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    • 专利摘要:
    DRIVING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DRIVING A LOAD WITH A GAS TURBINEThe present invention relates to a drive system (1) for driving a load (21), comprising: a gas turbine (3) comprising: a gas generator (5) having a gas generator rotor (5R) and which comprises at least one gas generator compressor (9) and a high pressure turbine (11) that drives said gas generator compressor (9); and a power turbine (7) having a power turbine rotor (7R), said power turbine rotor (7R) being torsionally independent of said gas generator rotor (5R); a load coupling (19) that connects the power turbine rotor (7R) to the load (21); an electric generator / motor (23) mechanically connected to the gas generator rotor (5R) and electrically connected to an electrical power network (G); wherein said electric generator / motor (23) is adapted to function alternatively: as a generator to convert mechanical power of said gas turbine (3) into electrical power (G); and as a motor to supplement drive power for the load (21); a flow conditioning arrangement (31), arranged and controlled to modify a flue gas flow through the gas turbine (3); wherein said flow conditioning arrangement (31) comprises a set of movable nozzle guide fins (15) at the entrance of the power turbine (7) to control the speed of the power turbine (7).
    公开号:BR112015015177A2
    申请号:R112015015177-9
    申请日:2013-12-18
    公开日:2020-09-29
    发明作者:Marco Santini
    申请人:Nuovo Pignone Srl；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [001] [001] The present invention relates to improvements to gas turbine systems used in mechanical drive applications. In particular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to gas turbine systems for driving compressors, for example, compressors for refrigerants in liquefied natural gas installations.
    [002] [002] The invention additionally relates to improvements in methods to operate a system comprising a gas turbine and a load, for example, a compressor for LNG or for oil and gas applications, a pump or other rotating equipment. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [003] [003] Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) results from a liquefaction process in which natural gas is cooled with the use of one or more refrigeration cycles in a cascade arrangement, until it becomes liquid. Natural gas is normally liquefied for storage or transportation purposes, for example, if pipeline transport is not feasible or economically unfeasible.
    [004] [004] Natural gas is cooled using closed or open refrigeration cycles. A refrigerant is processed in a compressor or compressors, condensed and expanded. Expanded and refrigerated refrigerant is used to remove heat from the natural gas flowing in a heat exchanger.
    [005] [005] LNG refrigerant compressors, compressors for pipeline applications or other rotary equipment for applications in the oil and gas industry are often driven by gas turbines. The availability of gas turbine power (that is, the power available on the turbine power axis) is dependent on ambient conditions, for example, air temperature, and other factors, such as aging. The availability of turbine power increases with decreasing temperatures and, conversely, decreases with increasing temperatures. This causes fluctuations in power availability both 24 hours and throughout the year, due to daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations.
    [006] [006] It has been suggested to provide an electric motor in combination with a gas turbine to drive a load, comprising, for example, one or more compressors. The electric motor is operated to add mechanical power to the load, to keep the general mechanical power on the load axis constant, when the turbine power availability decreases and / or the total mechanical power used to drive the load increases. This function of the electric motor is called the facilitator function. The same electric motor is also normally used as a starter motor, to accelerate the line of pipes (string) formed by the gas turbine and the load from zero to the rated speed.
    [007] [007] When excessive mechanical power is generated by the turbine, for example, if the ambient temperature falls below the expected temperature and there is a consequent increase in the power availability of the turbine, the excessive mechanical power generated by the gas turbine is converted into power using the electric facilitator motor as a generator.
    [008] [008] Figure 1 illustrates, schematically, a system comprising a gas turbine arranged for mechanical drive applications, that is, to drive a load other than an electric generator, in particular, to drive a compressor or compressor train. . The system 101 comprises a gas turbine 103. The gas turbine, on the other hand, is comprised of a gas generator 105 and a power turbine 107. The gas generator 105 is comprised of a compressor 109 and a high pressure turbine. 111. The gas generator 105 comprises a gas generator rotor that includes rotor 109R of compressor 109 and rotor 111R of high pressure turbine 111. Rotor 109R of compressor 109 and rotor 111R of high pressure turbine 111 are mounted on a common shaft and together form a gas generator rotor.
    [009] [009] Compressor 109 compresses the ambient air, which is delivered to a combustion chamber or combustion 113, in which the compressed air is mixed with a liquid or gaseous fuel and the fuel / air mixture is ignited to generate flue gas . The high-pressure, high-temperature flue gas is partially expanded in the high-pressure turbine 111. The mechanical power generated by the expansion of gas in the high-pressure turbine 111 is used to drive the compressor 109.
    [010] [010] The partially expanded and hot gas leaving the high pressure turbine 111 flows through the power turbine or low pressure turbine 107. The flue gas expands in the power turbine 107 to generate mechanical power that has become available in a load coupling shaft 115. The power available on the load coupling shaft 115 is used to drive a globally rated load 117 in rotation. The load 117 may comprise a compressor or a compressor train, for example. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the load 117 comprises a double compressor 117A, 117B.
    [011] [011] The rotor of the power turbine 107 is mechanically separated from the rotor of the gas generator, that is, not torsionally coupled to the same formed by the compressor rotor 109R and the high pressure turbine rotor 111R.
    [012] [012] The gas generator rotor is connected via an axis 119 to an auxiliary gearbox 121. The auxiliary gearbox 121 has an input shaft 123 which is mechanically connected to an electric motor 125 that operates as a starter. A torque converter 127 and optionally a clutch 129 are arranged between the start 125 and the input shaft 123 of the auxiliary gear 121.
    [013] [013] Starter 125 is connected to a power distribution network shown schematically in G.
    [014] [014] The electric motor or starter 125 is used to start the gas turbine 103. The start is carried out by energizing the electric motor 125 and rotating the gas generator rotor through the converter at a gradually increasing rotational speed. torque 127. Once enough air flows through compressor 109, the gas generator can be ignited by delivering fuel to combustion 113. The flue gases are transported through power turbine 107 and gas turbine 103 begins to flow. rotate the load 117. The torque converter 127 allows gradual acceleration of the gas turbine 103 while the electric motor 125 rotates at constant speed, according to the mains frequency.
    [015] [015] Numerical reference 131 indicates an electric motor that operates as a facilitator and is arranged at the end of the row of tubes comprising gas turbine 103 and load 117, opposite electric motor 125. Facilitator 131 converts electrical power into mechanical power to drive the load 117 in combination with the gas turbine 103, for example, when the available power of the gas turbine 103 falls, for example, due to the rising ambient temperature.
    [016] [016] System 101 is complex and large. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [017] [017] The present invention relates to providing a hybrid system, in which a dual-axis gas turbine is combined with a reversible electric machine that can be switched in an engine mode or in a generator mode. When switched to engine mode, the reversible electric machine can provide a facilitator or start function, depending on the operating conditions of the gas turbine system. When switched to generator mode, the reversible electric machine can convert available mechanical power, produced by burning a mixed fuel in a compressed air stream, into electrical power. Electrical power can be delivered to an electrical power distribution network. In some projects or under certain conditions, for example, in the event of loss or lack of an electrical power distribution network, the generator can supply electrical power to the ancillary installations and devices of the system comprising the gas turbine and the driven load through it.
    [018] [018] The gas turbine may comprise a gas generator with a gas generator compressor, a combustor and a high pressure turbine. The combustion gases from the combustion are delivered through the high pressure turbine to produce mechanical power, which is used to drive the gas generator compressor. The air ingested and compressed by the gas generator compressor is delivered to the combustion, mixed with a fuel stream and ignited to generate the flue gas stream. The partially expanded flue gas flow is further expanded in the power turbine to drive the load. The power turbine has a power rotor mounted for rotation on a power turbine shaft, which is mechanically independent from the gas generator rotor. To the reversible electric machine, that is, the electric generator / motor is mechanically compressed or connectable to the gas generator rotor, while the load is mechanically compressed through a load coupling or similar to the power turbine shaft. When the generator / electric motor operates as a motor, that is, it provides a facilitator function, the power of the generator / electric motor is transferred thermodynamically to the power turbine,
    [019] [019] According to some embodiments, a drive system for driving a load is provided in this way, which comprises a gas turbine consisting of: a gas generator that has a gas generator rotor and that comprises at least a gas generator compressor and a high pressure turbine that drives the gas generator compressor; and a power turbine having a power turbine rotor, which is torsionally independent of said gas generator rotor. Torsionally independent means that the power turbine rotor and the gas generator rotor can rotate at different rotational speeds and are constructed and arranged as mechanically separate members, with the power from the gas generator to the power turbine being transferred thermodynamically, through the flue gas flow. The drive system additionally comprises a load coupling that connects the power turbine rotor to the load and an electric generator / motor mechanically connected to the gas generator rotor and electrically connected to an electrical power network. The generator / electric motor is adapted to function alternatively: as a generator to convert the mechanical power of the said gas turbine into electrical power; and as a motor to supplement drive power to the load, that is, as a facilitator.
    [020] [020] In some embodiments, the electric generator / engine can be operated in engine mode to start the gas turbine. A separate start can therefore be dispensed with.
    [021] [021] A frequency converter can be provided between the generator / electric motor and the electric power network. The frequency converter allows the generator / electric motor to rotate at a speed that is independent of the frequency of electrical power. A variable operating frequency is used, for example, to gradually accelerate the gas turbine at startup, so that a torque converter is not required. The frequency converter is additionally used to condition electrical power generated by the generator / electric motor when the latter operates in generator mode and generates electrical energy at a frequency other than the grid frequency.
    [022] [022] The gas turbine may be provided with a flow conditioning arrangement, arranged and controlled to modify a flue gas or air flow through the gas turbine. A flow conditioning arrangement is one that has the ability to modify the flow of a gaseous stream through the gas turbine, for example, by modifying the cross-section at the entrance to a turbomachinery. In particular, the flow conditioning may comprise movable nozzle guide fins at the inlet of the power turbine. The movable nozzle guide fins can be controlled to modify the flow cross-section and, thus, the pressure conditions between the high pressure turbine and the power turbine. The action on the mobile nozzle guide fins causes a change in the enthalpy drop caused by the flue gas in the high pressure turbine and, therefore, in the enthalpy available at the power turbine inlet.
    [023] [023] In some additional embodiments, the flow conditioning arrangement may comprise movable inlet guide fins at the inlet of the gas generator compressor to modify the inflow condition of the air ingested by the gas generator compressor.
    [024] [024] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for driving a load with a gas turbine, said method comprising the steps of:
    [025] [025] The features and achievements are revealed in the present document below and are set out, in addition, in the attached claims, which form an integral part of this description. The brief description above establishes features of the various embodiments of the present invention so that the detailed description which follows can be better understood and in order that the present contributions to the technique can be better verified. There are, of course, other features of the invention which will be described hereinafter and which will be set out in the appended claims. In this regard, before explaining various embodiments of the invention in detail, it is understood that the various embodiments of the invention are not limited in their application to the details of the construction and the dispositions of the components set out in the description below or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other realizations and of being practiced and carried out in several ways. In addition, it should be understood that the phraseology and terminology used in this document are for the purpose of description and should not be considered as limiting.
    [026] [026] As such, those skilled in the art will find that the concept, upon which the invention is based, can readily be used as a basis for designing other structures, methods and / or systems to accomplish the various purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims are considered to include such equivalent constructions as they do not deviate from the scope of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [027] [027] A more complete verification of the achievements of the invention and many of the advantages present in them will be readily obtained as they become better understood by reference to the detailed description below when considered in connection with the attached Figures, in whereas: Figure 1 illustrates a gas turbine arrangement according to the prior art; Figures 2 and 3 illustrate two gas turbine arrangements according to the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE INVENTION
    [028] [028] The following detailed description of the achievements refers to the attached figures. The same numerical references in different figures identify the same or similar elements. Additionally, figures are not necessarily made to scale. In addition, the following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
    [029] [029] The reference throughout the specification to "an achievement" or "one (1) achievement" or "some achievements" means that the particular feature, structure or feature described in connection with an achievement is included in at least one achievement of the invention. Thus, the phrase "in one achievement" or "in one (1) achievement" or "in some achievements", which appears in several places throughout the specification, does not necessarily refer to the same achievement (s). particular resources, structures or characteristics can be combined in any suitable way into one or more realizations.
    [030] [030] Figure 2 illustrates a first embodiment of the present invention. A mechanical drive system 1 comprises a gas turbine 3. The gas turbine 3 comprises a gas generator 5 and a power turbine or low pressure turbine 7. The gas generator 5 can be comprised of a gas generator compressor gas 9 and a high pressure turbine 11. The compressor rotor is shown schematically in 9R and the high pressure turbine rotor is shown in 11R. Rotors 9R and 11R are mounted on a common axis 6 and together form a rotor for a gas generator 5R.
    [031] [031] The gas generator compressor 9 compresses ambient air, which is delivered to a combustion 13. In combustion 13, fuel is added to the air flow and a fuel / air mixture is formed and ignited. The flue gas generated in the combustion is delivered to the high pressure turbine 11 and partially expands there, generating mechanical power. The mechanical power generated by the high pressure turbine 11 is used to drive the gas generator compressor 9.
    [032] [032] The partially expanded flue gas flows through the power turbine 7, where it expands, additionally, to generate additional mechanical power. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2, the power turbine 7 is comprised of movable nozzle guide fins shown schematically at 15. The movable nozzle guide fins 15 can be used to modify the flue gas flow conditions that enters the power turbine 7. In some embodiments, the mobile nozzle guide fins 15 can be used to modify the flue gas flow section, thereby increasing or decreasing the pressure at the outlet of the high pressure turbine 11 Increasing the gas pressure at the outlet of the high pressure turbine 11 reduces the enthalpy drop through the high pressure turbine
    [033] [033] The power turbine axis 17 is connected, through a load coupling axis 19, to a load shown, in general, at 21, which is driven in rotation by the power available on the power turbine axis 17 and generated by gas expansion in the power turbine 7. In some embodiments, the load 21 may include one or more compressors, for example, two compressors 21A, 21B as shown by way of example in the embodiment of Figure 2.
    [034] [034] In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, a direct coupling is provided between the power turbine axis 17 and the load coupling axis 19. The load thus rotates at the same rotational speed as the power turbine. One or more joints can be arranged between the power turbine 7 and the load 21, for example, one or more flexible joints, to adjust angular misalignments and / or to compensate for thermal expansion of the coupling. In other embodiments not shown, a speed manipulation system, such as a gearbox, can be arranged between power turbine 7 and load 21, for example, when power turbine 7 and load 21 rotate at different rotational speeds.
    [035] [035] In some embodiments, the cold end of the gas turbine, that is, the end opposite the power turbine 7, can be connected to a reversible electrical machine, that is, an electrical machine that can selectively operate as a electric generator or an electric motor. The reversible electric machine will be called, in the present document below, an electric generator / motor 23.
    [036] [036] The electric motor generator 23 can be electrically connected to an electrical power distribution network shown schematically in G. Preferably, the electric motor generator 23 is combined with an electrical power conditioning unit, for example, a variable frequency driver 25. For purposes that will become clearer later, the variable frequency driver 25 allows the generator / electric motor 23 to rotate at a speed that is independent of the electrical frequency in the G network, so that the generator / electric motor 23 can be used to start power turbine 3 and / or to supply additional mechanical power to system 1, for example, when the available power of gas turbine 3 drops, allowing the gas turbine to rotate at a speed which is independent of the network frequency. The same variable frequency drive also allows the generator / electric motor to operate in the generator mode and supply electrical power to the grid, rotating the generator / electric motor 23 at a speed different from and independent of the grid frequency.
    [037] [037] In a particular case, the drive system 1 may comprise an electric generator 23 that has a constant rotational speed. In this case, the electrical generator 23 must rotate at a substantially constant speed to supply electrical power to the grid at the grid frequency. In this configuration, a VFD (a variable frequency drive) is not required.
    [038] [038] Since a substantially constant rotational speed of electrical generator 23 is desirable, the power supplied on axis 6 needs to be regulated correctly.
    [039] [039] The mobile nozzle guide fins 15 of the power turbine 7 allow a constant adjustment of the enthalpy drop in the high pressure turbine 11, consequently regulating the rotational speed of the axis 6 and the speed of the electric generator 23 that can be maintained substantially constant.
    [040] [040] Between axis 6 of gas generator 5 and electric generator / motor 23, an auxiliary gearbox 27 can be provided. Gearbox 27 can be used to drive one or more auxiliary installations, such as lubricating oil pumps and the like, combined with gas turbine 3. In other embodiments, gearbox 27 can be omitted and a direct drive can be provided between generator / electric motor 23 and gas generator 5.
    [041] [041] In some embodiments, a clutch 29 can be interposed between the generator / electric motor 23 and the auxiliary gearbox
    [042] [042] The operation of the system described so far is as follows.
    [043] [043] To start the system, generator / electric motor 23 is switched to motor mode and energized to operate as a start. Through the variable frequency drive 25 the generator / electric motor 23 is boosted with a gradually increasing electrical frequency so that the rotational speed of the motor / generator 23 can accelerate. Clutch 29 transmits the rotation of the generator / electric motor shaft 23A to the auxiliary gearbox 27 and to the gas generator rotor 5R.
    [044] [044] When a sufficient air flow rate at the outlet of the gas generator compressor 9 has been reached, the combustion 13 can be ignited and the gas generator 5 starts to operate. A flow of hot pressurized combustion gas is formed in the combustion 13 and delivered through the high pressure turbine 11, which gradually assumes the function of rotating the gas generator compressor 9, and through the power turbine 7.
    [045] [045] The activation of the gas generator 5 is finally assumed entirely by the high pressure turbine 11 and the power turbine 7 gradually accelerates, driving the load 21 in rotation.
    [046] [046] When the gas turbine 1 has reached a steady state condition, the electric generator / motor 23 can be established in a non-operating condition and can be driven in free rotation (free running) if no clutch is provided between the generator / electric motor 238 and gas turbine 3. Alternatively, if a clutch 29 is provided, the generator / electric motor 23 can remain stationary. Gas turbine 3 provides sufficient power to drive load 21. However, as is evident from the description below, in some situations, generator / electric motor 23 may be required to supplement power to the gas turbine. The generator / electric motor will be switched to motor mode and will operate as a facilitator (called a facilitator function). In some other situations, the electric generator / motor 23 may be required to absorb available mechanical power from the gas turbine to generate electrical power. Electric generator / motor 23 will then be switched to generator mode.
    [047] [047] More specifically, operating the generator / electric motor 23 as a facilitator may be required, for example, when the power generated by the power turbine 3 becomes available on the power turbine axis 17 is insufficient to drive the load 21 at the required speed. The electric generator / motor 23 can be operated in the engine mode also in other situations, for example, in order to save fuel and instead use electrical energy. This can be useful, for example, at night, when the cost of electricity available from the electrical distribution network G is less than the cost of fuel.
    [048] [048] Conversely, the generator / electric motor 23 can be switched to the generator mode, for example, in case of loss of network, that is, when electrical power from the electrical power distribution network G is not available. In this case, the electric generator / motor 23 will supply electric power to power the system and any other installation or auxiliary unit associated with it.
    [049] [049] In some embodiments, the electric generator / motor 23 can be set to operate in generator mode also if the available power of the gas turbine exceeds the power required to drive the load and, for example, the cost of electricity is higher than the cost of fuel, for example, during peak hours, so that producing electricity using fossil fuel (liquid or gaseous) and selling the electricity produced becomes economically advantageous. Under some circumstances, the generator / electric motor 23 can be switched to generator mode as well to correct the power factor.
    [050] [050] An electronic gas turbine controller 31 can be provided to control system 1 in several different modes of operation.
    [051] [051] Several factors can modify the operating conditions of system 1, making surplus power from the gas turbine 3 available or requiring additional power to drive load 21. For example, if load 21 comprises one or more compressors, the flow of gas through the compressors can oscillate, thereby causing an oscillation in the power required to drive the load.
    [052] [052] Environmental conditions, in particular ambient temperature, can modify the operating conditions of the gas turbine 3. At increasing ambient temperature the power available on the power turbine shaft 17 of the power turbine 7 reduces. conversely, room temperature causes an increase in the availability of the gas turbine outlet 3.
    [053] [053] When the generator / electric motor operates in the generator mode, the variable frequency drive 25 allows the generator / electric motor 23 to rotate at a frequency that is not synchronous with the frequency of the electrical power distribution network G. A The electrical power generated by the generator 23 will then be conditioned by the variable frequency drive 25 so that the electrical power delivered to the electrical power distribution network G is identical to the network frequency. When the generator / electric motor 23 operates in the motor mode, the variable frequency drive 25 allows the motor to rotate at the required speed, which corresponds to the rotational speed of the gas generator rotor R, the said speed being independent of the electrical frequency of the electrical power distribution network G. The rotating speed of the gas generator thus becomes independent of the network frequency.
    [054] [054] For a better understanding of the operation of the system described so far, different examples of operating conditions will now be described.
    [055] [055] The system is normally controlled based on a signal provided by a charge controller 30. Charge controller 30 generates a control signal, which is delivered to the gas turbine controller 31. In some embodiments, the charge controller load 30 provides a speed signal, that is, a signal corresponding to the rotational speed, which load 21 is required to rotate. The speed signal can be expressed in terms of a percentage of the rated speed of the power turbine shaft 17. Start from a constant state condition, with the power turbine 7 being boosted to, for example, 95% of the rated speed therefrom, if a higher flow rate through the compressors 21A, 21B is required, the load controller 30 will deliver to the turbine controller 31 a signal demanding acceleration of the power turbine shaft 17, for example at 100% of the rotational speed rated power turbine 7. The gas turbine controller 31 will increase the fuel flow rate until the required rotational speed has been reached. The additional fuel flow rate generates more power, which is used to process a higher fluid flow rate in the compressor 21.
    [056] [056] Although the required rotational speed is within the range that can be reached by the gas turbine (which can operate, for example, between 50% and 105% of the rated rotational speed), in some operating conditions the power available on the shaft turbine power 17 may be insufficient to achieve the required rotational speed. For example, if the ambient temperature is higher than the expected temperature value, the turbine will not be able to reach the maximum expected power.
    [057] [057] The maximum power available on the power turbine shaft 17 is reached when the exhaust gas temperature, that is, the temperature at the power turbine outlet, reaches a defined point of maximum temperature. In some embodiments, the gas turbine controller 31 can interface with an exhaust gas temperature sensor 32. If the maximum exhaust gas temperature is reached and the required rotational speed (for example, 100% of the rated speed in the present example) has not been reached, the gas turbine controller 31 determines that the available power of the gas turbine 3 is insufficient to drive the load at the rotational speed required by the load controller 30. The generator / electric motor 23 must be switched in engine mode and provide extra power to drive the load. This can be done automatically, that is, under the sole control of the gas turbine controller 31. In other embodiments, the gas turbine controller 31 can trigger a request to start the electric generator / motor 23, and an operator will enable the generator / electric motor 23 to operate as a facilitator.
    [058] [058] Once the generator / electric motor 23 has started, it will convert electrical power into mechanical power available on axis 6 of the 5R gas generator rotor. The resistive torque on the gas generator rotor shaft 6 will therefore drop and the speed of the gas generator rotor 5R increases. A speed sensor 33 can provide a speed signal to the gas turbine controller 31. When the speed of the gas generator rotor 5R increases, the gas turbine controller 31 will act on the movable nozzle guide fins 15, reducing the cross-sectional area through which the gas is flowing, thereby increasing the pressure at the outlet of the high-pressure turbine 11 and, consequently, at the inlet of the power turbine 7. The drop in enthalpy through the high-pressure turbine decreases , while the enthalpy drop through the power turbine 7 increases, leaving more mechanical power available on the power turbine shaft 17. The increased enthalpy available at the input of the power turbine 7 accelerates the power turbine axis 17 and the load 21 until the required rotational speed is achieved and maintained.
    [059] [059] The generator / electric motor 23 operating in the facilitator mode therefore provides additional mechanical power to drive the gas generator compressor 9, so that more flue gas power is available and can be transferred from the high pressure turbine. 11 for the power turbine 7 and becomes available to drive the load 21.
    [060] [060] An additional situation can be attributed in which the defined loading speed cannot be reached, due to the low availability of fuel. In this case, the engine / generator 23 is again operated in the facilitator mode to supply additional mechanical power to the high pressure turbine shaft 6, thereby increasing the drop in enthalpy available through the power turbine 7. The gas power combustion is transferred from the high pressure turbine to the power turbine and becomes available to drive the load.
    [061] [061] Whenever the engine / generator 23 is operated in engine mode to provide mechanical power to the gas turbine, the resistive torque reduction on the 5R gas generator rotor displaces the enthalpy drop available from the high pressure turbine 11 for the power turbine 7.
    [062] [062] As described above, in some conditions the facilitator mode can be triggered when the requested rotational speed cannot be achieved only with the use of the available power of the gas turbine, that is, when the fuel delivery has reached the maximum value without reaching the requested rotational speed of the power turbine. However, in some circumstances, system 1 can be controlled so that part of the power required to drive the load 21 is delivered by the generator / electric motor operating in the facilitator mode, limiting the fuel flow rate in order to save fuel up to even if the gas turbine has the capacity to supply enough power to drive the load by itself. This can be done, for example, when the cost per unit of electricity is less than the cost of the equivalent amount of fuel, for example, at night. It can be economically advantageous to operate the load 21 in a hybrid mode, combining electrical power from the generator / electric motor 23 operating in the facilitator mode, with mechanical power generated by the gas turbine, with the turbine being operated at a lower power rate. than its maximum power rating, with a reduced amount of fuel delivered to it. The mode of operation of the system will be the same as described above, but the generator / electric motor will be put into operation in the facilitator mode (engine mode) before the flue gas temperature in the pipe reaches the maximum set point value.
    [063] [063] When the drive system 1 comprises an electric motor 23, the set of movable nozzle guide fins 15 allows to avoid dangerous super speed of the gas turbine 3. In particular, if the rotating speed of the high pressure turbine 11 is close at maximum operating speed and the power turbine 7 requires additional power, the intervention of the electric motor 23 runs the risk of passing the physical limits of the machine, creating damage to the gas turbine.
    [064] [064] In order to avoid over-speeding the high pressure turbine 11, it is possible to move the mobile nozzle guide vanes 15 in order to regulate the power transferred to the power turbine 7. When closing the mobile nozzle guide vanes 15, the power is transferred from the high pressure turbine 11 to the power turbine 7. In this way, the power delivered to the drive system 1 by the electric motor 23 does not overload the axis of the high pressure turbine 11, but is transferred to the turbine power 7.If the available power of the gas turbine exceeds the power required to drive the load 21, the generator / electric motor 23 can be switched to generator mode and driven in rotation, exploiting part of the available mechanical power of the turbine to gas to produce electrical power. Whether or not the electric motor / generator is switched to generator mode to convert part of the available mechanical power from the gas turbine to electrical power or whether the output turbine power is simply reduced by reducing the fuel flow rate depends , for example, of the real economic convenience of exploiting fuel to generate electrical power, or if the electrical power distribution network is unavailable. Additional considerations must be given to the effect of load reduction on the efficiency of the gas turbine and the potential negative effect of load reduction on the chemical composition of the flue gas. As known to those skilled in the art, in fact,
    [065] [065] In order to optimize the operation of the gas turbine and / or to produce useful electrical power in case of reduced power demand by the load and / or to supply electrical power to the plant in case of loss of network, the electric generator / motor 23 can operate in generator mode to generate electrical power.
    [066] [066] Assuming that the generator / electric motor 23 is connected to the electrical power distribution network G and that the power turbine is operating at a lower power than the maximum rated power, the flue gas temperature will be below the point maximum temperature set. This situation indicates that the turbine can generate more power than is actually necessary to drive the load 21. The generator / electric motor 23 is switched to the generator mode and begins to operate. The resistive torque on axis 6 of the gas generator rotor 5R increases and the rotational speed of the gas generator rotor 5R drops. The speed reduction is detected by the rotating speed sensor 33. The gas turbine controller 31 acts on the movable nozzle guide fins 15 to neutralize the speed drop by opening the nozzle guide fins 15. This results in fact that the flue gas causes a greater enthalpy drop in the high pressure turbine
    [067] [067] Consequently, the rotating speed of the power turbine 7 and the output shaft 17 will decrease. The reduction in rotational speed is detected by the load controller 30, for example, through a speed sensor 34. The fuel valve 36 is opened to increase the fuel flow rate, thereby neutralizing the reduction in the rotational speed of power turbine, maintaining the required load rotational speed or bringing said load rotary speed back to the required value. This process is repeated in an iterative manner, thereby increasing, at each stage, the power generated by the electric generator / motor 23 and compensating for the drop in the speed of the power turbine by increasing the fuel flow rate. This process can be repeated until the maximum exhaust temperature is reached, or the maximum capacity of the electric generator / motor 23 is reached, whichever comes first. The system will then be maintained in this operating condition, moving the gas turbine 3 at a higher general power level, converting the excessive mechanical power into electrical power. More efficient fuel consumption and potentially a reduction in harmful emissions are also achieved, with the gas turbine being operated closer to the expected point.
    [068] [068] In some embodiments, the gas generator compressor 9 can be supplied with movable inlet guide fins. The latter can be controlled to modulate the inlet cross section based on the ambient temperature and / or the rotational speed of the compressor.
    [069] [069] Figure 3 illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention. The same or equivalent components, parts or elements as shown in Figure 2 are indicated with the same numerical references. The mechanical drive system 1 of Figure 3 comprises a gas turbine 3. The gas turbine 3 is, in turn, comprised of a gas generator 5 and a power turbine or low pressure turbine 7. In some embodiments, the gas generator 5 can be comprised of a gas generator compressor 9 and a high pressure turbine 11. The compressor rotor is shown schematically in 9R and the high pressure turbine rotor is shown in 11R. Rotors 9R and 11R are mounted on a common axis 6 and together form a rotor for a gas generator 5R.
    [070] [070] The gas generator compressor 9 is provided with movable inlet guide vanes shown schematically in 16. Movable inlet guide vanes 16 can be controlled to modify the air inlet flow rate, depending on operating conditions of the gas turbine and the load driven through it, as will be described in greater detail later. Contrary to the previously described embodiment of Figure 2, the power turbine 7 is not provided with movable nozzle guide fins.
    [071] [071] The gas turbine 3 in Figure 3 can be, for example, an aeroderivative gas turbine, such as a PGT25 or PGT25 +, available from GE Oil & Gas, Florence, Italy. In other embodiments, the gas turbine 3 can be a heavy-duty gas turbine.
    [072] [072] The gas generator compressor 9 ingests and compresses ambient air. Compressed air is delivered to a combustion 13 and mixed with fuel. The fuel / air mixture formed in the combustion is ignited to generate a flue gas flow that is delivered to the high pressure turbine 11 and partially expands there, generating mechanical power. The mechanical power generated by the high pressure turbine 11 is used to drive the gas generator compressor 9.
    [073] [073] The partially expanded flue gas of the high pressure turbine 11 flows through the power turbine 7, where it expands further and generates additional mechanical power to drive a load.
    [074] [074] The power turbine 7 is comprised of a power turbine rotor 7R mounted on a power turbine axis 17, which is torsionally independent of the axis 6 of the gas generator 5, that is, the turbine axis of power 17 rotates independently of axis 6 of the gas generator shaft 5R.
    [075] [075] The power turbine axis 17 is connected, through a load coupling axis 19, to a load shown, in general, at 21, which is driven in rotation by the power available on the power turbine axis 17 and generated by gas expansion in the power turbine 7. A joint, or more than one joint, clutches or speed handling devices (not shown) can be arranged between the power turbine 7 and the load 21. In some embodiments, the load 21 may include one or more compressors, for example, two compressors 21A, 21B as shown by way of example in the embodiment of Figure 3.
    [076] [076] The cold end of the gas turbine can be connected to a generator / electric motor 23. The latter can be connected electrically to an electrical power distribution network shown schematically in G. The generator / electric motor 23 can be combined with an electrical power conditioning unit, for example, a variable frequency drive 25. The electrical power conditioning unit 25 allows the electric generator / motor 23 to rotate at a speed that is independent of the electrical frequency in the G network to the reasons mentioned above in connection with the realization of Figure 2.
    [077] [077] Between axis 6 of gas generator 5 and electric generator / motor 23, an auxiliary gearbox 27 can be provided. In other embodiments, gearbox 27 may be omitted and a direct drive may be provided between the generator / electric motor 23 and the gas generator 5. In some embodiments, a clutch 29 may be interposed between the generator / electric motor 23 and the axis 6 of the gas generator 5.
    [078] [078] The start of the gas turbine 3 can be carried out as already described in relation to the realization of Figure 2, with the use of the generator / electric motor as a start.
    [079] [079] During the operation of system 1, under some conditions, the generator / electric motor 23 can operate as a facilitator. Electric generator / motor 23 will then be switched to engine mode to convert electrical power into mechanical power and supplementary mechanical power to the gas turbine 3. Operating electric generator / motor 23 in engine mode may be required, for example, when the power generated by the power turbine 3 and which makes it available on the power turbine axis 17 is insufficient to drive the load 21 at the required speed. Similar to what has been described in connection with the realization of Figure 2, the generator / electric motor 23 can be operated in engine mode also in other situations, for example, in order to save fuel and instead use energy electrical.
    [080] [080] Conversely, the generator / electric motor 23 can be switched to the generator mode, for example, in case of loss of network, that is, when the electrical power of the electrical power distribution network G is not available . In this case, the electric generator / motor 23 will supply electric power to enhance the system and any other installation or auxiliary unit associated with it. The electric generator / motor can also be operated in the generator mode in other circumstances, for example, to correct the power factor of the system, or to increase the total load on the gas turbine, thereby reducing harmful emissions and improving the efficiency of the gas turbine, in situations where the load 21 requires reduced power.
    [081] [081] For a better understanding of the flexibility of the drive system 1 to cover various possible operating conditions and for a clearer understanding of how to control the system, reference will be made below in this document to some typical situations, which may occur during the operation.
    [082] [082] The system is normally controlled based on a signal provided by a charge controller 30. Charge controller 30 generates a control signal, which is delivered to a gas turbine controller 31. In some embodiments, the controller load 30 provides a speed signal, i.e., a signal which is a function of the required load rotational speed. As already mentioned in connection with the realization of Figure 2, the speed signal can be expressed in terms of a percentage of the nominal speed of the power turbine axis 17. Starting from a constant state condition, with the power turbine 7 being boosted to, for example, 95% of its nominal speed, if a higher flow rate through the compressors 21A, 21B is required, the load controller 30 will deliver to the turbine controller 31 a signal requiring acceleration of the turbine shaft of power 17, for example, at 100% of the rated rotating speed of the power turbine 7. A gas turbine controller 31 will increase the fuel flow rate, until the required rotational speed has been achieved.
    [083] [083] As noted above in relation to the realization of Figure 2, in some operating conditions, the power available on the power turbine shaft 17 may be insufficient to achieve the required rotational speed. For example, if the ambient temperature is higher than the expected temperature value, the turbine will not be able to reach the maximum expected power. As noted above, the maximum power on the power turbine shaft 17 is reached when the exhaust gas temperature reaches a defined maximum temperature point, which can be detected using an exhaust gas temperature sensor, not shown in Figure 3, similar to sensor 32 in Figure 2. If the maximum exhaust gas temperature is reached and the required rotational speed has not been reached, the gas turbine controller 31 determines that the available power of the gas turbine 3 is insufficient for drive load 21. Electric generator / motor 23 is thus switched to motor mode and provides additional power to drive load 21.
    [084] [084] Once generator / electric motor 23 has started, it will convert electrical power into mechanical power available on axis 6 of the 5R gas generator rotor. The resistive torque on the gas generator rotor shaft 6 will drop and the speed of the gas generator rotor 5R will increase. A speed sensor 33 can provide a speed signal to the gas turbine controller 31. When the speed of the gas generator rotor 5R increases, the gas turbine controller 31 will act on the movable inlet guide fins 16, increasing the cross section of the entry guide fins. Opening the intake guide fins will cause the rate of air flow through the gas generator compressor 9 and thereby the rate of flue gas flow through the power turbine 7 to increase. This will leave more mechanical power available on the turbine shaft 17 to drive the load 21, thereby increasing its rotational speed.
    [085] [085] In fact, the increased air flow rate ingested by the gas generator compressor 9 will reduce the flue gas temperature, and thus the turbine controller 31 will increase the fuel flow rate, to the point set temperature is reached again. The higher enthalpy and the higher flue gas flow rate at the inlet of the power turbine 7 will generate more mechanical power on the power shaft 17. At the same time, the higher air flow rate through the gas generator compressor 9 will cause a reduction of the rotating speed of the gas generator rotor, as more power is required to process the increased air flow rate.
    [086] [086] The supplementary power supplied by the generator / electric motor 23 operating in the facilitator mode is transferred,
    [087] [087] An additional situation in which the established loading speed cannot be achieved may be due to the low availability of fuel. In this case, the engine / generator 23 is again operated in the facilitator mode, to supply additional mechanical power to the high pressure turbine shaft 6. The inlet guide fins 16 are opened to increase the air flow rate and, in similar to the situation previously described, the additional power of the flue gas is transferred from the high pressure turbine to the power turbine, and made available to drive the load 21.
    [088] [088] As mentioned above, in some circumstances, system 1 can be controlled so that part of the power required to drive the load 21 is delivered by the generator / electric motor 23 operating in the facilitator mode, limiting the flow rate of fuel in order to save / save fuel even if the gas turbine has the ability to supply enough power to drive the load by itself. This can be done, for example, when the cost per unit of electricity is less than the cost of the equivalent amount of fuel, for example, at night. The electric generator / motor 23 is, in this case, put into operation in the facilitator mode (engine mode) before the flue gas temperature in the pipe reaches the maximum set point value.
    [089] [089] If the available power of the gas turbine exceeds the power required to drive the load 21, the generator / electric motor 23 can be switched to the generator mode and driven in rotation exploiting part of the available mechanical power of the gas turbine to produce electrical power.
    [090] [090] Assuming that the electric generator / motor 23 is connected to the electrical power distribution network G and that the power turbine 7 is operating at a lower power than the maximum rated power, the flue gas temperature will be below maximum temperature set point. This situation indicates that the turbine can generate more power than is actually used to drive the load 21. The generator / electric motor 23 is switched to the generator mode and begins to operate. The resistive torque on axis 6 of the gas generator rotor 5R increases and the rotational speed of the gas generator rotor 5R drops. The air flow ingested by the gas generator compressor 9 is thereby reduced, and this results in a reduction in the rate of flue gas flow through the power turbine 7. Less power will thus be available to drive the power turbine 7.
    [091] [091] Consequently, the rotating speed of the power turbine 7 and the output shaft 17 will decrease. The rotational speed drop is detected by the controller 30, for example, through a speed sensor 34. The fuel valve 36 is opened to increase the fuel flow rate, thereby neutralizing the reduction of the rotating speed of the turbine. maintaining or bringing the rotating speed of the load back to the required value. This process is repeated in an iterative manner, thereby increasing, at each stage, the power generated by the electric generator / motor 23 and compensating for the drop in the speed of the power turbine by increasing the fuel flow rate. This process can be repeated until the maximum exhaust temperature (for example, detected by sensor 32) is reached, or the maximum capacity of the generator / electric motor 23 is reached, whichever comes first. The system will then be maintained in the operating condition achieved in this way, propelling the gas turbine 3 at a higher overall power level. Excessive mechanical power is converted to electrical power. More efficient fuel consumption and potentially better harmful emissions (reduction of harmful emissions) are also achieved, with the gas turbine being operated closer to the expected point.
    [092] [092] In the previously described realizations, a load controller and a gas turbine controller in interface with respective sensors and actuators were described. It must be understood that, in some embodiments, control can be performed by a single control device connected to the various sensors and actuators. What matters is that the operating parameters described above can be detected and the respective actuators can operate with the required devices, for example, to adjust the fuel flow rate and the like.
    [093] [093] Although the achievements of this document have been shown in the drawings and completely described above with particularity and details in connection with various achievements, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, changes and omissions are possible without departing materially from the teachings innovators, the principles and concepts established in this document, and the advantages of the matter mentioned in the attached claims. Therefore, the appropriate scope of the disclosed innovations should be determined only by the broadest interpretation of the attached claims to cover all such modifications, changes and omissions. In addition, the order or sequence of any method or process step can be varied or resequenced according to alternative achievements.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    CLAIMS 1 DRIVING SYSTEM (1) for driving a load (21), characterized by the fact that it comprises: a gas turbine (3) comprising: a gas generator (5) that has a gas generator rotor (5R ) and which comprises at least one gas generator compressor (9) and a high pressure turbine (11) that drives said gas generator compressor (9); and a power turbine (7) having a power turbine rotor (7R), said power turbine rotor (7R) being torsionally independent of said gas generator rotor (5R); a load coupling (19) that connects the power turbine rotor (7R) to the load (21); an electric generator / motor (23) mechanically connected to the gas generator rotor (5R) and electrically connected to an electrical power network (G); wherein said electric generator / motor (23) is adapted to function alternatively: as a generator to convert mechanical power of said gas turbine (3) into electrical power (G); and as a motor to supplement drive power for the load (21); a flow conditioning arrangement (31), arranged and controlled to modify a flue gas flow through the gas turbine (3); wherein said flow conditioning arrangement (31) comprises a set of movable nozzle guide fins (15) at the entrance of the power turbine (7) to control the speed of the power turbine (7).
    [2]
    2. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that said electric generator / motor
    (23) provides a starting installation to start the gas turbine (3).
    [3]
    DRIVE SYSTEM (1), according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that said load (21) comprises at least one compressor (21A, 21B).
    [4]
    DRIVE SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises a mechanical clutch (29) between the generator / electric motor (23) and the generator rotor. gas (5R).
    [5]
    5. DRIVE SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that said electric generator / motor (23) is permanently connected to the gas generator rotor (5R).
    [6]
    6. DRIVE SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises a frequency converter (25) between the generator / electric motor (23) and the power grid electrical (G), and said frequency converter (25) is configured and controlled to condition the electrical frequency of the electrical power network (G) for the generator / electric motor (23) and the generator / electric motor (23) for the electric power network (G).
    [7]
    7. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by the fact that said flow conditioning arrangement (31) is configured and controlled so that: when said electric generator / motor (23) functions as a motor, additional power delivered by said generator / electric motor (23) is transferred thermodynamically from the gas generator (5) to the power turbine (7); and when said generator / electric motor (23) functions as a generator, mechanical power generated by said high pressure turbine (11) is converted by the generator / electric motor (23) into electrical power (G).
    [8]
    8. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises a fuel control system (36) to control a fuel flow rate for the gas generator (5) ; and wherein said fuel control system (36) is arranged and controlled to adjust said fuel flow rate so as to maintain the required rotational speed of the power turbine rotor (11R).
    [9]
    9. DRIVE SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by the fact that the movable nozzle guide fins (15) are arranged and controlled so that, when the generator / electric motor ( 23) a rotary speed reduction of the gas generator rotor (5R) is established in the generator mode due to increased resistive torque caused by the generator / electric motor (23) is neutralized by opening the movable nozzle guide fins ( 15) in order to increase an enthalpy drop in the high pressure turbine (11).
    [10]
    10. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by the fact that said mobile nozzle guide fins (15) are arranged and controlled so that, when the generator / electric motor (23) it is established in the engine mode, an increase in the rotating speed of the gas generator rotor (5R) due to reduced resistive torque is neutralized by closing the movable nozzle guide fins (15) in order to reduce drop of enthalpy in the high pressure turbine (11) and increase the enthalpy available at the input of the power turbine (7).
    [11]
    11. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 8, characterized by the fact that said flow conditioning arrangement (31) comprises a set of variable inlet guide fins (16) in the gas generator inlet (5).
    [12]
    12. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to claim 11, characterized by the fact that said variable input guide fins (16) are arranged and controlled so that when the electric generator / motor (23) is established in generator mode, a reduction in the rotating speed of the gas generator rotor (5R) due to increased resistive torque is neutralized by reducing the air flow through said variable inlet fins (16).
    [13]
    13. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 8 to 12, characterized by the fact that said fuel control system (36) is arranged and controlled so that, when the generator / electric motor ( 23) in the generator mode, a rotating speed reduction of the gas generator rotor (5R) due to increased resistive torque is neutralized, increasing the fuel flow rate.
    [14]
    14. DRIVING SYSTEM (1), according to any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized by the fact that said variable input guide fins (16) are arranged and controlled so that when the electric generator / motor ( 23) it is established in the engine mode, an increase in the rotating speed of the gas generator rotor (5R) due to reduced resistive torque is neutralized by increasing the air flow through said variable inlet guide fins (16).
    [15]
    15. - METHOD FOR DRIVING A LOAD (21) WITH A GAS TURBINE (3), characterized by the fact that the said method comprises the steps of: compressing combustion air in a gas generator compressor
    (9) which has a gas generator rotor (5R);
    mixing said combustion air with a fuel, igniting an air / fuel mixture and generating compressed combustion gas;
    partially expand the flue gas in a high pressure turbine (11) and generate mechanical power to drive said gas generator compressor (9);
    further expanding the flue gas in a power turbine (7) which has a power turbine shaft (7R) which is torsionally disconnected from said high pressure turbine (11);
    driving a load (21) with said power turbine axis (7R);
    mechanically connect a generator / electric motor (23) to the gas generator rotor (5R) and electrically connect said generator / electric motor (23) to an electrical power network (G);
    selectively operate said electric motor / generator (23):
    in an engine mode to convert electrical power into supplementary mechanical power, deliver said supplemental mechanical power to said gas generator rotor (5R), transfer thermodynamically the additional power to said power turbine (3 ) and converting said additional power into mechanical power to drive said load (21);
    in a generator mode to convert available mechanical power from the gas generator rotor (5R) to electrical power;
    providing a flow conditioning arrangement (31) comprising a set of movable nozzle guide fins (15) at the inlet of the power turbine (7) to modify a flue gas flow through the power turbine (3) to, selectively:
    decrease the power transferred from the gas generator (5) to the power turbine (3) and convert the mechanical power available from the high pressure turbine (11) into electrical power; or increasing power transferred from the gas generator (5) to the power turbine (3), when said electric generator / motor (23) operates as a motor and supplements mechanical power to the gas generator rotor (5R).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    AU2013369436A1|2015-07-02|
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    WO2014102127A1|2014-07-03|
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    CN104995376A|2015-10-21|
    CA2894762A1|2014-07-03|
    US20150345385A1|2015-12-03|
    EP2935802B1|2020-09-02|
    ITFI20120292A1|2014-06-25|
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    法律状态:
    2020-10-06| B15G| Petition not considered as such [chapter 15.7 patent gazette]|Free format text: PETICAO 870160067338 NAO CONHECIDA POR FALTA DE FUNDAMENTACAO LEGAL. ART 219(III) DA LPI. |
    2020-10-20| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2020-12-15| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-11-23| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|
    2022-01-18| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ITFI2012A000292|2012-12-24|
    IT000292A|ITFI20120292A1|2012-12-24|2012-12-24|"GAS TURBINES IN MECHANICAL DRIVE APPLICATIONS AND OPERATING METHODS"|
    PCT/EP2013/077261|WO2014102127A1|2012-12-24|2013-12-18|Gas turbines in mechanical drive applications and operating methods|
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