP5998224B2|2016-09-28|
    CN103113561B|2014-08-06|
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    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201161627430P| true| 2011-10-12|2011-10-12|
    US201161627430P|2011-10-12|
    CN201210380279|2012-10-08|
    CN201210380279.1A|CN103113561B|2011-10-12|2012-10-08|Fast degradable polyester polymer and preparation method and use thereof|
    PCT/CN2012/082770|WO2013071802A1|2011-10-12|2012-10-11|Fast degradable polyester polymer and preparation method and use thereof|
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