巴西专利BR112014031137B1 apparatus and method for detecting partial discharge

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专利摘要:
APPLIANCE AND METHOD FOR DETECTION OF PARTIAL UNLOADING Apparatus for detecting partial discharge (500), comprising: a support structure (3); a first antenna (1) configured to receive electromagnetic signals (Sd) at least partially associated with the partial discharges of an electrical object (100) and to generate a first electrical signal (Sentrada1); the first antenna having a first effective receiving area for the first reception directions and a second antenna (2) configured to receive electromagnetic noise signals (Sr) and to generate a second electrical signal (Sentrada2); the first and second antennas being arranged so that the second antenna has a second effective receiving area, for said first reception directions, smaller than said first effective receiving area. The apparatus additionally includes a first processing module (600) configured to generate, from said first and second electrical signals, an electrical signal of the difference (Output), which represents the difference between the first electrical signal and the second signal electric.
公开号:BR112014031137B1
申请号:R112014031137-4
申请日:2012-06-14
公开日:2020-12-01
发明作者:Roberto Candela；Antonio Di Stefano；Giuseppe Fiscelli；Giuseppe Costantino Giaconia
申请人:Prysmian S.P.A.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001] [001] The present invention relates to techniques for detecting partial discharge. The detection of partial discharges is particularly used to detect and measure partial discharges in electrical components and devices such as: medium and high voltage cables, cable joints, overhead lines insulators, high and medium voltage connection boards, high and extra-high voltage using GIS (Gas Isolated Distribution Mechanism). Description of the Related Art
[0002] [002] The term partial discharges is used to indicate an unwanted recombination of electrical charges that occurs in the dielectric (insulating) material of electrical components, when the latter have defects of various types, eventually leading to dielectric destruction. Here, a pulse current is generated in portions of the dielectric material and causes an electromagnetic wave to propagate through the power or ground cables of the relevant electrical system, and to radiate through the various surrounding media (dielectric material, metals, air , etc.)
[0003] [003] WO-A-2009-150.627 describes, inter alia, a device for detecting a small partial discharge, fully isolated and self-energized, which allows measurements to be carried out with the highest safety, without the need direct connection to the system under examination. The device comprises a broadband antenna, adapted to function as an electric field sensor, and includes a first flat conductor (ie, grounding surface) that cooperates with a second conductor, whose profile directed towards the first flat conductor in a point or line, said second conductor being smaller by about two orders of magnitude than the wavelength of the field to be detected, so that the broadband antenna is non-resonant in a band of about 0.1 MHz to about 100 MHz. For example, the second conductor is in the form of a hollow sphere. An electronic broadband amplifier can be used to adjust the impedance of an antenna and amplify the signals captured, for detection of the weak signal. The broadband amplifier has a minimum bandwidth that falls in the range of about 0.5 MHz to 60 MHz. Out-of-band filtering is carried out using first order filters or second order filters that have a cutoff frequency a few tens of MHz.
[0004] [004] The Applicant noted that when conducting wireless and contactless detection, a considerable amount of environmental noise is also received; this noise can be greater than the small impulse signals, generated in an electrical component by the partial discharge, thus reducing the accuracy of the sensing method.
[0005] [005] Document US 7183774 describes a method for detecting partial discharge in electrical equipment that employs a UHF antenna placed in the equipment receptacle. The method consists of analyzing the spectrum of the electromagnetic signal captured by the antenna and identifying one or more frequencies of interest in the spectrum. To identify the frequency of interest, the spectrum of the signal received by the antenna is compared to a reference spectrum. The method includes a stage in which the amplitude difference between the two spectra is calculated for the maximum peak values and the average values of the two spectra available at each frequency.
[0006] [006] Document JP-A-07-027814 describes an insulation monitoring device for electrical power equipment that monitors the electrical equipment's isolation status by monitoring the corona discharge generation. The device consists of a corona detection antenna that detects the electromagnetic waves generated when a corona discharge occurs in the energized equipment, a noise detection antenna detects the external noise waves. In addition, the device is also provided with a signal processing circuit to remove the noise signals contained in the corona detection signal. The processing circuit consists of two amplifiers and a differential amplifier. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] [007] The Applicant noted that the technique described in document JP-A-07-027814 does not guarantee a satisfactory noise cancellation. The Applicant addressed the problem of designing a device for the detection of partial discharge that employs an antenna to capture the signals of the partial discharge, which allows the detection of the pulses of a partial discharge that have an amplitude comparable to the amplitude of the noise signals received in the same antenna.
[0008] [008] The Applicant has found that two antennas placed (in remote or close positions) in a way that one antenna shows a respective effective area smaller than the effective area of the other antenna, for supposed directions of entry of partial discharge signals, can provide satisfactory values of the signal-to-noise ratio S / N. In particular, the signal from the antenna oriented towards the supposed partial discharge source is subtracted from the signal from the second antenna.
[0009] [009] According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting partial discharge comprising: a first antenna configured to receive electromagnetic signals, at least partially, associated with partial discharges from an electrical object and to generate a first electrical signal; the first antenna having a first effective receiving area for the first reception directions; a second antenna configured to receive electromagnetic noise signals and to generate the second electrical signal; the first and second antennas being arranged to cause the second antenna to have a second effective receiving area, for said first reception directions, smaller than said first effective receiving area; and a first processing module configured to receive said first and second electrical signals and to generate an electrical signal of the difference, which represents the difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.
[0010] [0010] Advantageously, at least one between the first antenna and the second antenna is a directional antenna. Preferably, both the first antenna and the second antenna are directional antennas.
[0011] [0011] Advantageously, the first and the second antenna are placed on a shared support structure. The shared support structure can be a portion of one between the first and the second antenna.
[0012] [0012] Preferably, in the apparatus of the invention the first antenna has a third effective area for second reception directions, different from said first reception directions; and the second antenna has a fourth effective area for second reception directions, said fourth effective area being equal to or greater than the third effective area. In this way, the second antenna is more sensitive to noise than the first antenna.
[0013] [0013] Preferably, in the apparatus of the invention, the first antenna is arranged, for example, on a support structure, in order to have at least 90% of the energy received, in a first radiation pattern, included in a first half space; and the second antenna is arranged, for example, on the same support structure, so as to have at least 90% of the energy received, in a second radiation pattern, included in a second half-space opposite the first half-space, in relation to a reference plane that separates the first half-space from the second half-space.
[0014] [0014] More preferably, the first antenna is arranged, for example, on a support structure, to show the maximum values of the respective reception gain, for the input directions that are over the first mid-space, and the second antenna it is arranged, for example, structured and mounted on the same support structure, to show the maximum values of the respective reception gain, for the additional entry directions, which are over the first half-space.
[0015] [0015] In the event that both the first antenna and the second antenna are directional and have substantially non-overlapping reception diagrams, the first antenna preferably includes a first antenna conductor and a flat conductor configured to operate as a ground surface for the first antenna driver.
[0016] [0016] Preferably the first antenna has a spherical shape.
[0017] [0017] Preferably the second antenna is a laminar or frame antenna.
[0018] [0018] In one embodiment of the present invention, the shared support structure of the apparatus of the invention comprises a flat portion which includes: a first side on which the first antenna conductor is mounted and a second side, opposite the first side, on which said second antenna conductor is mounted.
[0019] [0019] Preferably, the support structure comprises a printed circuit board that includes the processing module.
[0020] [0020] Preferably, the printed circuit board comprises electrical terminals connected with the first antenna and the second antenna, and a support element mechanically connecting the first antenna conductor with the printed circuit board.
[0021] [0021] Preferably, the processing module of the apparatus of the invention comprises a difference module configured to generate said electrical difference signal. The difference module can be selected from an active electronic component, a voltage transformer, or a centrally shunted voltage transformer.
[0022] [0022] In the presence of a difference module, the first antenna is structured to detect, by capacitive coupling, an electrical synchronization signal that represents the trend of the electrical voltage supplied by the electrical object.
[0023] [0023] Advantageously, the apparatus of the present invention additionally includes a synchronization module configured to amplify said electrical synchronization signal and to provide an amplified electrical synchronization signal.
[0024] [0024] In a preferred embodiment, said first processing module also comprises a first high-pass filter module connected to the first antenna, and a second high-pass filter module connected to the second antenna, the first and second modules of which are high pass filtering configured to decouple the electrical signal from the synchronization of said first and second electrical signals.
[0025] [0025] In case the difference module is an active electronic component, said active electronic component comprises an operational amplifier in a negative non-inversion feedback configuration. The operational amplifier advantageously comprises a non-inversion terminal configured to receive said first electrical signal; an inverter terminal configured to receive said second electrical signal; and an output terminal configured to provide the electrical signal of the difference, which represents the difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.
[0026] [0026] In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus additionally includes an acquisition and analysis device comprising: a digital to analog converter structured to produce, from the electrical signal of the difference, a plurality of corresponding samples; an acquisition trigger module for selecting acquisition samples, from said plurality of samples; a memory configured to store the selected acquisition samples; a structured processor to generate command signals to be sent to the acquisition trigger module and a memory.
[0027] [0027] Preferably, the measurement module is structured to receive the amplified synchronization electrical signal from the synchronization module and to provide electrical parameters for the processor.
[0028] [0028] The acquisition and analysis device preferably also includes a transceiver module, structured to send / receive data / commands to / from an external processor module.
[0029] [0029] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus of the invention has the first antenna configured to receive signals that have a frequency included in the range of 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz and the second antenna configured to receive signals that have a frequency included in the range from 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz.
[0030] [0030] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for detecting partial discharge, which comprises: positioning a first directional antenna, to have a first effective receiving area, for the first reception directions; reception, by the first antenna, of electromagnetic signals at least partially associated with the partial discharges of an electrical object; generation, by the first antenna, of a first electrical signal corresponding to the electromagnetic signals received; positioning a second directional antenna to have a second effective receiving area, for said first receiving directions, smaller than said first effective receiving area; reception by the second antenna of the electromagnetic noise signals; generation, by the second antenna, of a second electrical signal corresponding to said received electromagnetic noise signals; processing said first and second electrical signals to produce an electrical signal of the difference, which represents a difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.
[0031] [0031] In the present description and claims, as "directional antenna" should be understood an antenna that radiates or receives electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others. In particular, the term “directional antenna” should be understood as an antenna that has a Front / Coast ratio greater than 0 dB, preferably greater than 1 dB. The Front / Coast parameter, expressed in decibels, is the ratio between the gain parameter associated with the main lobe of the radiation pattern and the gain parameter associated with the opposite lobe of the radiation pattern. The gain parameter of an antenna is the ratio between the energy produced by the antenna, from a source in a distant field, on the axis of the antenna beam, and the energy produced by a hypothetical isotropic antenna without loss, which is equally sensitive to signals from all directions.
[0032] [0032] In the present description and in the claims, with reference to the antenna, as "direction of reception of the signals" or "direction of entrance of the signals" the direction from which the signals are supposed to come must be understood.
[0033] [0033] In the present description and in the claims, as the “effective area” of an antenna, a measure of how effective an antenna is in receiving the energy of electromagnetic waves in each direction of entry must be understood. The effective area of an antenna depends on another parameter that characterizes the behavior of the antenna, which is the directivity of the antenna. In the present description, the terms "effective area" and "directivity" will both be used as alternative parameters that characterize the ability to receive energy from a specific direction of an antenna. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] [0034] The additional features and advantages will be more apparent from the description that follows of a preferred modality and its alternatives, provided by way of example, and with reference to the attached drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a modality of a partial discharge acquisition system, comprising a first antenna, a second antenna and a difference module; Figure 2 schematically shows an active electronic component that can be used by said difference module; Figure 3 schematically shows a primary voltage transformer with a central tap, which can be used by said difference module; Figure 4 shows a first radiation diagram of the first antenna and a second radiation diagram of the second antenna; Figure 5 is a modality of the difference module that employs an operational amplifier; Figure 6 shows an embodiment of a synchronization module included in said partial discharge acquisition system; Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the acquisition and analysis device, included in said partial discharge acquisition system; Figures 8A and 8B show two different views of a specific embodiment of said partial discharge acquisition system; and, Figure 9 shows experimental results obtained with the partial discharge acquisition system of Figures 8a and 8B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] [0035] Figure 1 shows an electrical object 100 and a partial discharge acquisition system 500 comprising an apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 and an optional acquisition and analysis device 300.
[0036] [0036] The electrical object 100 can be any type of component, device, device or system that can produce the electromagnetic pulses of a partial discharge, and it is by way of example: a medium or high voltage cable, a cable joint, an overhead line insulator, medium and high voltage connection board, a high and extra high voltage cable that uses a GIS (Gas Insulated Distribution Mechanism), an electric motor or generator or a high or medium voltage transformer .
[0037] [0037] The partial discharge acquisition system 500 is an electronic device that can be used to detect, measure and / or analyze partial discharges generated by electrical sources such as electrical object 100. Specifically, the partial discharge acquisition system 500 it can be portable and be included in a case not shown in the figures.
[0038] [0038] The partial discharge acquisition system 500 is configured to be placed in the vicinity of the electrical object100, to receive, according to a wireless and non-contact mode, the electromagnetic signals of the Sd discharge corresponding to the pulses of the partial discharge emitted by the object electric100. It should also be noted that the signals of electromagnetic noise Sr that can disturb the detection of electromagnetic signals, which correspond to the pulses of the partial discharge, may be present in the area in which the partial discharge acquisition system 500 is employed.
[0039] [0039] The signals from the Sd discharge to be detected can be electromagnetic wave pulses that have frequencies included in the range of 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz. Sr noise signals typically have frequencies included in the same range from 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz.
[0040] [0040] The apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 (hereinafter also called "detection apparatus", for the sake of brevity) comprises a first antenna1 and a second antenna 2 that can both be mounted, as an example, on a shared support structure 3, according to a first embodiment of the invention. The first antenna1 is configured to receive signals from the Sd discharge, but it can also receive signals from unwanted Sr electromagnetic noise.
[0041] [0041] In more detail, with reference to a first set of radiation input directions, the first antenna 1 is structured to show a first effective area Aef1 that has a first value or values Aef1-dr1. In particular, the first set of input directions corresponds to the input directions of the Sd discharge signals.
[0042] [0042] The second antenna 2 is configured to receive the signals of electromagnetic noise Sr present in the area in which the partial discharge acquisition system 500 is used. In some cases, the second antenna 2 can also receive signals from the Sd discharge. However, the second antenna 2 is structured to show a second effective area Aef2 which, for said first set of incoming radiation directions, has a second value or values Aef2-dr1 which is less than said first value Aef1-dr1 of the first antenna 1: Aef1-dr1> Aef2-dr1 (1)
[0043] [0043] In particular, the first Aef1-dr1 value is at least ten times the second Aef2-dr1 value.
[0044] [0044] The relation (1) for the first set of incoming radiation directions means that the first antenna 1 is more sensitive to the signals of the Sd discharge than the second antenna 2.
[0045] [0045] With reference to the second set of incoming radiation, the first antenna 1 shows a first effective area Aef1 that has a third value or values Aef1-dr2 and the second antenna 2 shows a second effective area Aef2 that has a fourth value or Aef2-dr2 values. In particular, the second set of input directions corresponds to the input directions of the electromagnetic noise signals Mr.
[0046] [0046] According to a particular modality, the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 is configured so that the following relationship is valid for the first and second antenna 1 and 2, with reference to the second set of input directions: Aef2-r2 ≥Aef1-dr2 (2)
[0047] [0047] According to the ratio (2) the fourth value / res Aef2-dr2 are equal to or greater than the third value / res Aef1-dr2. In particular, the fourth value Aef2-dr2 is at least ten times the third value / res Aef1-dr2.
[0048] [0048] The relation (2) for the second set of incoming radiation directions means that the second antenna 2 is equally or more sensitive to the electromagnetic noise signals Sr than the first antenna 1.
[0049] [0049] According to a first example, the first antenna 1 and / or the second antenna 2 are directional antennas. In particular, the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2 show different three-dimensional radiation patterns. In particular, the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 is designed in such a way that the first antenna 1 can provide a sensitive and accurate detection of the discharge signal Sd, so that the first antenna 1 is designed to make the first area effective Aef1 shows a larger value for the first set of input directions.
[0050] [0050] Furthermore, the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 is designed in such a way that the second antenna 2 can provide the detection of Sr noise signals, so that the second antenna 2 is designed to cause the second effective area Aef2 shows a higher value for the second set of input directions.
[0051] [0051] Preferably, the first antenna 1 has a directivity that has a Front / Coast parameter between 3 and 30 dB; more preferably, the Frente / Costa parameter is between 6 dB and 10 dB. The second antenna 2 has a directivity that has a Front / Coast parameter greater than the Front / Coast parameter of the first antenna 1 and, preferably, between 10 and 30 dB; more preferably, the Front / Coast parameter of the second antenna 2 is between 11 and 20 dB.
[0052] [0052] As an example, the first antenna 1 can be one of the following antennas: a small laminar antenna, frame antenna, dipole antenna and ultra-wide band. A particular spherical antenna that can be used as a first antenna 1 will be described hereinafter.
[0053] [0053] The second antenna 2 can be, for example, a laminar antenna, a loop antenna, a dipole, an ultra-wideband antenna or a spherical antenna similar to the first antenna 1. According to the first modality represented in figure 1, the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 further comprises a difference module 600, which has a first input terminal 4 connected, by means of a first conductive line 5, to a first output terminal 6 of the first antenna 1 and a second terminal input 7 connected, via a second conductive line 8, to a second output terminal 9 of the second antenna 2.
[0054] [0054] Furthermore, the first antenna 1 is configured to receive the signals from the Sd discharge and the unwanted Sr noise signal and convert them into a first received electric signal Sentrada1 (for example, an electric current) available on the first line conductive 5. The second antenna 2 is configured to receive the noise signal Sr and also a part of the signals from the Sd discharge and convert them into a second electrical signal received Sentrada2 (for example, an additional electrical current) available on the second conductive line 8.
[0055] [0055] Figure 4 shows, by way of example, a first RD1 radiation diagram of the first antenna 1 and a second RD2 radiation diagram of the second antenna 2, as they can be when the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2 are positioned to operate for detection. In particular, figure 4 shows a vertical section of a first radiation pattern of the first antenna 1 and another vertical section of a second radiation pattern of the second antenna 2. A vertical section is a section between a vertical plane, such as, for example, a plane perpendicular to the grounding surface, and the respective pattern. As is clear to those skilled in the art, the radiation diagram for an antenna is substantially identical to the reception diagram for the same antenna. According to the example shown in figure 4, the first diagram RD1 is substantially in a first half-space, whereas the second diagram RD2 is substantially in the opposite half-space, with respect to the reference plane, for example, parallel to the grounding surface.
[0056] [0056] Particularly, a first radiation pattern from the first antenna1 and the second radiation pattern from the second antenna 2 do not substantially overlap each other and, particularly, the first antenna 1 shows maximum reception gain values for input directions that they are in the first half-space (to be oriented in the direction of the expected partial discharge source). The second antenna 2 shows maximum values of the gain in reception for input directions that are in the second half-space, which is opposite to the first half-space.
[0057] [0057] Preferably, the first antenna 1 is arranged on the support structure 3 in order to have at least 90% of the energy received in the first radiation pattern included in the first half-space, and the second antenna 2 is arranged on the structure support 3 in order to have at least 90% of the energy received in the second radiation pattern included in a second half-space opposite the first half-space. As an example, the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2 both show a 20 dB Front / Coast parameter and, in particular, they are oriented in different and preferably opposite directions.
[0058] [0058] The difference module 600 of figure 1 is configured to generate an output signal of the difference Ssaida, which represents a difference between the first electrical signal received Sentrada1 and the second electrical signal received Sentrada2. The difference module 600 is provided with a third output terminal 10 for the output signal of the difference Sout.
[0059] [0059] According to an example shown in figure 2, the difference module 600 can comprise an active electronic device, such as an operational amplifier 11 or other type of discrete active electronic component, adapted to generate the output signal of the difference . A particular modality of the difference module 600 that employs operational amplifier 11 will be described hereinafter.
[0060] [0060] According to another example shown in figure 3, the difference module 600 may comprise a passive electronic device, such as an electrical transformer 11, adapted to generate the output signal of the difference Sout. Electric transformer 12 is a high frequency transformer. According to the example shown in figure 3, the high frequency transformer 12, which is in a centrally tapped configuration, includes a first winding 13 that has two end terminals adapted, respectively, to receive the first electrical signal received Sentrada1 and the second electrical signal received Sentrada2 and a central terminal 15 connected to an electrical ground terminal GND. A second winding 14 of the high frequency transformer 12 is mutually coupled with the first winding 13 and is provided with a terminal for the difference signal 40 for the difference output signal Ssaida and a grounding terminal GND connected as the ground at the point electrical grounding.
[0061] [0061] According to the modality shown in figure 1, the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 can also be provided with a synchronization module 200 which is configured to receive in a third input terminal 16 a first electrical synchronization signal Ssin1 and providing a second electrical sync signal Ssin2 in a fourth output terminal 17. The first electrical synchronization signal Ssin1 represents the behavior of the electrical voltage of the AC (Alternating Current) supplied to the electrical object 100 under test, and can be obtained, according to one modality, by a wireless and contactless detection, performed by the first antenna 1, of a Salim electromagnetic signal supply generated by the electrical voltage that passes through the electrical object 100. According to this modality, the third input terminal 16 is connected to the first connection line 5, to receive the first electrical signal received Sentrada1, also including the first electrical sync signal Ssin1 and, particularly, the first antenna1 is designed to operate as a capacitively coupled sensor to detect the first electrical sync signal Ssin1 from the Salim electromagnetic signal feed. In this case, the first antenna 1 is designed to offer a suitable capacitive coupling, with the electrical voltage of the AC (Alternating Current) that supplies the electrical object 100 showing, for example, a suitable coupling surface.
[0062] [0062] According to another modality, the first electrical synchronization signal Ssin1 can be detected by the synchronization sensor 18 which can be connected with the third input terminal 16, as well as another type of sensor put in contact with the electrical object 100 or another electrical component that operates at the same electrical voltage supplied by electrical object 100.
[0063] [0063] With reference to the difference module 600, according to another modality, it can also be structured to properly handle the first received electrical signal Sentrada1 and the second received electrical signal Sentrada2 and thus it can also comprise a filtering module high pass and an optional equalization module, placed before the operational amplifier 11 or the electric transformer 12.
[0064] [0064] Figure 5 refers to an example of the difference module 600 in the case where the operational amplifier 11 is used. The difference 600 module comprises a first high-pass filter module 19 that has a respective input connected to the first input terminal 4. As an example, the first high-pass filter module 19 may include a first capacitor C1 connected in series with a first resistor R1. An output of the high-pass filter module 19 is connected with an optional first equalization module 20 which is also connected with a non-inverting terminal “+” of the operational amplifier 11, by means of a first node 25. The first node 25 is connected with a third resistor R3 which is also connected with the GND ground terminal.
[0065] [0065] The difference module 600 of figure 5 also comprises a second high-pass filter module 21 which has a respective input connected to the second input terminal 7. As an example, the second high-pass filter module 21 may include a second capacitor C2 connected in series with a second resistor R2. The first and second high-pass filter modules 19 and 21 are structured to decouple the first electrical synchronization signal Ssin1, at low frequency, from the first and second electrical signals received Sentrada1 and Sentrada2, respectively.
[0066] [0066] An output of the second high-pass filter module 21 is connected with an optional second equalization module 2 which is also connected with an inverter terminal “-” of the operational amplifier 11, by means of a second node 26. The amplifier Operational 11 is provided with: a first supply terminal 32 for a supply voltage V1, a second supply terminal 33 connected to a GND grounding terminal and the fifth output terminal 24 for the output signal of the difference Sout, which can be an output voltage V output. The fifth output terminal 24 is connected to the third output terminal 10 by an output resistor
[0067] [0067] The output voltage V output is given by the difference of the voltages applied in the non-inverting terminal "+" and in the inverting terminal "-" multiplied by a gain factor Aop of the operational amplifier 11. In particular, the operational amplifier 11 is configured to show a bandwidth, including at least the bandwidth of the first antenna 1, such as, for example, a bandwidth ranging from 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz. Operational amplifier 11 may include one or more differential amplifiers, each performed using a pair of transistors, in a differential configuration. A plurality of amplification stages can be included in the operational amplifier 11 to obtain a desired amplification gain. The first resistor R1, the second resistor R2 and the feedback resistor Rf show the values of the respective resistors, which can be chosen to design the gain factor Aop of the operational amplifier 11 and to match the impedances of the first antenna1 and the second antenna 2, respectively.
[0068] [0068] Furthermore, according to a particular modality, the operational amplifier 11 is in the non-inversion negative feedback configuration and a Rf feedback resistor is connected between the fifth output terminal 24 and the second node 26 connected, for example. turn, with the inverter terminal “-”. The configuration of the negative feedback allows to obtain a predictable behavior of the difference module 600. The first equalizer 20 and the second equalizer 21 can be used to compensate for a possible difference in the frequency responses of the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2.
[0069] [0069] When in operation, the first antenna 1 is used simultaneously with the second antenna 2. The first antenna 1 captures, according to its respective diagram of the effective area, the discharge signal Sd, the noise signal Sr, the electromagnetic signal of contribution and Salim power and generates the first electrical signal received Sentrada1. The second antenna 2 captures, according to the respective diagram of the effective area, the noise signal Sr and part of the discharge signal Sd and generates the second electrical signal received Sentrada2. The second antenna 2 can also capture the Salim electromagnetic signal.
[0070] [0070] The first received electrical signal Sentrada1 and the second received electrical signal Sentrada2 are fed to the difference module 600. With reference, for example, to the modality of figure 5, the first received electrical signal Sentrada1 and the second received electrical signal Sentrada2 are filtered, respectively, by the first high pass filter module 19 and the second high pass filter module 21. The optional first and second equalization modules 20 and 22 act on the first received electrical signal Sentrada1 and the second received electrical signal Sentrada2 to equalize the frequency difference response of the first and second antenna 1 and 2 and obtains a first input signal S1 and a second input signal S2.
[0071] [0071] It should be noted that thanks to the conditions described above about the effective areas of the first antenna1 and the second antenna 2, the first input signal S1 carries a contribution from the Sd discharge signal greater than the contribution from the loaded Sd discharge signal by the second input signal S2 which substantially represents the noise contribution Mr.
[0072] [0072] The first input signal S1 is fed to the non-inverter terminal “+” and the second input signal S2 is fed to the inverter terminal “-” of operational amplifier 11. Operational amplifier 11 produces the difference between the first input signal S1 and the second input signal S2, generating the output signal of the output difference in which the noise contribution is reduced or substantially removed. Operational amplifier 11 allows the contribution of the noise present in the second input signal S2 to be subtracted from the first input signal S1.
[0073] [0073] Figure 6 shows a modality of the synchronization module 200 comprising an amplifier module 27, such as a high gain separator amplifier, which has an input connected to the third input terminal 16 and a sixth output terminal 28 connected with a low-pass filter module 29. The high-gain separator amplifier 27 is also provided with a third supply terminal 30 for supply voltage V1 and a fourth supply terminal 31 connected with the grounding terminal GND. For example, the high gain separator amplifier 27 is a voltage amplifier and has a gain greater than 100. Furthermore, the high gain separator amplifier 27 shows an input-output impedance> 1 MOhm, and can have a total bandwidth less than 1 kHz. The low-pass filter module 29 includes, for example, a fourth resistor R4 connected between the sixth output terminal 28 and a third node 34 and a third capacitor C3, connected between the third node 28 and the grounding terminal GND . The third node 34 is connected to the fourth output terminal 17.
[0074] [0074] The acquisition and analysis device 300 can be included in a housing that also contains the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 or can be included in a separate housing. Figure 7 shows schematically a modality of the acquisition and analysis device 300 that comprises an optional broadband programmable amplifier 71 (PGA) that has an input connected to the third output terminal 10 of the difference module 600, and a respective connected output with an analog to digital converter 72. The acquisition and analysis device 300 also includes a control module 73, such as a Programmable Gate Field Arrangement (FPGA) that is structured to control the broadband programmable amplifier 71 and receive data from the analog to digital converter 72 (ADC). The broadband programmable amplifier 71 can be programmed to transmit a deviation value and an amplification gain value via the deviation signal Sdesv and a gain signal Sga provided by the control module 73 to the output signal of the difference Difference. thus producing an amplified output signal Ssaídaa.
[0075] [0075] The programmable broadband amplifier 71 allows, as an example, a continuous variation of gain ranging from about - 5 dB to + 40 dB. The analog to digital converter 72 is structured to be synchronized by a CK timer signal generated by control module 73 and to generate converted DTA data to be sent to control module 73. The analog to digital converter 72 is, the example title, capable of converting 250 mega samples per second with an 8 bit resolution. This sampling frequency makes it possible to acquire the electrical signal of the difference Ssaida with a time resolution of 4ns. It should be noted that most of the partial discharge pulses are usually larger than the 0.5 μs, the acquisition and analysis device 300 allows to acquire the pulse waveform and represent it with a number of samples between 100 and 200.
[0076] [0076] In particular, the control module 73 includes a processing unit 74 (PU), such as a microprocessor, and a memory 75 (M), such as a RAM (Random Access Memory). More particularly, memory 75 may be a circular separator. The processing unit 74 is connected with: a time measurement module 77 (TM) and a logic synchronization module 76 (SINL) configured to receive the second electrical synchronization signal Ssin2. The logic synchronization module 76 is structured to measure the phase of the second electrical synchronization signal Ssin2 and transfer this measured value to the processing unit 74.
[0077] [0077] Furthermore, an input / output port 77 allows the transfer of the Comm output commands generated by the processing unit 74 to the broadband programmable amplifier 71 in the form of a Sdesv bypass signal and gain Sga. Control module 73 is also provided with a trigger module 78 (TRLM) and an address generation module 79 (ADD-GEN) configured to generate the addresses necessary to write new data in memory 75 and read data stored in memory 75, under the control of the processing unit 74.
[0078] [0078] The trigger module 78 is configured to trigger the memorization of samples from the amplified output signal Ssaídaa, which comes out of the broadband programmable amplifier 71, only for selected values of the amplified output signal Ssaídaa, such as, for example, only for positive pulses or negative pulses that have an amplitude (that is, an absolute value) greater than a threshold level. The logic trigger module 78 can be a logic module comprising one or more analog comparators to compare the values of the samples provided by the analog to digital converter with one or more thresholds.
[0079] [0079] Furthermore, the control module 73 comprises a host interface module 80 (INTF) that allows the transfer of data to a transceiver 81 (TR), such as, for example, a US / Ethernet transceiver, which it is configured to exchange data / commands with an additional processor 82 (for example, external to the acquisition system 500) for a wired or wireless BD connection line. The external processor is configured to process the analysis of the received data allowing, for example, the representation of the behavior of the discharge pulses on a monitor or the memorization for processing and subsequent queries.
[0080] [0080] The control module 73 can also be provided with an extraction module 83 (for example, a CO-P coprocessor) connected with the processing unit 74 which is configured to perform the extraction, particularly the extraction in real time , of the pulse characteristics from data stored in memory 79. Examples of pulse characteristics that can be extracted by the coprocessor include: peak value and polarity, phase, energy, duration and coarse estimation of Weibull parameters.
[0081] [0081] In the operation of the control module 73, the acquisition is initiated and the processing unit 74 generates a signal by activating the trigger module 78 which produces a trigger signal that allows the storage of the selected samples, by reading the angle of phase of the amplified output signal samples Ssaídaa in relation to the second synchronization signal Ssin2. The collected data can be sent to the external processor 82.
[0082] [0082] The partial discharge acquisition system 500 may also include one or more batteries to supply an electrical voltage for the modules described above.
[0083] [0083] Figures 8A and 8B show two different views of a preferred embodiment of the system for acquiring partial discharge 500, as carried out by the Applicant and comprising particular embodiments of the first antenna 1, the second antenna 2 and the support structure 3 In more detail, the first antenna 1 is a directional antenna and, in particular, it is a broadband, non-resonant antenna comprising a first antenna conductor 90 and a flat conductor 91 acting as a grounding surface. The first antenna conductor 90 is electrically isolated from the flat conductor 91 and they operate the poles of the first antenna 1. Particularly, the first antenna conductor 90 is spherical in shape and includes a hollow sphere, in an electrically conductive material, such as , for example, metal or polymeric material. The first spherical antenna conductor 90 shows, for example, a diameter between 3 and 30 cm, preferably between 5 and 20 cm.
[0084] [0084] The first antenna conductor 90 is supported by an isolated support 93 which is fixed on the support structure 3 which, according to the example given, is a printed circuit board (PCB), which includes electronic circuits that correspond the difference module 600, the synchronization module 200 and the acquisition and analysis device 300. The grounding surface 91 is placed on the first side of the support structure 3 which faces the antenna conductor 90 and is implemented as a laminate metallic.
[0085] [0085] According to the example given, the second antenna 2 comprises a respective grounding surface, which can be the same grounding surface 91 as the first antenna 1, and the second antenna conductor 94. The second antenna conductor 94 is a small electrically antenna, designed to obtain electrical characteristics similar to those of the first antenna conductor 90 and to be non-resonant in the band of interest. In particular, the second antenna conductor 94 may be a small dipole, loop or spiral antenna. In the embodiment shown in figures 9A and 9B, the second antenna conductor 94 is a laminar antenna realized on a second side of the support structure 3 opposite the first side. According to an example, laminar antenna 94 is made as a copper area covering between ¼ and ½ of the support structure 3, also functioning as a printed circuit board, when a 1.6 mm thick laminate FR4 is used to make the printed circuit board 3. This provides electrical characteristics similar to those of the first antenna conductor 90. The printed circuit board 3 is provided with electrical terminals on both sides to contact the first antenna conductor 90 and the second antenna conductor 94.
[0086] [0086] The modality shown in figures 8A and 8B allows a very compact and robust implementation, guarantees an appropriate complementary radiation pattern and does not affect the frequency response of the first antenna conductor 90, and thus does not distort the received partial discharge pulses Sd. Due to the presence of the grounding surface 91, the radiation pattern of the first and second antenna 1 and 2 is directional, as shown in figure 4, thus extending in the opposite direction to that of the mid-spaces. This provides an exposure and a sensitivity for the partial discharge signal Sd and for the ambient noise Sr of the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2, respectively, which show good performances.
[0087] [0087] According to additional modalities, the first antenna conductor 90 can also have another two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape, such as a flat shape; for example: triangle shape, point shape or disc shape. The first antenna conductor 90 can be analogous to the antenna described in patent application WO-A-2009-150627.
[0088] [0088] Figure 9 shows the result of a test carried out with a partial discharge acquisition system 500, implemented according to the modality described with reference to figures 8A and 8B. The experimental configuration employed a simulated partial discharge source, performed with a Tektronix AFG3102 Arbitrary Waveform Generator, configured to generate a regular pattern of impulsive signals (period 1 us, 10 / 20ns rise / fall time), connected to a 10 cm long dipole antenna. The first antenna 1 employed in this experiment included a first spherical antenna conductor 90, with a diameter of 7 cm.
[0089] [0089] The partial discharge acquisition system 500 was placed about 20 cm from the simulated PD source, pointing the first antenna 1 in its direction. The test was carried out in a noisy environment due to the presence of switching converters and motors.
[0090] [0090] A Tektronix DSO3034 digital oscilloscope (with four channels, 350 MHz bandwidth) was connected to the first output terminal 6 and the second output terminal 9 of each of the first and second antennas and the third output terminal 10 to receive the electrical signal of the Sdif difference.
[0091] [0091] The resulting three waveforms are shown in Figure 9: the upper waveform Wn is the output of the second antenna 2, the waveform of the center Wpd is the output of the first antenna 1, the lower waveform Wd it is the output of the partial discharge 500 acquisition system. It can be seen that both the first and second antennas 1 and 2 receive strong noise disruptions (greater than 200 mVpp), considerably larger than the pulses received PD. As expected, the PD pulses are not visible on the Wn waveform received from the second antenna 2 (upper waveform) due to its directivity; whereas they can be recognized in the waveform of the first Wpd antenna, relatively hidden by noise. It can be seen that noise disruptions are detected in the same way by both antennas. As can be seen, the waveform of the difference Wd captured at the output of the system to acquire partial discharge 500 has, instead, a highly improved signal / noise ratio; in fact, the PD pulses are clearly visible and the noise is strongly attenuated (note the vertical scale of 20 mV).
[0092] [0092] With reference to an additional modality of the partial discharge detection system 500, the first antenna 1 and / or the second antenna 2 can be external to a portable case, which includes the apparatus for detecting the partial discharge 400 and, respectively , connected to the difference module 600 by the first connection line 5 and the second connection line 9, which are corresponding electrical cables. According to this embodiment, at least one between the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2 are directional antennas.
[0093] [0093] Preferably, the first antenna 1 is housed within the case that comprises the apparatus for detecting the partial discharge 400, as shown in figure 1; whereas the second antenna 2 is external to the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 and can be moved to be properly oriented. According to this preferred embodiment, the second antenna 2 is a directional antenna that has, as an example, the second radiation diagram RD2 shown in figure 4.
[0094] [0094] In accordance with this preferred modality, the apparatus for detecting the partial discharge 400 is positioned to orient the first antenna 1 in the direction of the electrical object100, to receive the signal of the partial discharge Sd, thus showing a first effective receiving area for the input directions of the partial discharge signal Sd.
[0095] [0095] The second mobile antenna 1 is oriented so as to receive the signal of the electromagnetic noise Sr and to show a second effective receiving area, for the input directions of the partial discharge signal Sd, which is smaller than the said first area effective recipient. The first antenna 1 is oriented to be more sensitive to the partial discharge signal Sd than the second antenna 2. The second antenna 2 is oriented to be more sensitive to the signal of electromagnetic noise Sr than the first antenna 1. The possibility of displacing the second antenna 2 allows to reduce the amount of energy of the partial discharge signal Sd received by the second antenna 2, in comparison with the amount of energy of the signal of partial discharge Sd received by the first antenna 1. The processing of the electrical signals generated by the first antenna 1 and the second antenna 2 is analogous to that described above in relation to the apparatus for detecting partial discharge 400 of figure 1.

权利要求:
Claims (24)
[0001]
Apparatus for detecting partial discharge, which comprises; first antenna (1) configured to receive electromagnetic signals (Sd), at least partially associated with the partial discharges of an electrical object (100), and to generate a first electrical signal (Sentrada1); the first antenna having a first effective receiving area for the first reception directions; second antenna (2) configured to receive electromagnetic noise signals (Sr) and to generate a second electrical signal (Sentrada2); characterized by the fact that the first and second antennas placed on a support structure (3) to make the second antenna have a second effective reception area, for said first reception directions, smaller than said first area effective reception; and first processing module (600) configured to receive said first and second electrical signals and to generate an electrical signal of the difference (Output), which represents a difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.
[0002]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the first and second antenna (1, 2) are placed on a shared support structure (3).
[0003]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that at least one between the first antenna (1) and the second antenna (2) is a directional antenna.
[0004]
Apparatus according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that both the first antenna and the second antenna are directional antennas.
[0005]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that; the first antenna (1) has a third effective area, for the second reception directions, different from the said first reception directions; the second antenna (2) has a fourth effective area for the second reception directions; wherein the fourth effective area of the second antenna is equal to or greater than the third effective area of the first antenna.
[0006]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that: the first antenna (1) is arranged to have at least 90% of the respective energy received, in the first radiation pattern (RD1) included in a first half-space; the second antenna (2) is arranged so as to have at least 90% of a corresponding energy received, in a second radiation pattern (RD2) included in a second half-space opposite the first half-space.
[0007]
Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that: the first antenna is arranged on the support structure to show the maximum values of the respective reception gain for the input directions that are in the first half-space, and the second antenna is arranged on the support structure to show maximum values of the respective reception gain for additional input directions that are in the first half-space.
[0008]
Apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that the first antenna (1) includes: first antenna conductor (90), and flat conductor (91) configured to operate as a grounding surface for the first antenna conductor.
[0009]
Apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that the second antenna (2) additionally includes: a second antenna conductor (94), said flat conductor (91) being configured to operate as a grounding surface also for the second antenna conductor.
[0010]
Apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that the first antenna conductor (94) has a spherical shape.
[0011]
Apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the second antenna conductor is a laminar antenna.
[0012]
Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that said support structure (3) comprises a flat portion which includes: first side on which the first antenna conductor (90) is mounted, and second side, opposite the first side, on which the second antenna conductor (94) is mounted.
[0013]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that said support structure (3) comprises a printed circuit board that includes said first processing module (600).
[0014]
Apparatus according to claims 11 and 13, characterized by the fact that: said printed circuit board comprises electrical terminals connected with the first antenna (1) and the second antenna (2), and, support element (93) mechanically connecting the first antenna conductor (90) to the printed circuit board.
[0015]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that said first processing module (600) comprises a difference module, configured to generate said electrical difference signal (Output) and belonging to the group consisting of: a component active electronics (11), a voltage transformer (12), a voltage transformer with central tap.
[0016]
Apparatus according to claim 15, characterized by the fact that; said first antenna is structured to detect by capacitive coupling an electrical synchronization signal (Ssin1), which represents the trend of an electric voltage supplied to the electrical object (100).
[0017]
Apparatus according to claim 16, characterized by the fact that said first processing module (600) further comprises; first high pass filter module (19) connected to the first antenna; and, second high pass filter module connected to the second antenna; wherein the first and second high pass filter modules are configured to decouple the electrical synchronization signal, from the first (Sentradal) and second (Sentrada2) electrical signals.
[0018]
Apparatus according to claim 15, characterized by the fact that said active electronic component comprises an operational amplifier in a non-inversion negative feedback configuration and comprising; non-inversion terminal configured to receive said first electrical signal (Sentrada1); inversion terminal configured to receive said second electrical signal (Sentrada2); and, output terminal (24) configured to provide the electrical signal of the difference (output) that represents the difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.
[0019]
Apparatus according to claim 16, characterized in that it additionally includes a synchronization module (200), configured to amplify said electrical synchronization signal (Ssin1) and provide an amplified electrical synchronization signal (Ssin2).
[0020]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it additionally includes an acquisition and analysis device (300) comprising: digital to analog converter (72) structured to produce, from the said electrical signal of the difference (output), a plurality of corresponding samples; acquisition trigger module (78) for selecting acquisition samples from said plurality of samples; memory (75) configured to store the selected acquisition samples; processor (74) structured to generate command signals to be sent to the acquisition trigger module (78) and memory (75).
[0021]
Apparatus according to claims 19 and 20, characterized in that it additionally includes a measurement module (76), structured to receive said amplified synchronization electrical signal (Ssin2) and provide electrical parameters for said processor (74).
[0022]
Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that said acquisition and analysis device (300) additionally includes a transceiver module (81), structured to send / receive data / commands to / from an external processor module ( 82).
[0023]
Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the first antenna is configured to receive signals that have a frequency included in the range of 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz and the second antenna is configured to receive signals that have an included frequency in the range of 0.1 MHz to 100 MHz.
[0024]
Method for detecting partial discharge, comprising: positioning a first antenna (1), to have a first effective receiving area for the first reception directions; reception by the first antenna of electromagnetic signals (Sd) at least partially associated with the partial discharges of an electrical object (100); generation, by the first antenna, of a first electrical signal (Sentrada1) corresponding to the received electromagnetic signals (Sd); characterized by understanding: positioning a second antenna (2) to have a second effective reception area for said first reception directions smaller than said first effective reception area; at least one between the first and second antennas is a directional antenna, reception, by the second antenna, of the electromagnetic noise signals (Sr); generation, by the second antenna, of a second electrical signal (Sentrada2) corresponding to the said electromagnetic noise signals received (Sr); processing of said first and second electrical signals, to produce an electrical signal of the difference (Output) that represents the difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.

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同族专利:

公开号 | 公开日

EP2861999A1|2015-04-22|

CA2874892C|2020-08-18|

US20150160282A1|2015-06-11|

AR091417A1|2015-02-04|

AU2012382560B2|2017-04-13|

WO2013185820A1|2013-12-19|

CA2874892A1|2013-12-19|

US9933474B2|2018-04-03|

CN104380125A|2015-02-25|

BR112014031137A2|2017-06-27|

DK2861999T3|2019-07-08|

ES2733744T3|2019-12-02|

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EP2861999B1|2019-04-03|

AU2012382560A1|2014-12-11|

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法律状态:
2018-12-11| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law|

2020-10-27| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|

2020-12-01| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 14/06/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

PCT/EP2012/061274|WO2013185820A1|2012-06-14|2012-06-14|A partial discharge detection apparatus and method|

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