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    • 专利摘要:
    method to control an electric power generator, and, installation of wind power. the invention relates to a method for controlling an electric power generator (1) that is connected to an electrical supply network (4) at a network connection point (2), said method comprising the steps of detecting at least one network property of the electrical supply network (4) related to the network connection point (2), and controlling the generator (1) in such a way that it feeds power to the electrical supply network (4) depending on the network property incorporated.
    公开号:BR112015000501B1
    申请号:R112015000501-2
    申请日:2013-07-03
    公开日:2021-07-20
    发明作者:Volker Diedrichs；Kai Busker；Alfred Beekmann
    申请人:Wobben Properties Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [001] The present invention relates to a method for controlling an electrical power generator that is connected to an electrical supply network at a network connection point. Furthermore, the present invention relates to such an electrical power generator.
    [002] The supply of electrical power to an electrical supply network, such as the European grid or the US power grid, is generally known. The electrical supply network as described below refers to the widely accepted alternating current voltage network. This does not exclude the presence of direct current voltage sections in the network. Likewise, frequency independent aspects can generally also refer to the direct current voltage network. Historically, energy is fed into an electrical supply network by a large power station that drives a synchronous generator using primary energy such as coal, nuclear power or gas. Depending on the number of pole pairs and the speed of the synchronous generator, this generator supplies the supply network with a certain frequency. The synchronous generator can be technically controlled in such a way as to adjust the output, for example. However, such an adjustment process can take a long time.
    [003] With situations of change in the supply network that must be powered, the physical reaction of the synchronous generator often causes a change in a network condition, at least for a short time. For example, the speed of the synchronous generator increases if the supply network is not able to fully receive the power that is or can be provided by the synchronous generator. This excessive power then accelerates the synchronous generator, which results in an increased supply frequency. Consequently, the frequency in the supply network may increase.
    [004] When feeding a supply network, the stability of the network must also be taken into account. Loss of network stability, that is, loss of supply network stability, can result in the power generator being shut down. Such a loss of stability, which is referred to as such and abbreviated as "LOS" among German-speaking experts, describes physical processes that no longer allow for continued operation and must be terminated by cuts. In the case of plants, this affects their output, and can thus contribute to a progressive increase in the so-called deficit output. In the worst case, this loss of stability leads to a total failure of a power system due to cascading errors and deficit accumulation. Such total failures are very rare; however, one took place in Italy on September 24, 2004.
    [005] Loss of network stability, that is, the so-called loss of stability, is a phenomenon that primarily involves a loss of angular stability, which can even actually cause a loss of voltage stability.
    [006] Overcurrents to be obtained are determined as stability criteria, which can be provided in the event of a loss of stability. This requires the systems to have a certain design. A new plant, in particular a new plant that is to be built, is thus coordinated to the supply network, as represented in the network connection point, to which the plant is to be connected.
    [007] When connecting large power plants to an electrical supply network, the short-circuit current ratio is an important criterion; this is known among German experts as "short circuit ratio" and abbreviated as "Scr". This short-circuit current ratio is the ratio of the short-circuit power to the connected load. Here, short-circuit power is understood as that power that the respective supply network can provide at the considered network connection point, to which the plant must be connected, in case of a short-circuit. The connected load is the connected load of the plant that is to be connected, in particular the rated capacity of the generator that is to be connected.
    [008] To ensure safe operation, that is, to avoid a loss of stability to the greatest extent possible, power plants are generally designed for the respective network connection point in such a way that the short-circuit current ratio is greater than 10, normally even greater than 15. The supply network can then provide a relatively high short-circuit power at the network connection point. This means that the network has a low network impedance and is referred to as a strong network.
    [009] In case of a weak network, in other words, in the presence of a high impedance, the supply is only possible with a low connected load, that is, only a plant with a low connected load can be connected. This usually leads to the fact that either a new plant cannot be connected to such a network connection point, or the network must be altered, particularly by equipping it with other more powerful lines. This is commonly referred to as network reinforcement.
    [0010] To feed electricity by decentralized generation units, in particular wind power installations, the problem of loss of grid stability is basically unknown. As early as the late nineties, first proposals were made to ensure that wind energy installations would also contribute to the grid's electrical support. This, however, does not take into account the cause of a loss of stability, in particular that feeding into the supply network can cause a loss of stability.
    [0011] For example, the German patent application US 6,891,281 describes a method, in which wind power installations can change and, in particular, reduce their power supply in dependence on the grid frequency. US 7,462,946 suggests that in the event of a grid failure, particularly in the case of a short circuit, a wind power installation should limit the power it feeds, rather than being disconnected from the grid in order to get network support. US 6,965,174 describes a method for supporting the grid by means of a wind power installation which, in dependence on the grid voltage, adjusts a phase angle of the supplied electricity, and thus feeds reactive power to the grid in dependence on the voltage, in order to support the network. US 6,984,898 also refers to a method of supporting the grid by means of a wind power installation, wherein the wind power installation reduces, in dependence on the grid voltage, the power that must be fed to the grid, particularly in order to avoid disconnection from the grid in order to support the grid through a wind power installation.
    [0012] The fact that such generation units are decentralized, such as wind power installations, may be the underlying cause for the loss of stability in the grid has not been taken into account. In the essay "Loss of (Angle) Stability of Wind Power Plants" by V. Diedrichs et al., written for, and presented at the "10th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms, Aarhus (Denmark), 25-26 October 2011". There, reference was basically made to the problem that loss of stability in the grid can basically also occur for wind power installations that are connected to the supply grid for power. This essay essentially raises awareness of the problem. Reference is expressly made to this essay and its contents. In particular, its technical explanations also apply to this application.
    [0013] Basically, findings, experiences and other knowledge of the operation and connection of large plants to the electricity supply network cannot be transferred to wind power facilities, including large wind farms with numerous wind power facilities that are connected to the grid supply, for food. The responsible specialist, who connects a plant to a supply network that will then operate from it, is a different specialist than the specialist who will connect a wind power installation to the supply network in order to operate the same. Wind power installations - and much of the following also applies to decentralized generation units - depending on the wind, and must therefore take a fluctuating energy source into account; they usually do not feed the supply grid with a synchronous generator that is directly coupled to the grid, but use a voltage-based inverter instead; they have a different size from large power plants, where their nominal capacity is usually 3 powers of ten below that of a large power plant; they are usually subject to other political laws that often ensure the acceptance of power provision by electricity supply network operators; they are usually decentralized; and, they usually feed to a medium voltage network, while large power plants usually feed to an extra-high voltage network.
    [0014] The German Patent and Trademark Office found the following prior art for the priority application of the present application: DE 10 2011 053 237 A1, WO 2010/060903 A1, US 2010/0148508 A1, DE 10 2007 044 601 A1, DE 10 2007 018 888 A1, US 2010/0237834 A1 as well as the article by Volker Diedrichs et al., "Loss of (Angle) Stability of Wind Power Plants - The Underestimated Phenomenon in Case of Very Low Short Circuit Ratio -".
    [0015] The purpose of the present invention is to address at least one of the problems mentioned above. And in particular, a solution must be proposed, in which decentralized generation units, such as wind power installations, can be operated in such a way as to account for the phenomenon of loss of supply network stability. In particular, a solution must be proposed, in which decentralized generation units, such as wind power installations or wind farms, must be operated in such a way as to counteract the appearance of a loss of stability with respect to the grid. At least one workaround must be provided.
    [0016] According to the invention, a method is proposed according to claim 1. According to this, an electric power generator connected to an electrical supply network is controlled at a network connection point. As a purely precautionary measure, it is noted that an electrical power generator converts existing power to electrical power, which is here simply referred to as generation. According to the proposed control method, at least one network characteristic of the electrical supply network is incorporated with respect to the network connection point. The network characteristic incorporated here is in particular the behavior of the network with respect to stability under different operating conditions of the network and/or under different conditions for supply or limit conditions for supply. In particular, network characteristics are incorporated, describing the supply network behavior in case of deviations from the nominal operating point.
    [0017] Furthermore, it is proposed to feed electrical power to the electrical supply network based on this built-in network characteristic. Thus, the power control depends on the predetermined network characteristic. This must be distinguished from the technical design of the generator, in which the control does not take network characteristics into account. Power control, depending on the built-in network characteristics, must also be distinguished from control depending on actual network conditions. Likewise, it is also advantageous, in addition to the control of the supply depending on the built-in grid characteristic, to design the generator according to the built-in grid characteristic and to carry out the control in dependence on grid conditions, which is, however, not the main matter of this application.
    [0018] According to the invention, it was recognized that, in particular the consideration of network characteristic for the design of the generator to be coupled or to be connected, may be an incomplete consideration. This applies in particular to decentralized generation units or decentralized generators that are able to dynamically adapt to new situations. However, an adaptation to new situations, that is, to changed conditions in the supply network, carries with it the risk that any current problems in the supply network could not be completely resolved. Only if at least one previously incorporated network characteristic is considered, the supply of electrical power to the electrical supply network be proactively controlled. Such proactive control is primarily aimed at prematurely avoiding, or at least detecting, stability problems in the supply network, in particular with respect to a loss of stability.
    [0019] It is proposed to apply this method of control preferably to a so-called decentralized generator and/or to a wind energy installation or a wind farm containing several wind energy installations. A wind power installation is usually a decentralized generator, as it is installed in remote locations that depend in particular on wind conditions, and, due to their connected load, they cannot be observed as a central power source in opposition to large power plants. The same usually also applies to a wind farm with a number of wind energy installations. Furthermore, wind power installations and small wind farms are basically connected to an existing supply network. A connecting line or several connecting lines could be provided for the connection to this supply network. However, the basic structure of the supply network remains unchanged.
    [0020] Until now, it has been assumed that the connection of such decentralized generators has not had a major impact on the basic characteristic and basic structure of the respective supply network. It was examined whether the respective networks had sufficient capacity to connect the decentralized supplier, that is, whether they had sufficient capacity to carry the additional power to be supplied and which was expected from the decentralized generator. In particular, aspects of grid stability, established by feeding this generator, were practically ignored. In particular, with respect to such decentralized generators, the extent to which their power supply could cause a loss of supply network stability was ignored. The present method is therefore directed in particular to such decentralized suppliers, in particular wind energy installations and wind farms.
    [0021] The supply, particularly by decentralized generators, is preferably carried out by means of a voltage inverter. With such a supply via a voltage inverter, an inverter is used, to which the power to be supplied is provided, for example, in a DC intermediate circuit, and the voltage inverter produces a voltage change signal which is as sinusoidal as possible. This voltage change signal, often through the use of a line impedance coil, will lead to the power that must be fed into the supply network. Other voltage transformations by means of one or more voltage transformers can be provided.
    [0022] Here, a so-called concept of total power conversion is particularly proposed, in which all of the electrical power that must be fed is thus made to the supply network by means of this voltage inverter. Losses are not considered here. With respect to wind power installations, other concepts with a voltage inverter must be considered, in which the voltage inverter controls the electrical power supply indirectly via the control of a generator that generates the power, in particular an asynchronous power generator pair.
    [0023] The use of a voltage inverter to feed electrical power from a supply network, in particular according to the concept of total power conversion, is essentially different from supplying electrical power through a large power plant. The voltage inverter can and/or has to constantly adapt the voltage amplitude and frequency of its supply, depending on the network condition. As a result, it is able to react immediately to changes in the network. This poses the risk that it quickly becomes unstable if this immediate reaction is carried out incorrectly. It is this particular problem that is addressed by this invention.
    [0024] According to a modality, it is proposed that the generator is controlled in such a way that it is controlled at an operating point that depends on the built-in network characteristics. In particular, it not only depends on these built-in characteristics, but also on the voltage and frequency amplitude in the supply network, more specifically on or near the network connection point. Also, it can depend on the active power currently supplied and/or the reactive power currently supplied. This first results in a nominal operating point, designed for this grid connection point with the respective built-in grid characteristic and for the specific generator. With changing or changing mains or supply conditions, another operating point can be selected which takes into account the previously incorporated mains characteristic. The generator operating point at the grid connection point is preferably specified by the active power and/or reactive power that the generator feeds to the supply network.
    [0025] According to a modality, it is proposed that at least one control characteristic, which depends on the embedded network characteristic, is applied to adjust the operating point. Such a control feature can also be multidimensional, i.e. it can depend on several input parameters and/or comprise several parameters for adjustment at the same time. In particular, the control characteristic, depending on the network voltage at the network connection point, determines the reactive power and/or the active power that must be supplied. The control characteristic is created based on at least one built-in network characteristic. In particular, the characteristic is selected so as to ensure that the generator operation does not lead to a loss of stability of the supply network.
    [0026] According to a proposal, it is provided to use a non-linear controller, in particular a controller with a non-linear and/or non-constant controller characteristic. In particular, it is proposed to avoid using a PID controller as the exclusive controller. It was recognized that a PID controller is insufficient for some requirements and that it does not meet the requirements with optimal parameterization. A non-linear controller may need to adapt to the system that is to be controlled. A non-linear controller can be a fuzzy or vague controller, a controller that is based on a neural network, a multiplication controller, a controller with a hysteresis function, and/or a controller that uses a dead time characteristic.
    [0027] According to a modality, a controller is used, which results in the operating point being adjusted according to the control characteristic. For example, such a control characteristic may specify the fed reactive power Q in dependence on the fed active power P and the network voltage U, as described by the formula Q = f(P,U).
    [0028] Preferably, the incorporation of at least one network characteristic, which can also be performed by calculating the network characteristics, comprises the incorporation of a connection between supplied reactive power and a network voltage at the network connection point. In addition or alternatively, it comprises the incorporation of a connection between the active power supplied and the mains voltage at the mains connection point. Preferably, it comprises the incorporation of a connection between supplied active power, supplied reactive power and the mains voltage at the mains connection point, so that in this case a three-dimensional connection is incorporated. Thus, the connection between reactive power, active power and grid voltage is incorporated, which reveals the behavior of the supply network with respect to this grid connection point, and can serve as a basis for generator control when feeding the supply network.
    [0029] According to a modality, it is proposed that the incorporation of the network characteristic comprises the incorporation of a stability limit. Such a stability limit can be specified as a function of the grid voltage at the grid connection point, in dependence on the energized reactive power and the energized active power. This limit is defined by three parameters, and can be illustrated in three dimensions. In such a three-dimensional representation, the stability boundary basically has a curved or arcuate surface, more specifically a boundary surface. Consequently, the respective operating points, and thus the characteristic provided by the operating points, are chosen on the stable side of the stability limit. According to the expected dynamics of the supply network and/or generator, and thus, in the case of a wind power installation, also wind, a small or large distance from the respective operating point from the stability limit may be selected.
    [0030] According to a modality, it is proposed that the at least one embedded network characteristic is calculated according to a model. For this purpose, a network analysis of the supply network is first carried out, considering, for example, the system of lines, transformers in the supply network, switching equipment, consumers, and generators. A transformer will hereafter also be referred to simply as a transformer (Trafo). In particular, their values are fed into a calculation program or simulation program. Network analysis is specifically performed for the existing or planned network connection point. Therefore, individual elements may be disregarded in the network analysis, if they are evidently no longer of significant relevance to the network connection point. Respective network sections can be considered using equivalent models, in particular using surrogate impedances. Then, a model of the supply network is created, based on the network analysis; this model can be edited and tested with the respective software for a network model analysis. Then, in particular with such analysis software, and based on the network model for the concrete network connection point, a simulation of different operating points is carried out, and the simulation results are recorded. The result of the simulation is at least one built-in network feature. In particular, a plurality of simulated individual operating points is determined or taken as a basis for this purpose.
    [0031] It is noted that the term "supply network" may also be used in its simplest form "network" or "network structure".
    [0032] Preferably, the stability limit that results, for example, from the simulation above, can be stored in a table. Additionally or alternatively, it can also be approximated with an analytic function. Intermediate values that have not been recorded can also be determined by interpolation.
    [0033] According to one modality, it is proposed that, when incorporating at least one network characteristic, characteristics, or at least one characteristic, of the generator must be (ie) also considered, and that a current ratio of short circuit should be incorporated. The network characteristics of a connecting node are also incorporated in this power supply in consideration of the generator characteristics. Preferably, it is proposed that the generator is controlled with a short-circuit current ratio less than 6. Preferably, the short-circuit current ratio is here less than 4, and in particular less than 2. Thus, a method of control is suggested for a short circuit current ratio that is lower than usual. This often requires that this specific project be implemented or at least accepted. It is deliberately proposed to supply a weak network, more specifically in particular with a generator, the connected load of which is large compared to the short-circuit power of the network with respect to the connection point, more specifically greater than one-sixth, greater than a quarter or even greater than half the short-circuit power of the network for this connection point. It was thus recognized that the use of a wind power installation with a voltage source converter can simply be referred to as a voltage converter, in particular with a complete converter structure, the operation of which is facilitated in a weak network. It is deliberately accepted that, by choosing or accepting a low short-circuit current ratio, operation will occur near a stability limit. It has been recognized that a control with a voltage converter can ensure a corresponding control, in particular a corresponding fast and therefore precise control of the supply. As a result, grid connection points that were hitherto deemed unsuitable can now be used to connect a generator.
    [0034] According to a modality, it is proposed that the generator operating point is selected with a predetermined stability reserve with respect to the stability limit. Therefore, a specific selection of the operating point is proposed, in order to guarantee stability. This is particularly different from a concept that envisages a design with a very high short-circuit current ratio, where a concrete operating point has not been selected. In other words, an overly cautious design is avoided. The operating point is selected from a certain stability reserve, and in this case conducted with this stability reserve during control. With changing network conditions or boundary conditions in the network, which, for example, temporarily reduce the stability reserve, the operating point is adapted accordingly in order to observe the stability reserve again.
    [0035] According to a modality, the stability reserve is a minimum allowable distance from the operating point to the stability limit, if the values that describe the operating point and the stability limit are normalized. For example, the stability limit and also the operating point can be defined by the value of the reactive power supplied, the active power supplied, and the voltage at the grid connection point. Then, the active power can be normalized to the generator's rated capacity, and the reactive power can also be normalized to the generator's rated capacity. The voltage is preferably normalized to the rated voltage. As a result, the values are unitless, and can be compared to each other, which is usually not easily possible with different units.
    [0036] In the example mentioned, the stability limit is a curved surface in a space, more specifically in the space that is formed if the reactive power, active power and voltage form a Cartesian coordinate system. In this illustrative example, the stability reserve can be another curved surface, which has, for example, a distance of 0.1 in principle. The stability reserve, then, also vividly described, forms something similar to an intermediate layer.
    [0037] In mathematical terms, such a minimum allowable distance can be calculated, for example, by the root of the sum of the squares of the differences of each individual normalized value.
    [0038] Preferably, different operating points should be provided for different stability reserves. For example, the stability reserve of an optimal operating point with rated voltage at this rated active power, but no reactive power is supplied, can be selected as small. With other operating points it may be useful to provide a greater safety distance. The intermediate layer, identified as such for illustrative purposes, then does not have a consistent thickness. Such a variable or constant distance is preferably at least 0.05, 0.1 or in particular at least 0.2.
    [0039] Preferably, during operation, the stability reserve of the actual operating point is constantly observed and, in particular, the operating point is changed if the distance to the stability reserve is reduced, especially if it falls below the value of the respective stability reserve. This observation can be done online or almost online, that is, with small time differences between observation times and/or through a dynamic observer with a slight time delay. This can be used to respond quickly and to every bit of news of changes that are relevant to stability, and thus to ensure stable operation, even close to the stability threshold.
    [0040] In addition, a wind energy installation is proposed, which comprises an electrical generator coupled with an aerodynamic rotor to generate electrical energy from the wind, and comprising a frequency converter apparatus to feed electrical energy to the supply network , wherein the wind power installation is controlled in accordance with at least one method of the above-described embodiments. Here, the wind power installation is a generator and is controlled to feed into the supply network. Preferably, a frequency converter apparatus comprises a rectifier which rectifies the alternating voltage of the electric generator and comprises an inverter for transforming the direct current voltage to the alternating current voltage to be fed to the supply network. Such a frequency converter apparatus, in which - disregarding losses - all of the electrical energy produced is completely conveyed through the rectifier and through an inverter may also be referred to as a full power conversion concept or a total power conversion topology. In place of one rectifier, it is also possible to provide a combination of several rectifiers, and/or in place of a single inverter, several inverters can be provided, which in each case only invert a part of the energy.
    [0041] Preferably, the wind power installation is connected to the grid connection point, the electrical energy produced is fed to the supply network at this grid connection point, and a short-circuit current ratio of less than 10, preferably less than 6, even more preferably less than 4, and in particular less than 2) is selected. Such a selection of a very small short-circuit current ratio is made possible in conjunction with the respective control of the generator, more specifically the wind power installation, during feeding. Consequently, wind power installations with high connected loads, in particular high rated capacities, can be connected to comparatively weak grids, and thus can often be installed in remote locations. As a result, it is now possible to use installation locations that were hitherto unsuitable, as your supply network would have had to be adjusted significantly.
    [0042] Preferably, a threatening loss of stability at the network connection point is detected and/or displayed. This is to prevent a power outage, or to prepare the generator for a quick return to power in the event of a loss of stability.
    [0043] The threatening loss of stability is preferably detected or displayed if the amount of a partial mains voltage tap exceeds a predetermined active power limit according to the supplied active power.
    [0044] By taking into account the partial tapping of the mains voltage according to the active power, a mains sensitivity can be detected, and the result of the tapping can be used as an indication to select a more stable operating point.
    [0045] Preferably, a threatening loss of stability is detected or displayed based on an amount of a partial tap of the mains voltage, and according to the supplied active power, if this amount of partial tap exceeds a predetermined reactive power limit. Here again, network sensitivity is considered or determined.
    [0046] Preferably, the threatening loss of stability is detected or shown by analyzing a three-phase voltage of the supply network according to the method of a symmetrical component, in which a threatening loss of stability is assumed if the quantity of a component of against voltage is greater than a co-voltage threshold. Furthermore and alternatively, it is proposed to assume a threatening loss of stability if the amount of a backstress component is greater than a backstress threshold. The known method of symmetrical components takes particular account of asymmetries. If the amount of the back voltage component is monitored, it is monitored to the extent, in simpler terms, that the symmetrical portion of the three-phase voltage system exceeds or falls below a value. Through a consideration of a contrary voltage component, it can be recognized in particular if an asymmetry value is too high and indicates a network failure, which can be expected to result in a loss of stability.
    [0047] The amount of a difference between a reference frequency and a nominal frequency can also be considered. A threatening loss of stability can be assumed if the difference exceeds or falls by a small amount of a predetermined frequency threshold or exceeds it by its absolute value.
    [0048] Also, a wind farm with several wind energy installations is proposed, wherein each wind energy installation comprises an aerodynamic rotor, an electric generator, and a frequency converter apparatus, as described above. Furthermore, the operation of the park is proposed through a method, as described above, according to one of the modalities. In this respect, the complete park is considered and operated as a generator in the sense of the described methods. In particular, the short-circuit current ratio then refers to the ratio of the short-circuit power of the supply network at the connection point to the connected load of the wind farm, in particular the sum of the rated capacities of all installations. of wind energy from the relevant wind farm. It is also proposed, according to a modality, to design this wind farm so that it has a low short-circuit current ratio, in particular less than 10, less than 6, less than 4, and in particular preferably less than 2. Particularly, by combining several wind energy installations in one wind farm, large connected loads can be obtained, as opposed to individual wind energy installations. For this purpose, a solution is now proposed, which allows connection to a network comparatively weak with respect to the connection point.
    [0049] The network sensitivity is an important information for providing control of the generator in the power supply to the network. This network sensitivity is a characteristic related in particular to the network connection point. It depends on network characteristics, such as the network topology, but also on current network conditions. It basically shows the degree of sensitivity with which the voltage reacts to influences at the network connection point. If the generator is a wind energy installation or a wind farm with several wind energy installations, the fluctuating wind speed is an external factor that can, through the wind energy installation, influence the grid, and thus the voltage at the point of connection. Wind speed fluctuations can have a strong or weak influence on the voltage at the connection point, and consequently, in this case, it will be a strong or weak network sensitivity with respect to the wind sensitivity.
    [0050] Also, the current condition of the network may have an impact on the voltage sensitivity at the network connection point. For example, if the network is less sensitive to external factors, the voltage at the network connection point is more stable if the network, in particular with respect to the network connection point, operates at a stable operating point. Conversely, the voltage at the grid connection point can be more easily influenced if the grid runs at a less stable operating point, such as an operating point at which, in the case of a wind power installation, the installation has already is supporting the network.
    [0051] For example, a wind power installation can support the grid by feeding in reactive power. Preferably, it is therefore proposed that the network sensitivity is determined in accordance with the partial derivation of the voltage at the network connection point in accordance with the supplied reactive power. If there is a strong voltage change at the network connection point with a change in the reactive power supplied, the result is a high network sensitivity, ie the voltage can be more easily influenced.
    [0052] Alternatively or additionally, it is proposed to determine network sensitivity based on the partial derivation of the voltage at the network connection point of the power generated by the wind energy installation, more specifically the active power. The active power generated and supplied by the wind energy installation is a measure of the existing wind speed. If a change in this power supplied leads to a strong change in voltage at the network connection point, there is a high sensitivity with respect to this power, and thus with respect to changes in wind speed.
    [0053] Preferably, the network sensitivity should be a sum of both of these partial taps, where the sum can be weighted in order to account for or accept variable resistance influences.
    [0054] It is now preferably proposed to control the generator based on this network sensitivity. In particular, a control behavior can or should be carried out quickly or with amplification, if there is high sensitivity, and if, in the case of external interferences, a quick reaction is required. On the other hand, with poor sensitivity, a slow controller or a controller with little power may be sufficient.
    [0055] The load flow calculation described below is used to analyze stationary operating conditions of power source systems. The underlying basis is figure 9 of the respective network through its Z impedances or its Y admittances (complex conductances).
    [0056] The classical network analysis determines the network via Ohm's law with the following system of linear equations in matrix notation, which describes a correlation for n nodes.

    [0057] The goal is to determine voltages in each of the n network nodes (voltage maintenance).
    [0058] As, however, the currents in the networks are unknown, but the supplies (planned) and electrical faults are known, the currents are expressed as outputs.

    [0059] Representing the network equations via outputs results in the formation of a system of nonlinear equations.

    [0060] This system of nonlinear equations is solved numerically (usually with a Newton method). When solving the system of equations numerically, it must be linearized. Linearization is performed by partial deductions of the matrix elements based on the unknown node voltages, more specifically the amplitude (U2...Un) and the angle (δ2'"δn) of the node voltages.
    [0061] The matrix with the partial charges is called a Jacobian matrix. In order to solve the system of equations, it must be invertible, that is, regular.

    [0062] The invention is described in more detail below by embodiments as examples with reference to the attached figures.
    [0063] Figure 1 shows a wind power installation in a perspective view.
    [0064] Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a wind power installation that is connected to the grid, based on a voltage control system (VCS).
    [0065] Figure 3 shows a schematic view of a circuit arrangement of a supply, controlled by voltage, of a wind energy installation to an alternating current network.
    [0066] Figure 4 shows a schematic view of two wind power installations connected to the grid through a common grid connection point.
    [0067] Figure 5 illustrates parameters that can influence the sensitivity of a wind power installation connected to the grid.
    [0068] Figure 6 shows a diagram that analyzes the behavior of a network at the point of connection of voltage courses in dependence on the supplied reactive power and supplied active power.
    [0069] Figure 7 shows a sensitivity as a voltage change caused by changes in active power in dependence on reactive power and active power, supplied and normalized.
    [0070] Figure 8 shows a sensitivity as the change in voltage caused by a change in reactive power in dependence on normalized reactive power and active power.
    [0071] Figure 9 shows an illustration of the general network.
    [0072] Below, identical reference signs for similar but not identical elements may be provided, or they may also be provided for elements that are only illustrated schematically or symbolically, and which may have different details, but which are not relevant to the respective explanation.
    [0073] Figure 1 shows a wind power installation 100 with tower 102 and gondola 104. The rotor 106 with three rotor blades 108 and spinner 110 is positioned on the gondola 104. The rotor 106 is adjusted, in operation, by the wind in a rotation movement, thus activating a generator in the gondola 104.
    [0074] Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a wind energy installation 1, connected to the electrical supply network 4 on the connection point of network 2. The electrical supply network 4 is simply referred to as network 4 or network 4, where these terms are used synonymously.
    [0075] The wind energy installation 1 comprises a generator 6, which is driven by the wind, thus generating electrical energy. In one of the modalities, the generator 6 is, in a form of construction, configured as a multiphase synchronous generator 6, electrically excited, with two 3-phase systems, respectively connected in a star shape, which is illustrated by means of the two symbols of star in generator 6 of figure 2. The alternating current thus generated, more specifically the six-phase alternating current in the example mentioned, is rectified by the rectifier 8, and transmitted as direct current via respective direct current current lines 10, which may comprise several individual lines, from gondola 12 down from tower 14 to inverter 16. Inverter 16 generates alternating current from direct current, more specifically, in the example shown, a three-phase alternating current that must be fed to grid 4. For this, the alternating current generated by the inverter 16 is transformed upwards by means of the transformer 18, so as to be fed to the network 4 at the connection point 2. The illustrated transformer 18 uses a star-delta connection, more specifically, firstly a star connection and secondly a delta connection, which is illustrated here merely as an example of a modality. The supply to grid 4 can also include, in addition to the active power supply P, the reactive power supply Q, which is illustrated by arrow 20. For the concrete supply, the inverter 16 is controlled by the respective control unit 22, in which the control unit 22 can be structurally combined with the inverter 16. Figure 2 is to illustrate the basic construction, and the specific arrangement of the individual elements can be chosen differently from that illustrated here. For example, transformer 18 can be provided outside tower 14.
    [0076] In particular, the control unit 22 controls the inverter 16 so that the way of feeding the grid 4 is controlled. In this case, tasks are carried out, such as adjusting the power that must be supplied to the situation in network 4, in particular the frequency, phase and amplitude of the voltage in the network. Furthermore, the control unit 22 is designed to control the portion of active power P and reactive power Q of the power that is currently supplied to network 4. Here, measurements are carried out on network 4, in particular at the network connection point. 2, and are evaluated accordingly. Among other things, the actual voltage on network 4 is measured, in particular in the form of the actual actual voltage value, and compared with the standard value for the voltage, more specifically the standard value VSET.
    [0077] Consequently, the illustrated system, and in particular inverter 16 with the control unit 22, form a voltage control system, which is abbreviated as VCS.
    [0078] To control the generator of the wind power installation, the power control block 24 and the power evaluation block 26 are provided in the gondola area. In the illustrated embodiment example, the power control block 24 particularly controls the excitation, more specifically the excitation current of the separately excited synchronous generator. The power evaluation block 26 evaluates the power conducted to the rectifier 8, and compares it with the output released by the rectifier 8 on the direct current current line 10 an inverter 16. The result of this evaluation is transmitted to the block of 24 power control.
    [0079] Figure 2 also illustrates that the system shown must have a voltage control system for an intelligent power supply, in order to operate the wind power installation as stably as possible, in particular close to a stability limit.
    [0080] Figure 3 illustrates the connection of a wind energy installation 1' to a so-called "weak network 4". A weak network here refers to a network with high impedance. This is illustrated in Figure 3 via 5' serial impedance. In addition, said 5' serial impedance was provided in a test frame which corresponds to the structure in figure 3, and which was used to examine the behavior of wind power installation 1' in weak grid 4'.
    [0081] The structure of figure 3 assumes that the generator 6' is driven by wind and provided as a synchronous generator. The electrical power generated from the generator 6' is rectified in the rectifier 8', and provided to the inverter 16' on the input side of a direct current connection with intermediate circuit capacitor 28'. The structure shown compares the 10' direct current line with the 16' inverter direct current intermediate circuit on the input side to simplify the illustration. The direct current line on the input side can, more specifically, be electrically identical to an intermediate circuit, or a converter-elevator is provided on the input side, which is not explained in detail here. Rectifier 1' and inverter 16' can also be physically separated from each other, as already explained in figure 2 with respect to rectifier 8 and inverter 16.
    [0082] Finally, an exciter control 24' is provided, which can be supplied with power from the direct current connection which is represented by intermediate circuit capacitor 28'. Said exciter control 24' controls the excitation current of the separately excited generator 6' and basically corresponds to the power control block 24 of figure 2.
    [0083] The 16' inverter can supply P active power and/or Q reactive power. Figure 3 indicates the voltage of the 16' inverter on the output side as the voltage of the VWEC wind power installation. For the feed, this is transformed upwards by transformer 18, and then fed to network 4' at network connection point 2'. Here, the 4' grid also comprises the 30' grid transformer. The actual mains starting after the 30' mains transformer is specified with the 4" reference signal. The voltage at the 2' mains connection point is referred to as the V mains voltage.
    [0084] To illustrate the weak network, 5' serial impedance is shown in front of the 2' network connection point. Said 5' serial impedance exists only in this test frame or illustration frame, and indicates the network impedance. Therefore, the point shown directly following transformer 18' can also be referred to as network connection point 2". This differentiation between these two connection points of networks 2' and 2'' only results from this use of impedance serial 5', and usually does not exist in this form in real networks.
    [0085] Figure 4 shows another illustrative and schematic example, according to which two wind energy installations 1 are connected to the supply network 4. Each wind energy installation 1 is basically designed as explained in figure 2, more specifically with generator 6, rectifier 8 and the direct current line 10, which more specifically comprises at least two individual lines, more specifically for positive current and for negative current, which also applies to the direct current line 10 of figure 2 Furthermore, the wind energy installation 1 comprises inverter 16 and transformer 18. The access line 32 leads from each of the two wind energy installations 1 to another grid connection point 2' on the side of the wind energy installation. Thus, these two wind energy installations 1 shown as examples, which can be representative for a wind farm with numerous wind energy installations, feed their jointly generated power into this 2' grid connection point on one side of the wind energy installation. The fed power P and the reactive power fed Q, if present, are then led to the connection point 2' on one side of the network, and fed to the electrical supply network 4.
    [0086] The connection between connection point 2'' on one side of the wind power installation and connection point 2'' on one side of the grid cannot be ignored, and consequently the VWP voltage is reached on one side of the wind power installation at the 2' grid connection point on one side of the wind power installation, while the Vgrid voltage is reached AT the 2'' connection point on one grid side.
    [0087] The VWP voltage on one side of the wind power installation is determined and evaluated in the evaluation block 34 for the control. The evaluation is first carried out in such a way that the measured values are registered with measurement block 36. The measurement results are transmitted, among other things, to the stability control block 38, which may also be referred to as the SVCS block (Stability Voltage Control System). Stability control block 38 calculates a default QSet value for the reactive power that must be provided. This reactive power that must be achieved is then transferred as the respective default value for both wind power installations 1, and would consequently be transferred to all wind power installations in one quantity. This default value can be transferred as an absolute value, in particular if wind power installations 1 are of the same size and subject to the same wind conditions. However, it can also be provided as a standard value, such as a percentage value, which refers to the properties of the respective wind energy installation, for example, as the nominal capacity of the relevant wind energy installation.
    [0088] Furthermore, the measurement block 36 transmits the values to the observer block 40, which calculates other conditions based on the determined measurement values, such as the fed active power or the fed reactive power, and transmits their results to the block of system model 42. Observer block 40 may also obtain or derive information about power demand, if necessary.
    [0089] The system model of system model block 42 is used to determine the maximum active power Pmax that must be supplied, and to supply it to wind power installations 1. This maximum active power that must be supplied can be provided as an absolute or relative value. It is noted that the illustration of the evaluation block 34 is to explain the structure. In general, it is not necessary for the evaluation block 34 to be physically designed as a stand-alone apparatus.
    [0090] The preset reactive power Qset and the maximum active power Pmax are then transferred to the FACTS 44 control block of each wind power installation 1. The term "FACTS" is also used in the German language and is an abbreviation for "Flexible AC Transmission System". The FACTS control block 44 then implements the default values and controls the inverter 16 accordingly, in that it can also consider measurement values from the wind power installation conditions.
    [0091] In particular, but not exclusively, the evaluation block 34 can provide stability-relevant standards for a stable supply to the network 4. In particular, an operating point can be set, which is favorable with respect to the amount of energy to be powered or with respect to an amount of power and stability. In particular, an operating point with a stability reserve can be determined here. Here, the stability control block 38 can reach the stability reserve with respect to the reactive power that is to be supplied by means of a respective pattern of the reactive power Qset.
    [0092] Figure 5 illustrates the sensitivity of a wind power installation connected to the grid and the corresponding influencing factors. The network block 50 of Figure 5 is representatively specified for the behavior of a network, more specifically at the network connection point. Network block 50 illustrates that the network can react to influences due to a change in voltage. All influences are illustrated here as changes in active power Δp and changes in reactive power ΔQ. Active power block 52 considers influences from changes in power, and reactive power block 54 considers influences from changes in reactive power. Active power block 52 shows partial voltage bypass based on active power, and accordingly, reactive power block 54 shows partial voltage bypass based on reactive power. This is a possibility to consider the respective dynamics of the behavior of a network, that is, network sensitivity, more specifically reactions to changes in active power and reactive power, through respective partial derivations, whose results are added in the sum block 56. The network block 50 together with the sum block 56 thus consider a dependence of the network voltage at the network connection point on two variables, more specifically the active power and the reactive power. Dependency is considered here by partial derivations.
    [0093] Changes in active power result in particular from changes in wind speedΔ vw, which impacts on wind power installation block 58. This wind power installation block 58 illustrates the influence of change in wind speed Δ vw in the change in active power Δp, in which the wind energy installation control must also be considered, and is considered by this block 58.
    [0094] The change in reactive power ΔQ may also depend on the wind power installation, or at least on the control of the wind power installation; however, it usually depends on other contexts that are independent of wind speed. Its alteration is illustrated by control block 60. For purposes of explanation, this control block 60 is divided into standard reactive power block 62 and FACTS 64 block. Control block 60, and thus standard reactive power block 62, are initially dependent on a voltage offset ΔV, more specifically at the network connection point, minus a predetermined voltage offset ΔVSET. Based on this resulting voltage deviation, the reactive power pattern block 62 determines the reactive power to be supplied or, depending on a voltage change, a predetermined change in the reactive power to be supplied. This is transmitted to the FACTS 64 block, which consequently implements the reactive power supply or the change in the reactive power supply.
    [0095] The wind power installation block 58 and the control block 60 can also be understood as a transfer function of the respective input value, and the standard reactive power block 62 and the FACTS block 64 can each, be understood as individual transfer functions that will be linked in control block 60.
    [0096] Figure 6 shows a voltage dependence for a mode at the network connection point in dependence on the fed reactive power Q and fed active power P. reactive power Q is normalized to the short-circuit power SSC of the network at the point of network connection examined, and traced over the abscissa. Power P is also normalized to the short-circuit power SSC of the same network connection point, and established on the ordinate. The VPCC voltage is the voltage at the network connection point normalized to the nominal voltage VN. This normalized voltage at the network connection point is plotted as a graph for different values, respectively, and in dependence on the normalized reactive power Q and normalized active power P. Consequently, the graph or characteristic with value 1 is a characteristic that represents reactive power and active power values required to obtain the rated voltage.
    [0097] For example, the rated voltage is reached if 10% of the reactive power Q and 50% of the active power P are supplied with respect to the short-circuit power SSC.
    [0098] The graphic of figure 6 shows characteristics of a network connection point of the network with high impedance, at least with respect to this network connection point.
    [0099] Usually, for the illustrated network connection point of the example network, the supply would be carried out within a standard operating range of 200. The supply would thus be carried out with an active power P of approximately 10% of the power of short-circuit SSC, with the supply of approximately 5% of the reactive power of the short-circuit power SSC. Upon the idealized assumption that the fed active power P corresponds to the rated power or connected load of the generator or the sum of the generators connected to the grid connection point, the supply of 10% of the SSC short-circuit power would mean that the connected load PGen is 10% of the SSC short circuit power. The short circuit current ratio Scr = SSC/PGen is therefore approximately 10. This corresponds approximately to the center of the illustrated standard operating range 200. Figure 6 shows other short circuit current ratios Scr as short dashes for guidance, more specifically for Scr values of 10; 6; 4; 2 and 1.5.
    [00100] According to the invention, however, it is proposed to feed significantly more active power P, more specifically within the range of 60% to 70% of the short-circuit power SSC. Consequently, the supply of 20% to 30% of the reactive power Q related to the short-circuit power SSC must be provided, in order to keep the voltage at the network connection point within the range of 100 to 110% of the rated voltage. As a precautionary measure, it is highlighted that supplying 110% of the nominal voltage at the network connection point does not mean that a voltage increased by 110% can be measured on the consumer side. First, there is usually a considerable network section between the network connection point and the first relevant consumer. Second, stage transformers can be provided in the network, which can provide a balance to a certain extent. The measures to be taken here, which depend on the individual network, including consumer and generator and various other structural conditions, cannot be addressed in this order. An expert is usually familiar with the required measures.
    [00101] This proposed section is shown in Figure 6 as an increased operating range 210. This increased operating range has a short circuit current ratio Scr of approximately 1.5. No noteworthy generator has so far been connected to the grid with such a short-circuit current ratio.
    [00102] The illustration in Figure 6 is the result of a network analysis of the underlying network with respect to the relevant network connection point. For this purpose, as explained above, the relevant elements in the network were analyzed and determined respectively by resolution of the Jacobian matrix. This results in the present illustration of figure 6, according to which, in simpler terms, the characteristics for the right side, i.e. with higher reactive power supplied Q, also reflect increased voltages at the network connection point. With decreasing reactive power Q, ie to the left side, the voltage at the network connection point decreases. However, reactive power Q cannot arbitrarily decrease, and with too low (already negative) reactive power Q, the Jacobian matrix becomes singular, according to the associated active power P, that is, impossible to solve in mathematical terms. A singular Jacobian matrix means that an unstable condition exists. This results in stability limit 202, which is consequently shown on the left side of the illustration in figure 6. The area for the left stability limit 202, which has a higher active power P and/or a lower reactive power Q, respectively , is the unstable area 204. As a purely precautionary measure, it is highlighted that the stability limit 202 does not coincide with a single characteristic of a voltage value at the network connection point, but instead appears to cut the beam of characteristic lines. However, the feature line bundle cannot be cut as there are no values, and so in the feature line bundle, beyond the stability limit 202.
    [00103] The preferred operating range, more specifically the increased operating range 210, has a shorter distance from the stability limit 202 than the standard operating range 200. However, it should be noted that specific considerations or analyzes were not made with respect to the network characteristics, as shown in figure 6. In particular, the distance to a stability limit, as shown in figure 6 as the stability limit 202, was not known, at least not in the quality and quantity shown in Figure 6. On the contrary, the installation of large power plants was oriented towards the criterion of the short-circuit current ratio, and this was as large as possible, preferably above or even significantly above 10. Small generators such as Wind power installations have until now usually been connected to strong grids, which were easily able to handle the connection of another wind power installation. As a result, a connection was made, whether intentionally or unintentionally, with a high SSC short circuit current ratio.
    [00104] The proposed solution accurately analyzes the network with respect to the provision of a network connection point, in particular by quantitatively incorporating contexts as shown in figure 6 - and preferably in figures 7 and 8, which will be explained below. In particular, such an analysis is carried out by a repeated formation and solution of the Jacobian matrix for several points. Based on such a network analysis, a stability limit in accordance with stability limit 202 can be determined, and a desired operating range in accordance with increased operating range 210 in Fig. 6 can be chosen.
    [00105] In addition, it is proposed that the wind power installation is controlled in the direction of a closed control loop, as shown in particular in figure 2 and figure 4. In figure 2, the control loop basically comprises the inverter 16, the transformer 18 and the control unit 22, consider measurement values at the grid connection point 2 and control the inverter 16 so as to obtain the fed active power P and the reactive power Q according to arrow 20. O control can also impact the control of wind power installation in an area of generator 6; however, the described control loop comprising inverter 16, transformer 18 and control unit 22 does not require mechanical elements and is capable of reacting very quickly. For this, knowledge of the network characteristics at the network connection point, i.e. at the network connection point 2 according to figure 2, can also be considered, in particular at the control unit 22. Thus, a fast control can be implemented which recognizes the behavior of a network at the network connection point, particularly the stability limit. This makes it possible to operate the wind power installation or the wind farm - and other generators, if applicable - within a desired operating range, such as the increased operating range 210 of figure 6, and at the same time ensure high stability and high safety.
    [00106] Figures 7 and 8 show the voltage sensitivity in dependence of reactive power Q and active power P. Figures 7 and 8 thus use the same values in the abscissa and in the ordinate, more specifically reactive power normalized in the abscissa and active power normalized in the ordinate.
    [00107] The voltage sensitivity shown is the change in voltage with the change in active power according to figure 7 or the change in voltage with reactive power according to figure 8. In other words, the partial voltage shunt at the network connection point according to the active power in figure 7 and the partial shunt of the voltage according to the reactive power in figure 8 are illustrated. Figure 7 thus shows the behavior of the active power block 52 of figure 5. Figure 8 shows the behavior of the reactive power block 54 of figure 5, in which, in both cases, the illustration is shown in dependence on the points of operation, which are determined by the currently supplied reactive power Q and the supplied active power P. The values of the respective characteristics refer to a grid connection point with short-circuit power SSC = 3.73 MVA, at which two installations of wind power with the nominal power of 2MW each should be connected, as an example. Thus, this test arrangement allows the performance of tests with a short circuit current ratio of as small as 1. However, for the tests performed, a respective actual test wind farm power was used as a basis, and determined. as the connected load of the target wind farm, ie the (dummy) wind farm that is to be examined.
    [00108] With respect to the present modality, that is, the example configuration, the change in the normalized voltage, related to a change in power P in MW, or a change in reactive power Q in MVAr, is described. Figures 7 and 8 also illustrate the desired range, i.e. the increased operating range 210. Therefore, the voltage sensitivity with respect to changes in active power according to Figure 7 is approximately -0.2 to -0 .4. The voltage sensitivity in the increased operating range 210 with respect to changes in reactive power according to figure 8 is approximately 0.3 to 0.5. It is therefore proposed that when designing the wind power installation to be connected to the concrete grid connection point, incorporate and consider this voltage sensitivity in the control with respect to changes in active power, as shown in the example in figure 7 and/or with respect to changes in reactive power, as shown in the example in figure 8. In particular, these values should also be considered in the control, and preferably also in the design of the control. Preferably, a controller amplification is chosen in dependence on sensitivity, in particular voltage sensitivity.
    [00109] In particular, it is proposed to consider these values in the closed loop, as schematically performed by the elements shown in figure 2, that is, the inverter 16, the transformer 18 and the control unit 22. Here, the transformer 18 is less important ; however, it must often be present and required to supply a respectively high voltage already at the mains connection point 2. In particular, knowledge concerning the voltage sensitivity in the control unit 22 is considered. In this way, with the knowledge of these values, it is possible to design and implement a custom control for the concrete network connection point. This makes it possible to reduce the previously high values of the short-circuit current ratio of 10 and even higher, and provide low values, such as 1.5 for the short-circuit current ratio, and thus operate the installation of wind energy in the increased operating range 210, which is shown in figures 6 to 8.
    [00110] The invention thus proposes in particular that a wind energy installation, and finally also a wind farm, is no longer connected according to the old principle of parallel grid operation, assuming that the grid capacity is sufficient, but, rather, that the connection point is specifically analyzed and that the results are already considered prior to operation, and that a custom wind power plant or custom wind power plant is then connected there. Preferably, the control and operating range that must be chosen, in particular with regard to the reactive power Q and the active power P that must be supplied, are customized and arranged closer to a stability limit than was previously done by experts . In accomplishing this, the benefits of a wind power installation are used in an intended manner, more specifically to respond quickly and in an intended manner to changes, in particular changes in grid conditions. This is to avoid an excessively large size of the grid, in particular of the specific grid connection point, at least for the connection of wind power installations to the grid. Nevertheless, it is possible to maintain and even improve stability if the control or regulator recognizes the characteristics of the network connection point or the network very well in relation to the network connection point, and if it observes the network conditions.
    [00111] As a purely precautionary measure, it is highlighted that a regulator is basically understood as a closed loop with power, in which a control basically refers to an open "loop", that is, a situation without power. However, in the mentioned control block, which implements a control method, it can be used in a control loop. With respect to the example in figure 2, this means that the control unit 22 is a control to the extent that it comprises a certain control function or transfer function which may also be non-linear and/or volatile, and/or refer to various sizes. However, this control unit is used in the mesh shown in figure 2, which basically comprises, in addition to the control unit 22, inverter 16, transformer 18 and finally the measuring unit at the network connection point 2 with a comparison unit 23 The control unit 22 controls an inverter and is therefore integrated in the closed loop, forming part of a control.
    权利要求:
    Claims (18)
    [0001]
    1. Method for controlling an electric power generator (1) that is connected to an electrical supply network (4) at a network connection point (2), characterized in that it comprises the following steps: - incorporating at least one network characteristic of the electrical supply network (4) which is related to the network connection point (2), wherein the incorporation of at least one network characteristic comprises the incorporation of a stability limit (202), and said stability limit (202) can be specified as a function of the mains voltage (V) at the mains connection point (2) in dependence on the reactive power (Q) supplied and in dependence on the active power (P) supplied, and/ or said stability limit (202) can be illustrated as a curved surface in a space formed by the mains voltage (V) at the mains connection point (2), by the reactive power (Q) supplied and by the active power (P) powered, - control the generator (1) in such a way that it supply power to that electrical supply network (4) subject to the built-in network characteristic.
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the generator (1) is a decentralized generator (1) and/or a wind energy installation (1) or a wind farm comprising several wind energy installations (1) , and feeds the supply network (4) in particular by means of a voltage inverter (16).
    [0003]
    3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one wind power installation (1) is used as generator (1), and in which a network sensitivity is determined for the connection point of network (2), which indicates a current dependence of the voltage at the network connection point (2) on the current wind speed and/or the actual network condition.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the network sensitivity is formed in dependence on: - partial voltage derivation (V) at the network connection point (2) according to the power (8) produced by the installation of wind energy (1), and/or - partial voltage shunt (V) at the grid connection point (2) according to the reactive power (Q) supplied, in particular as the sum of both partial shunts .
    [0005]
    5. Method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that a generator (1) is controlled in dependence on the current network sensitivity, whereby in particular a fast controller characteristic and/or a controller characteristic with a more powerful amplification is used with increasing network sensitivity, and/or a non-linear controller is used.
    [0006]
    6. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that at least one embedded network feature is incorporated, in which: - a network analysis is performed by the supply network (4), - a supply network model (4) is generated based on the network analysis, - several different operating points are simulated based on the network model for the network connection point (2), and - the simulation result is used as dictated by at least one network feature.
    [0007]
    7. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a limit or stability limit (202) is stored in a table and/or is approximated with an analytical function.
    [0008]
    8. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that in the step of incorporating that at least one network characteristic, characteristics of the generator (1) are also considered, and a short-circuit current ratio (Scr) is incorporated.
    [0009]
    9. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a threatening loss of stability (LOS) at the network connection point (2) is detected and/or displayed, if: - the value of a partial deviation of a network voltage according to the active power (P) supplied exceeds a predetermined value, - the value of a partial deviation of a network voltage according to the reactive power (Q) supplied exceeds a predetermined reactive value. determined, - the analysis of a three-phase voltage of the supply network (4) according to the method of symmetric components results in a value of a co-voltage component that is greater than the co-voltage limit, - the analysis of a three-phase supply network voltage (4) according to the symmetric components method results in a value of a back-voltage component that is higher or lower than the back-voltage threshold, and/or - the value of a difference between a reference frequency and a frequency n ominal exceeds a predetermined frequency threshold.
    [0010]
    10. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the generator (1) is controlled with a short-circuit current ratio of less than 6, preferably less than 4, and in particular less to 2.
    [0011]
    11. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that a point or operating point of the generator (1) is selected with a predetermined stability reserve for a stability limit or limit (202).
    [0012]
    12. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the stability reserve for the stability limit (202) is: - the smallest difference between the reactive power (Q) supplied and the reactive power of the stability limit ( 202), - the smallest difference between the active power (P) supplied and the active power of the stability limit (202), or - the smallest difference between the voltage (V) at the network connection point and the voltage at the limit of stability, or is calculated depending on at least one of these differences, in particular it is calculated from at least one of these differences.
    [0013]
    13. Method according to claim 10 or claim 11, characterized in that the stability reserve for the stability limit (202) is defined as the root of the sum of: - the square of a normalized minimum difference between said reactive power (Q) supplied and the reactive power of the stability limit (202), - the square of a normalized minimum difference between said active power (P) supplied and the active power of said stability limit (202), and - the square of a normalized minimum difference between said voltage (V) at the network connection point (2) and the stability limit voltage (202), whereby the reactive power (Q) and the active power (P ) are normalized, respectively, according to the short-circuit power (Scr) of the supply network (4) at the network connection point, and the voltage at the network connection point (2) is normalized according to nominal voltage (VN) of the supply network (4) at the network connection point (2), and the di strength is less than 0.2, in particular less than 0.1.
    [0014]
    14. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a reserve or stability reserve of the actual operating point is observed by the stability limit, and in particular the operating point is changed if the reserve of stability reduces to the stability limit.
    [0015]
    15. Wind power installation (1), comprising: - an electric generator (6) with an aerodynamic rotor (106) for generating electrical energy from the wind, and - a frequency converter apparatus (16), in particular an inverter (16) coupled with a rectifier (8) to feed electrical energy to the supply network (4), characterized in that the wind energy installation is controlled according to the method as defined in any one of claims 1-14.
    [0016]
    16. Wind energy installation (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that the wind energy installation (1) is connected to the network connection point (2), and feeds electrical energy to the supply network ( 4) at that network connection point (2), whereby the short-circuit current ratio (Scr) at that network connection point is less than 10, preferably less than 6, and in particular less than 4.
    [0017]
    17. Wind energy installation (1) according to claim 15 or claim 16, characterized in that it depends on: - said at least one incorporated network characteristic, and/or - at least one network condition, and/ or - a deviation of control from a predetermined operating point, a loss of stability and/or threatening loss of stability is(are) identified.
    [0018]
    18. Wind energy installation (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that the generator (1) is a wind farm with several wind energy installations (1), and a loss of stability or a threatening loss of stability is identified individually for each wind energy installation (1) or at least a subgroup of that wind energy installation in the park.
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    同族专利:
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    US9985561B2|2018-05-29|
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    法律状态:
    2018-12-04| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-12-24| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-02-23| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-05-25| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-07-20| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 03/07/2013, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102012212364.4|2012-07-13|
    DE102012212364.4A|DE102012212364A1|2012-07-13|2012-07-13|Method and device for feeding electrical energy into an electrical supply network|
    PCT/EP2013/064069|WO2014009226A1|2012-07-13|2013-07-03|Method and apparatus for feeding electric energy into an electric supply network|
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