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    • 专利摘要:
    METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC CONFORMED ABRASIVE PARTICLES, SOL-GEL COMPOSITION AND CERAMIC CONFORMED ABRASIVE PARTICLES. The present invention relates to a method that includes: providing a mold that has a plurality of mold cavities, each mold cavity being bounded by a plurality of faces joined along common edges; filling at least some of the mold cavities with a sol-gel composition that includes a release agent dispersed therein; at least partially drying the solgel composition, thus forming shaped ceramic precursor particles; calcining at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide calcined shaped precursor particles; and sintering at least a portion of the calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles. Also disclosed are a composition of sol-gel, shaped precursor ceramic particles and shaped abrasive ceramic particles associated with the practice of the method.
    公开号:BR112014000690B1
    申请号:R112014000690-3
    申请日:2012-06-28
    公开日:2020-12-08
    发明作者:John T. Boden；Scott R. Culler；Dwight D. Erickson
    申请人:3M Innovative Properties Company；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of the Invention
    [001] The present disclosure refers largely to abrasive particles and methods of preparing them. Background
    [002] According to a known method for producing shaped abrasive particles of ceramic, a sol-gel composition comprising a ceramic precursor material is propelled into cavities of a mold. Mold cavities typically have a predetermined shape; for example, which corresponds to a regular geometric shape, such as pyramid or truncated pyramid. The sol-gel composition is then partially dried and the resulting shaped ceramic precursor particles are removed from the mold and further processed into shaped abrasive ceramic particles. summary
    [003] During the removal of the shaped ceramic precursor particles from the mold cavities, the partially dry sol-gel composition is relatively fragile and can be prone to stick, thus leading to the rupture and / or obstruction of the mold cavities in the mold. To overcome this problem, release agents were applied to the mold before filling the mold cavities. However, the application of release agents to the mold can lead to shape changes in the sol-gel composition before and / or during drying, so that the resulting shapes may not correspond to the shape of the mold cavities. This phenomenon causes problems with reproducibility during production, such as controlling the leveling and / or the aspect ratio of the partially dry solgel material and, consequently, with the resulting ceramic shaped abrasive particle. In addition, the application of release agents to the mold may not reliably coat the mold cavities in cases where they are very small.
    [004] Advantageously, the present inventors have found that the aforementioned problems can be overcome by including small amounts of dispersed oil in the sol-gel composition and still obtaining desired abrasive properties such as, for example, high density (low porosity).
    [005] In one aspect, the present description presents a method of producing shaped precursor ceramic particles, the method comprising: providing a mold having a plurality of mold cavities, each mold cavity being bounded by a plurality faces joined along common edges; fill at least some of the mold cavities with a sol-gel composition, the sol-gel composition comprising a liquid carrier and a ceramic precursor, the liquid carrier comprising a volatile component and a release agent dispersed throughout the volatile component; removing at least a portion of the volatile component of the sol-gel composition while the sol-gel composition resides in the mold cavities, thereby providing the shaped ceramic precursor particles.
    [006] In another aspect, the present description presents a method of producing ceramic shaped abrasive particles, the method comprising: producing ceramic precursor particles shaped according to a method of the present description; and sintering at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [007] In another aspect, the present description presents a method of producing ceramic shaped abrasive particles, the method comprising: producing ceramic precursor particles shaped according to a method of the present description; calcining at least a portion of the shaped precursor ceramic particles as defined in claim 1 to provide calcined shaped precursor ceramic particles; and sintering at least a portion of the calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [008] In another aspect, the present description features a sol-gel composition that comprises a liquid vehicle and a ceramic precursor, the liquid vehicle comprising a volatile component and a release agent dispersed throughout the volatile component, being that the sol-gel composition comprises a sol-gel.
    [009] In another aspect, the present description provides shaped precursor ceramic particles, each shaped precursor ceramic particle comprising a ceramic precursor and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, with the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, with the exposed face it has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face that is smaller in area than the exposed face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [010] In another aspect, the present description provides shaped precursor ceramic particles, each shaped precursor ceramic particle comprising a ceramic precursor and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, with the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, with the exposed face it has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of the empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [011] In another aspect, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles, each ceramic shaped abrasive particle comprising a ceramic material and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, that the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the face being exposed has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face that is smaller in area than the exposed face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [012] In another aspect, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles, each ceramic shaped abrasive particle comprising a ceramic material and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, being that the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, in which the face exposed has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of the empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [013] Shaped ceramic abrasive particles may be entirely composed of a ceramic material such as, for example, alpha alumina, and may have substantially uniform morphology across all shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [014] For use in the present invention:
    [015] The term "ellipsoid" includes ellipsoids and spheres, a sphere being considered a special case of an ellipsoid.
    [016] The term “ellipsoidal section” refers to a section of an ellipsoid obtained by bifurcating the ellipsoid with a plane.
    [017] The term “shaped ceramic precursor particle” means a non-sintered, non-calcined particle, produced by removing a sufficient amount of the liquid vehicle from the sol-gel composition, when it is in the mold cavity, for form a solidified body which can be removed from the mold cavity and which can substantially retain its molded shape in subsequent processing operations.
    [018] The term "ceramic shaped abrasive particle" means a ceramic abrasive particle with at least a portion of the abrasive particle having a predetermined shape that is reproduced from a mold cavity used to form a shaped ceramic precursor particle. The shaped ceramic precursor particle will generally have a predetermined shape that substantially replicates the mold cavity that was used to form the shaped ceramic abrasive particle. Shaped ceramic abrasive particle, as used here, excludes abrasive particles obtained by a mechanical crushing operation.
    [019] The term “theoretical oxide weight” as applied to a ceramic precursor refers to the corresponding ceramic weight produced by the ceramic precursor after sintering to form the ceramic (for example, aluminum oxide monohydrate transforming in alpha alumina).
    [020] When reference is made to molded particles, the term "face" means a surface having a predetermined shape that is substantially replicated from a mold cavity. One face can correspond to a mold cavity wall (i.e., a mold face) or the opening of the mold cavity (i.e., an exposed face).
    [021] The characteristics and advantages of this description will be further understood taking into account the detailed description, as well as the attached claims. Brief Description of Drawings
    [022] Figure 1 is a schematic process flowchart showing an exemplary method of producing ceramic shaped abrasive particles according to the present description.
    [023] Figures 2A and 2B are, respectively, seen in upper and lower schematic perspective of the exemplary shaped ceramic precursor particles according to the present description.
    [024] Figures 3A and 3B are, respectively, seen in upper and lower schematic perspective of the exemplary ceramic shaped abrasive particles according to the present description.
    [025] Figures 4A and 4B are microphotographs of shaped abrasive ceramic particles prepared in Example 12.
    [026] Although the figures identified above demonstrate various modalities of the present disclosure, other modalities are also contemplated; for example, as noted in the discussion. In all cases, the description is presented by way of representation and not limitation. Figures may not be drawn to scale. Similar reference numbers may be used in all figures to denote similar parts. Detailed Description
    [027] An exemplary method of producing ceramic shaped abrasive particles is shown in Figure 1. In a first step, a mold is provided having a plurality of mold cavities. Each mold cavity is bounded by a plurality of sides joined along common edges and at least one external opening. The mold may have a generally flat bottom surface and an opposite top surface. The upper surface can be a structured surface that defines the mold cavities. The mold can be, for example, a belt, a blade, a continuous mat, a coating cylinder such as a gravure cylinder, a glove mounted on a coating cylinder or matrix. The mold cavities can be configured so that the sol-gel composition contained in the mold cavities will have at least one face exposed to air (or other gas) during drying.
    [028] In some embodiments, the mold has mold cavities with an external opening bounded by one or more sides, and optionally an underside. The side (s) and and the optional bottom face can be flat or curved, and are joined together along the common edges (that is, edges joining the two faces). The sol-gel composition in such mold cavities has at least one (e.g., one or two) face exposed during the initial drying of the sol-gel composition. Exemplary molds of this type are described in the publication of US patent application No. 2010/0146867 A1 (Boden et al.). The bottom face can be designed in a unitary mold, or it can be formed from the second part of a two-part mold, for example, as described in US patent No. 5,201,916 (Berg et al.).
    [029] In some embodiments, the mold cavities correspond to openings with one or more sides and no bottom surface (for example, opening formed by a blade as described in US patent No. 5,201,916 (Berg et al.). The sides can be flat or curved and the adjacent sides are joined together along the common edges.The sol-gel composition in such mold cavities will have two faces exposed during the initial drying if not removed from the mold cavities. In some embodiments, the sol-gel compositions in such a mold can be separated from the mold and placed on the substrate prior to initial drying.In such embodiments, that portion of the sol-gel composition that is in contact with the substrate is not exposed to the air (or other gas) during drying.
    [030] The mold can comprise any suitable material, for example, metal or a polymeric material. Examples of suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastics such as polyester, polycarbonates, poly (sulfone ether), poly (methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene or combinations thereof and heat-cured and crosslinked materials . In some embodiments, the entire mold is produced from a polymeric material. In another embodiment, an upper surface of the mold, which includes the mold cavities, and which is in contact with the sol-gel composition during drying, comprises polymeric materials and other portions of the molding can be produced from other materials . For example, a suitable polymeric coating can be applied to a metal mold to change its surface tension properties.
    [031] A polymeric mold can be replicated from a metallic master tool. The master tool will have an inverse pattern to that desired for the mold. The master tool can be produced in the same way as the mold. In some embodiments, the master tool is made of metal (for example, nickel) and is turned by diamond. A polymeric blade material can be heated together with the master tool so that the polymeric material is embossed with the standard master tool by pressing both. A polymeric material can also be extruded or cast on the master tool and then pressed. The polymeric material is cooled to solidify and produce the mold. If a thermoplastic mold is used, care must be taken not to generate excessive heat that could distort the thermoplastic mold, limiting its useful life. More information regarding the design and manufacture of molds and / or master tools can be found, for example, in US patents No. 5,152,917 (Pieper et al.); 5,435,816 (Spurgeon et al.); 5,672,097 (Hoopman et al.); 5,946,991 (Hoopman et al.); 5,975,987 (Hoopman et al.); and 6,129,540 (Hoopman et al.).
    [032] Access to the mold cavities can be from an opening in the upper surface and / or the lower surface of the mold. In some embodiments, the mold cavities can extend over the entire thickness of the mold. In some embodiments, the mold cavities may extend only a portion of the thickness of the mold. In some embodiments, the upper surface is substantially parallel to the lower surface of the mold with the mold cavities having a substantially uniform depth. At least one side of the mold (for example, the side on which the mold cavity is formed) can remain exposed to the surrounding atmosphere during the step in which the volatile component is removed.
    [033] The mold cavities have a specified three-dimensional shape. In some embodiments, the shape of a mold cavity can be described as being a triangle, as seen from the top, which has an inclined side wall such that the bottom surface of the mold cavity is slightly smaller than the opening on the top surface. An inclined side wall can improve crushing performance and allow easier removal of the precursor shaped ceramic particles from the mold. In another embodiment, the mold comprised a plurality of triangular mold cavities. Each of the plurality of triangular mold cavities comprises an equilateral triangle.
    [034] Other mold cavity shapes can also be used, for example, circles, rectangles, squares, hexagons, stars or combinations thereof, all having a substantially uniform depth dimension. The depth dimension is equal to the distance perpendicular from the outer edge of the mold cavity to the deepest part of the mold cavity. The depth of a given mold cavity can be uniform or can vary over its length and / or width. The mold cavities of a given mold can be of the same or different shapes.
    [035] Then, the mold cavities are filled with the sol-gel composition. Any technique can be used, for example, knife cylinder coating application device or slotted die vacuum coating application device. In some embodiments, an upper surface of the mold is coated with the sol-gel composition. Subsequently, a scraper or leveling bar can be used to force the sol-gel composition completely into the mold cavity. The remaining portion of the sol-gel composition that does not enter the mold cavity can be removed from the top surface of the mold and recycled. In some embodiments, a small portion of the sol-gel composition may remain on the top surface, and in other embodiments, the top surface is substantially free of dispersion. The pressure applied by the scraper or leveling bar is typically less than 690 kPa (100 psi), or less than 340 kPa (50 psi) or less than 69 kPa (10 psi). In some embodiments, no exposed surface of the sol-gel composition extends substantially beyond the upper surface to ensure uniform thickness of the resulting ceramic shaped abrasive particles.
    [036] The sol-gel composition comprises a liquid carrier having a ceramic precursor dissolved or dispersed in it. The sol-gel composition can be a seeded or unseeded sol-gel composition comprising a dissolved or dispersed ceramic precursor (for example, in the form of nanometer-scale particles (i.e. nanoparticles)) that can be converted into material ceramic, such as alpha alumina, silica, ceria, titanium oxide, zirconia, spinel or a mixture thereof.
    [037] In some modalities, ceramic precursors are selected from hydroxides, aluminum oxyhydroxides, silicon, titanium, cerium and zirconium and salts and water-soluble and / or reactive compounds thereof; for example, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite), aluminum oxide monohydrate (including bohemite), aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum isobutoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate. In some embodiments, metal oxide includes transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mineral oxides, ceramic oxides or any combination thereof. Exemplary oxides include alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconia, yttrium stabilized zirconia, niobium oxide and tantalum oxide.
    [038] Many suns suitable for ceramic production are available for sale. For example, bohemian suns suitable for alpha alumina production are available from Sasol North America Inc., Houston, Texas, USA. Silica sol suitable for producing silica are available from the Nalco Company, Naperville, Illinois, USA. Cerium sols are available from Eminess Technologies, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. Zirconia, silica and alumina sols are available from Nissan Chemical America Corporation, Houston , Texas, USA.
    [039] In addition to the ceramic precursor, the sol-gel composition includes a liquid carrier that is a volatile component. Sol-gel compositions useful in the practice of the present description can be free of dispersed latex particles. In some embodiments, the volatile component comprises water. In some embodiments, the liquid carrier comprises water in combination with a water-soluble or water-miscible organic solvent such as, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol or 2-methoxy ethanol.
    [040] The sol-gel composition must comprise a sufficient amount of the liquid vehicle so that the viscosity of the sol-gel composition is low enough to allow the filling of the mold cavities and the replication of the mold surface, but not so much the vehicle. liquid which would make it prohibitively expensive to subsequently remove the liquid vehicle from the mold cavities. In some embodiments, the sol-gel composition comprises from 2 percent to 90 percent, by weight, of a ceramic precursor that can be converted to alpha alumina, such as aluminum oxide monohydrate particles, and minus 10 percent, by weight, or 50 percent to 70 percent, or 50 percent to 60 percent, by weight, of water. In contrast, the sol-gel composition in some embodiments contains 30 percent to 50 percent, or 40 percent to 50 percent by weight, of the ceramic precursor.
    [041] The ceramic precursor can comprise Bohemite. Bohemite in suitable form can be prepared by known techniques or can be obtained commercially. Examples of commercially available bohemians include products bearing the trademarks "DISPERAL" and "DISPAL", both available from Sasol North America, Inc. or "HIQ-40" available from BASF Corporation. These aluminum oxide monohydrates are relatively pure; that is, they include relatively little or no hydrate phase in addition to monohydrates and have a high surface area. The physical properties of the resulting ceramic shaped abrasive particles will generally depend on the type of ceramic precursor used in the sol-gel composition.
    [042] In some embodiments, the sol-gel composition is in a gel state. As used here, a “sol-gel” is a three-dimensional network of solids, formed by gelation of a ceramic precursor that is dissolved or dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The sol-gel composition can contain a modifying additive or a precursor to a modifying additive. The modifying additive can work to enhance some desirable property of the shaped ceramic abrasive particles or to increase the effectiveness of the subsequent sintering step. Modification additives or modification additive precursors can be in the form of soluble salts, typically water-soluble salts. They typically consist of a metal-containing compound and can be a precursor to magnesium oxides, zinc, iron, silicon, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, yttrium, praseodymium, samarium, ytterbium, neodymium, lanthan, gadolinium, cerium, dysprosium, erbium, titanium or mixtures thereof. The particular concentrations of these additives that may be present in the sol-gel composition may vary based on skill in the art. Typically, the introduction of a modifying additive or precursor of a modifying additive to the ceramic precursor will result in the formation of the sol-gel composition. The gelation of ceramic precursor solutions / dispersions can also be induced by applying heat over a period of time.
    [043] The sol-gel composition may also contain a nucleating agent to enhance the transformation of calcined or hydrated aluminum oxide into alpha alumina. Suitable nucleating agents for this purpose include fine particles of alpha alumina, alpha ferric oxide or its precursor, titanium oxides and titanates, chromium oxides or any other material that will nuclear the transformation. The amount of nucleating agent, if used, should be sufficient to effect the transformation to alpha alumina. The nucleation of such sol-gel compositions is disclosed in US Patent No. 4,744,802 (Schwabel).
    [044] A peptizing agent can be included in the sol-gel composition to produce a more stable hydrosol or colloidal sol-gel composition. Suitable peptizing agents include, for example, monoprotic acids or acid compounds such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid and nitric acid. Multiprotic acids can also be used, but they can quickly gel the sol-gel composition, making it difficult to handle or introduce additional components to it. Some commercial bohemian sources contain an acidic titration (such as absorbed formic acid or nitric acid) that will assist in the formation of a stable sol-gel composition.
    [045] The sol-gel composition can be formed by any suitable means, many of which are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, in the case of a bohemian sol-gel, it can be prepared simply by mixing aluminum oxide monohydrate (ie bohemite) with water containing a peptizing agent or by forming an aqueous mono paste. - aluminum oxide hydrate to which the peptizing agent is added. Foam eliminators or other suitable chemicals can be added to reduce the tendency for bubbles or air to enter under mixing. Additional chemicals such as metal oxide ceramic precursors, wetting agents, alcohols or coupling agent can be added, if desired. The alpha alumina particle abrasive grain may contain silica and iron oxide as disclosed in US Patent No. 5,645,619 to Erickson et al. Abrasive alpha alumina particles may contain zirconia as disclosed in US Patent No. 5,551,963 (Larmie). Alternatively, the alpha alumina abrasive particles may have a microstructure or additives as disclosed in US Patent No. 6,277,161 (Castro).
    [046] The liquid vehicle comprises a volatile component (for example, water and / or organic solvent) and a release agent dispersed in the volatile component. The release agent can be dispersed in the form of droplets or fine particles, although it can be emulsified (for example, with the use of one or more emulsifiers). The sol-gel composition can contain the release agent in an amount of 0.08 to 4.25 percent of the theoretical oxide weight of the ceramic precursor, although other amounts can also be used. In some embodiments, the sol-gel composition contains the release agent in an amount of 0.2 to 2.0 percent of the theoretical oxide weight of the ceramic precursor. In some embodiments, the sol-gel composition contains the release agent in an amount of 0.42 to 0.75 percent of the theoretical oxide weight of the ceramic precursor.
    [047] Examples of release agents include fluorochemicals (for example, perfluorinated ethers and polyethers, fluorinated alkanes and combinations thereof), hydrocarbons and silicones. The release agent may comprise an oil or combination of oils. The release agent can be added to the remaining ingredients in the sol-gel composition using a high shear mixer or homogenizer. Suitable high shear mixers are widely available from commercial sources. Once completely gelled, the viscosity of the sol-gel mixture inhibits the bulk phase separation of the release agent (for example, to form a layer on the surface of the sol-gel composition).
    [048] After filling at least some of the mold cavities with the sol-gel composition, the mold is placed in an oven and heated at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time to remove most of the liquid vehicle, or even sufficient liquid vehicle, so that the dry solgel composition has sufficient resistance to flow and cohesive force so that it can be separated from the mold and handled. Desirably, the liquid vehicle is removed at a rapid evaporation rate. In some embodiments, removal of the liquid vehicle by evaporation occurs at temperatures above the boiling point of the most volatile components that comprise the liquid vehicle. An upper limit for the drying temperature often depends on the material from which the mold is made. For polypropylene molding, the temperature must be lower than the melting point of the plastic.
    [049] In embodiments that include an aqueous sol-gel composition of between about 40 to 50 percent solids and a polypropylene mold, drying temperatures can be between about 90 ° C and about 165 ° C, or between about 105 ° C and about 150 ° C, or between about 105 ° C and about 120 ° C.
    [050] In some embodiments, after at least partial drying of the sol-gel composition to provide shaped ceramic precursor particles, the shaped ceramic precursor particles are typically removed from the mold cavities, although if desired the mold can be consumed combustion (for example, during calcination). In other embodiments, the sol-gel composition can be removed from the mold cavities before drying. The sol-gel composition and / or the shaped ceramic precursor particles can be removed from the mold cavities by using, alone or in combination in the mold, the following processes: gravity, vibration, ultrasonic vibration, vacuum, or air pressurized to remove particles from mold cavities.
    [051] Figures 2A and 2B show an exemplary shaped shaped ceramic precursor particle in accordance with the present description. Referring to Figures 2A and 2B, the shaped ceramic precursor particle 200 is bounded by a surface 210 that has a plurality of faces 220 joined along common edges 230. Surface 210 comprises voids 240 in a portion or across the entire surface 210. The empty spaces 240 comprise hollow ellipsoidal sections (for example, as if they had been removed with an ice cream scoop). The exposed face 222 has a first density of the voids 240 (i.e., the area of the hollow openings 445 in the exposed face 222 divided by the total area of the exposed face 222). The mold face 224 has a second density of the voids 240 (i.e., the area of the hollow openings 245 in the mold face 224 divided by the total area of the mold face 224).
    [052] The shaped ceramic precursor particles can additionally be dried out of the mold. If the sol-gel composition is dried to the desired level in the mold, this additional drying step will not be necessary. However, in some cases it may be economical to employ this additional drying step to minimize the time that the sol-gel composition remains in the mold cavities. Typically, the shaped abrasive precursor particles will be dried for 10 seconds to 120 minutes, or 1 to 10 minutes, at a temperature of 50 ° C to 160 ° C, or more typically at a temperature of 120 ° C to 150 ° C, although other conditions can also be used.
    [053] Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that the empty spaces are caused by oil that migrates to the surfaces in the form of droplets, and that the preferential migration to the exposed surface is stimulated by the sol-gel / air composition interface.
    [054] In the modalities in which the shaped abrasive ceramic particles are formed by a method according to the present description, the exposed face 222, or the exposed face 322, corresponds to an exposed face of the sol-gel composition while arranged in a mold cavity (i.e., a face not formed against a mold cavity wall), and the mold face 224, or the mold face 324, corresponds to a mold surface within the mold cavity (i.e., a face formed against a mold cavity wall). In some embodiments, the first and second faces may come into contact with each other. In other embodiments, the first and second faces do not come into contact with each other (for example, they can be spaced by joining faces, for example, as in the case of an upper face and a lower face). Any and all faces can be flat, concave, convex or a combination of them. The shaped abrasive ceramic particles may have a shape selected from the group consisting of pyramids, truncated pyramids, prisms and combinations thereof.
    [055] At this stage, the shaped ceramic precursor particles usually contain oil droplets inside the particle. During further heating, the oil droplets are vaporized leaving behind ellipsoidal cavities inside the resulting ceramic shaped abrasive particles.
    [056] Optionally, shaped ceramic precursor particles can be calcined to provide calcined shaped precursor particles. During calcination, essentially all volatile material is removed and the various components that are present in the ceramic precursor are transformed into metal oxides. Conformed abrasive precursor particles are, in general, heated to a temperature of 400 ° C to 800 ° C, and kept within this temperature range until free water and more than 90 weight percent of any bound volatile material removed. In an optional step, it may be desirable to introduce a modification additive through an impregnation process. A water-soluble salt can be introduced by impregnating the pores of the calcined shaped abrasive precursor particles. Then, the shaped abrasive precursor particles are calcined again. This option is further described in US Patent No. 5,164,348 (Wood).
    [057] Shaped ceramic precursor particles and / or calcined shaped precursor particles can be sintered to provide the shaped abrasive ceramic particles. Before sintering, the calcined shaped precursor abrasive particles are not completely densified and therefore do not contain the desired hardness content to be used as shaped abrasive particles. Sintering occurs by heating the calcined shaped abrasive precursor particles to a temperature of about 1,000 ° C to about 1,650 ° C and keeping them in that temperature range until substantially all of the ceramic precursor material is converted into ceramic material. For example, alpha alumina monohydrate (or equivalent) can be converted to alpha alumina and the porosity is reduced to less than 15 percent by volume. The amount of time that the calcined precursor-formatted abrasive particles must be exposed to the sintering temperature to achieve this level of conversion depends on several factors, but is typically 5 seconds to 48 hours, typically.
    [058] In another mode, the duration for the sintering stage is in the range of one minute to 90 minutes. After sintering, the resulting shaped ceramic abrasive particles can have a Vickers hardness of 10 gigapascals (GPa), 16 GPa, 18 GPa, 20 GPa or greater.
    [059] Sintering, optionally after calcination, the shaped ceramic precursor particles results in corresponding shaped ceramic abrasive particles. After sintering, any release agent that may be present in the shaped ceramic precursor particles has been burned.
    [060] Figures 3A and 3B show an abrasive particle shaped from exemplary ceramic according to the present description. Now with reference to Figures 3A and 3B, the shaped ceramic abrasive particle 300 is bounded by a surface 310 having a plurality of faces 320 joined along common edges 330. Surface 310 comprises voids 340 in a portion or across the entire surface 310. The empty spaces 340 comprise hollow ellipsoidal sections (for example, as if they had been removed with an ice cream scoop). The exposed face 322 has a first density of the voids 340 (i.e., the area of the hollow openings 345 in the exposed face 322 divided by the total area of the exposed face 322). The mold face 324 has a second density of the voids 340 (i.e., the area of the hollow openings 345 in the mold face 324 divided by the total area of the mold face 324).
    [061] Other steps can be used to modify the described process, such as, for example, rapid heating of the material from the calcination temperature to the sintering temperature, centrifugation of the sol-gel composition to remove sediment or other waste. In addition, the process can be modified by combining two or more process steps, if desired. The conventional process steps that can be used to modify the process of that description are more fully described in US Patent No. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser). In addition, shaped ceramic abrasive particles may have grooves on one side as described in US patent application publication No. 2010/0146867 A1 (Boden et al.). The grooves are formed by a plurality of ridges on the lower surface of the mold cavities and can facilitate the removal of the shaped precursor abrasive particles from the mold. More information regarding methods for producing shaped ceramic abrasive particles is revealed in the publication of US patent application No. 2009/0165394 A1 (Culler et al.).
    [062] In some embodiments, the ceramic shaped abrasive particles comprise alpha alumina. In these embodiments, and in others, the shaped abrasive ceramic particles can have a true density of at least 3.8, at least 3.85, or even at least 3.9 grams per cubic centimeter.
    [063] In the modalities in which the shaped ceramic abrasive particles are formed by a method according to the present description, the exposed face 222 or exposed face 322 corresponds to an exposed face of the sol-gel composition while arranged in a cavity of the mold (i.e., a face not formed against a mold cavity wall), and mold face 224, or mold face 324, corresponds to a mold surface within the mold cavity (i.e., a face formed against a mold cavity wall). In some embodiments, the first and second faces may come into contact with each other. In other embodiments, the first and second faces do not come into contact with each other (for example, they can be spaced by joining faces, for example, as in the case of an upper face and a lower face). Any and all faces can be flat, concave, convex or a combination of them. The shaped abrasive ceramic particles may have a shape selected from the group consisting of pyramids, truncated pyramids, prisms and combinations thereof.
    [064] In some embodiments, the voids in the ceramic shaped abrasive precursor particles and / or the ceramic shaped abrasive particles have an average Feret diameter in the range of about 1.2 microns to about 2.0 microns, or from about 1.5 microns to about 1.7 microns.
    [065] The abrasive particles formed from ceramic according to the present description can be incorporated in an abrasive article or used in the loose form. Abrasive particles are, in general, classified for a given particle size distribution before use. Such distributions typically have a range of particle sizes, from rough particles to fine particles. In abrasive technique, this band is sometimes called "rough", "control" and "thin" fractions. Abrasive particles classified according to the classification standards accepted by the abrasives industry specify the particle size distribution for each nominal classification within numerical limits. Such industry-accepted classification standards (that is, nominal rating specified by the abrasives industry) include those known as the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) standards, standards of the Federation of European Producers of Abrasive Products (FEPA) and Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) standards.
    [066] ANSI classification designations (ie specified nominal ratings) include: ANSI 4, ANSI 6, ANSI 8, ANSI 16, ANSI 24, ANSI 36, ANSI 40, ANSI 50, ANSI 60, ANSI 80, ANSI 100, ANSI 120, ANSI 150, ANSI 180, ANSI 220, ANSI 240, ANSI 280, ANSI 320, ANSI 360, ANSI 400 and ANSI 600. FEPA classification designations include P8, P12, P16, P24, P36, P40 , P50, P60, P80, P100, P120, P150, P180, P220, P320, P400, P500, P600, P800, P1000 and P1200. JIS classification designations include JIS8, JIS12, JIS16, JIS24, JIS36, JIS46, JIS54, JIS60, JIS80, JIS100, JIS150, JIS180, JIS220, JIS240, JIS280, JIS320, JIS360, JIS400, JIS600, JIS800, JIS800, JIS800 , JIS2500, JIS4000, JIS6000, JIS8000 and JIS10,000.
    [067] Alternatively, shaped ceramic abrasive particles can be graded to a standard screened classification using conventional USA test sieves, in accordance with ASTM E-11 "Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes" . The ASTM E-11 standard prescribes the requirements for the design and construction of test sieves using a woven wire cloth medium mounted on a frame for the classification of materials, according to a designated particle size. A typical designation can be represented as -18 + 20, which means that the shaped ceramic abrasive particles pass through a test sieve that meets the specifications of the ASTM E-11 standard for the number 18 sieve and are retained in a test sieve that meets the specifications of the ASTM E-11 standard for the number 20 sieve. In some embodiments, the shaped ceramic abrasive particles have a particle size so that most particles pass through a test sieve. weft 18 and can be retained on a weft test sieve 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50. In various embodiments, the shaped ceramic abrasive particles can have a nominal screened rating comprising: -18 + 20 , -20 + 25, -25 + 30, - 30 + 35, -35 + 40, -40 + 45, -45 + 50, -50 + 60, -60 + 70, -70 + 80, -80 + 100 , -100 + 120, - 120 + 140, -140 + 170, -170 + 200, -200 + 230, -230 + 270, -270 + 325, -325 + 400, -400 + 450, -450 + 500 or -500 + 635. In some embodiments, ceramic shaped abrasive particles have a particle size of less than 25 mm, less than 15 mm, or less than 5 mm.
    [068] If desired, shaped ceramic abrasive particles that have a specified nominal rating or a rated screening rating can be mixed with other known abrasive or non-abrasive particles. In some embodiments, at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or even 100 percent, by weight, of the plurality of abrasive particles, which have a nominal rating specified by the abrasive industry or a nominal screening classification are ceramic shaped abrasive particles according to the present description, based on the total weight of the plurality of abrasive particles.
    [069] Particles suitable for mixing with shaped ceramic abrasive particles include conventional abrasive grains, diluting grains or erodible agglomerates, such as those described in US Patent Nos. 4,799,939 (Markhoff-Matheny et al.) And 5,078. 753 (Broberg et al.). Representative examples of conventional abrasive grains include molten aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, garnet, zirconia molten alumina, cubic boron nitride, diamond and the like. Representative examples of diluting grains include marble, natural plaster and glass. Mixtures of differently shaped abrasive particles of ceramic can be used in the articles of this invention.
    [070] Shaped abrasive ceramic particles can also have a surface coating. Surface coatings are known to optimize the adhesion between abrasive grains and binder in abrasive articles, or can be used to assist in electrostatic deposition of shaped abrasive ceramic particles. Such surface coatings are described in US Patent Nos. 5,213,591 (Celikkaya et al.); 5,011,508 (Wald et al.); 1,910,444 (Nicholson); 3,041,156 (Rowse et al.); 5,009,675 (Kunz et al.); 5,085,671 (Martin et al.); 4,997,461 (Markhoff-Matheny et al.); and 5,042,991 (Kunz). Additionally, the surface coating can prevent welding or adhesion of the abrasive particle formed on the top of the abrasive grain (capping). “Capping” is the term used to describe the phenomenon where metal particles from the workpiece being ground are welded to the tops of the shaped abrasive particles. Surface coatings for performing the above functions are known to those skilled in the art.
    [071] The objectives and advantages of this description are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, but the specific materials and the proportions of them mentioned in these examples, as well as the other conditions and details, should not be understood as unduly limiting this description. Examples
    [072] Except where otherwise specified, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the examples and in the rest of the specification they are expressed by weight. Example 1
    [073] An alumina sol was prepared by combining 2,316 grams of deionized water and 66 grams of nitric acid in a high-shear mixer (Scott Turbon mixer, Adelanto, California, USA) operating at 1601 RPM. 1,600 grams of aluminum oxide monohydrate (available as DISPERAL from Sasol North America, Houston, Texas, USA) was added over one minute. After 5 minutes, an additional 6 grams of nitric acid was added, after seven minutes of mixing 12 grams of peanut oil (available as PEANUT OIL, NF from Alnor Oil Company, Valley Stream, New York, USA) (0.88 per percent theoretical weight of boemite oxide) were added to the mixture and incorporated for 2 minutes. The batch size was 4000 grams. The resulting composition was left to solidify and mature for 24 hours before use, thus providing a sol-gel composition.
    [074] The sol-gel composition was forced into the cavities of a micro-replicated mold using a 13 cm (5 inch) wide stainless steel putty knife. The mold was a 23 cm x 33 cm (9 inch x 13 inch) piece of polypropylene having triangular shaped mold cavities (2.8 mm (110 mils) each side x 0.7 mm (28 mils) deep) . The exit angle between the side of the mold side wall and the bottom face of the mold was 98 degrees. The mold was manufactured to have 50 percent of the mold cavities with 8 parallel ridges that rise from the bottom surfaces of the mold cavities that intersect with one side of the triangle at a 90 degree angle and the remaining mold cavities had a smooth bottom surface. The parallel ridges were spaced every 0.277 mm, and the cross-section of the ridges was shaped like a triangle, with a height of 0.0127 mm and an angle of 45 degrees between the sides of each ridge at the tip. The excess sol-gel composition was carefully removed from the impression using the putty knife. The coated molding was then placed in an air convection oven at 45 ° C for 1.5 hours to remove water and dry the sol-gel composition into shaped particles. The particles were removed from the impression with the aid of an ultrasonic horn. The abrasive precursor particles conformed to 0.75 percent peanut oil were calcined at approximately 650 ° C degrees Celsius (15 minutes) and then saturated with a mixed nitrate solution with the following concentration (reported as oxides): 1.0% MgO, 1.2% Y2O3, 4.0% La2O3 and 0.05% CoO. The excess nitrate solution was removed and the shaped and saturated abrasive precursor particles were left to dry and after that the particles were again calcined at 650 ° C (15 minutes) and sintered at approximately 1,400 ° C (5 minutes). Both calcination and sintering were performed using rotary tube calcination. The resulting shaped particles were evaluated for apparent density and true density. Apparent density was measured according to ANSI B74.4-1992 “Procedure for Bulk Density of Abrasive Grains ”. True density was measured using a Micromeritics ACCUPYC 1330 HELIUM PYCNOMETER (Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, Georgia, USA). Comparative Example A
    [075] Comparative Example A was done in the same way as Example 7, with the exception that no peanut oil was added. Substantially, all particles fractured during drying in the mold cavities, but successfully released from the mold. Examples 2 to 11
    [076] Examples 2 to 12 were prepared as in Example 1, with the exception that different amounts of peanut oil were incorporated as shown in Table 1. Comparative Example B
    [077] A bohemian sol-gel was made using the following recipe: aluminum oxide monohydrate powder (1,600 parts) with the trade name “DISPERAL” was dispersed by mixing a high-shear solution containing water (2,400 parts) and 70 percent aqueous nitric acid (72 parts) for 11 minutes. The resulting sol-gel was aged for at least one hour before coating. The sol-gel was forced into a mold having triangular shaped mold cavities 0.71 mm (28 mils) deep and 2.79 mm (110 mils) on each side. The exit angle between the side wall and the bottom of the mold cavity was 98 degrees. The mold was manufactured to have 50 percent of the mold cavities with 8 parallel ridges that rise from the bottom surfaces of the mold cavities that intersect with one side of the triangle at a 90 degree angle and the remaining mold cavities had a smooth bottom surface. The parallel ridges were spaced every 0.277 mm and the cross section of the ridges was a triangle shape having a height of 0.0127 mm and an angle of 45 degrees between the sides of each crest at the tip as described in the publication of the patent application US No. 2010/0146867 A1 (Boden et al.).
    [078] The sol-gel was forced into the mold cavities with a putty knife so that the molding openings were completely filled. A mold release agent, 0.2 percent peanut oil in methanol was used to coat the impression with about 0.08 mg / cm2 (0.5 mg / inch) of peanut oil applied to the impression. Excess methanol was removed by placing molding slides in an air convection oven for 5 minutes at 45 ° C. The molding coated with sol-gel was placed in an air convection oven at 45 ° C for at least 45 minutes for drying. The shaped abrasive precursor particles were removed from the impression by passing them through an ultrasonic horn. The shaped abrasive precursor particles were calcined at approximately 650 ° C degrees and then saturated with a nitrate solution mixed with the following concentration (reported as oxides): 1.8 percent of each MgO, Y2O3, Nd2O3, and La2O3. The excess nitrate solution was removed and the precursor shaped abrasive particles saturated with openings were allowed to dry, after which the particles were again calcined at 650 ° C and sintered at approximately 1400 ° C. Both calcination and sintering were performed using rotary tube calcination.
    [079] The composition and / or density of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples A and B are shown in Table 1 (below). Table 1

    [080] In Examples 1 to 11, the precursors of shaped abrasive particles released readily from their respective mold cavities without the need for release agents applied separately to the molding. As is apparent from Table 1, the introduction of increasing amounts of peanut oil into the sol-gel composition resulted in an increase in bulk density (due, at least in part, to an increase in particle shrinkage during firing) and a decrease in true density (due to the introduction of porosity).
    [081] X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the shaped ceramic abrasive particles prepared in Examples 2 to 11 were primarily ores with a detectable amount of magnesium lanthanum aluminate. This is the typical and expected heated chemistry of this material. Example 12
    [082] Example 12 was prepared as in Example 1, with the exception that peanut oil was included in an amount of 2.75 percent by weight of aluminum oxide monohydrate (3.24 percent by weight) oxide theory). Figures 4A and 4B show the upper surface (exposed) and the lower surface (mold) of a resulting shaped ceramic abrasive particle, respectively. These microphotographs show the non-uniform distribution of empty spaces on both sides, with Figure 4A showing at least 10 times the number of empty spaces compared to Figure 4B. Example 13
    [083] The exposed face (which corresponds to the external opening of the mold cavity) and the lower face of the mold (opposite the exposed external face) of ten shaped (ie heated) abrasive ceramic particles prepared according to Example 7 (ie, peanut oil was present in an amount of 0.65 percent by weight of aluminum oxide monohydrate) were independently photographed using a JEOL 7600F field-emitting scanning electron microscope (from JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 2,000X using backscattered electrons. Because of the relatively high magnification, a random area was selected in each of the particles. The images were subsequently analyzed using ImageJ image analysis software. The data were obtained by manually measuring the individual exposed voids area and combining these individual pore area measurements to obtain the total void area per image, and then dividing that value by the total area of the field of view to finally obtain the “percentage of area covered with porosity” for each of the ten exposed faces and ten mold faces. The percentage of the surface area of each face that was occupied by the empty spaces was as follows: exposed face - average = 0.72 percent, standard deviation = 0.50 percent; and mold face - mean = 0.16 percent, standard deviation = 0.14 percent. Example 14
    [084] The procedure was the same as in Example 7, except that the peanut oil was replaced with coconut oil, and the coconut oil was heated in an oven at 45 ° C until it became liquid before being combined with the components remaining. Example 15
    [085] A metal screen was used in this example. The metal screen was 0.56 mm (22 mils) thick and had equilateral triangular openings, 2.8 mm (0.110 inch) on each side. The sol-gel composition prepared as in Example 1 was applied to the metal mesh using a putty knife, thus filling the mesh openings. The screen was removed immediately and the sample was dried at 45 ° C for 15 minutes. Example 16
    [086] Example 15 was repeated, except for: the metal screen was held upright while the sol-gel was applied using a plastic squeegee; the excess sol-gel was scraped on both sides of the screen simultaneously; the sol-gel-coated metal screen was dried at 45 ° C for 15 minutes; and the particles fell from the screen to a collection tray during drying. Example 17
    [087] The exposed face (which corresponds to the external opening of the mold cavity) and the lower face of the mold (opposite the exposed external face) of ten abrasive precursor particles shaped from ceramic (ie, not heated) were photographed independently with the use of a JEOL 7600F field-scanning electron microscope at 2,000X using backscattered electrons. The particles were prepared according to Example 1, with the exception that the particles were not heated and the peanut oil level was 2.5 percent by weight of aluminum oxide monohydrate (2.9 percent of the theoretical oxide weight). Because of the relatively high magnification, a random area was selected in each of the particles. The images were subsequently analyzed using ImageJ image analysis software. The data were obtained by manually measuring the individual exposed voids area and combining these individual pore area measurements to obtain the total void area per image, and then dividing that value by the total area of the field of view to finally obtain the “percentage of area covered with porosity” for each of the ten exposed faces and ten mold faces. The percentage of the surface area of each face that was occupied by the empty spaces was as follows: exposed face - average = 6.5 percent, standard deviation = 1.7 percent; and mold face - mean = 0.8 percent, standard deviation = 0.4 percent. Example 18
    [088] The exposed face (which corresponds to the external opening of the mold cavity) and the lower face of the mold (opposite the exposed external face) of ten shaped (ie heated) abrasive ceramic particles were photographed independently with the use of a JEOL 7600F field emission scanning electron microscope at 2,000X using backscattered electrons. The particles were prepared according to Example 1, except that the level of peanut oil was 2.5 percent by weight of aluminum oxide monohydrate (2.9 percent of theoretical oxide weight). Because of the relatively high magnification, a random area was selected in each of the particles. The images were subsequently analyzed using ImageJ image analysis software. The data were obtained by manually measuring the individual exposed voids area and combining these individual pore area measurements to obtain the total void area per image, and then dividing that value by the total area of the field of view to finally obtain the “percentage of area covered with porosity” for each of the ten exposed faces and ten mold faces. The percentage of the surface area of each face that was occupied by the empty spaces was as follows: exposed face - average = 6.04 percent, standard deviation = 2.21 percent; and mold face - mean = 0.24 percent, standard deviation = 0.18 percent. The average Feret diameter of the empty spaces on the exposed face was 1.57 microns, standard deviation = 0.79 microns, and on the mold face it was 1.64 microns, standard deviation = 0.72 microns. Example 19
    [089] The exposed face (which corresponds to the external opening of the mold cavity) and the lower face of the mold (opposite the exposed external face) of ten shaped (heated) abrasive ceramic particles were photographed independently using an electron microscope field emission scanners JEOL 7600F at 2,000X using backscattered electrons The particles were prepared according to Example 2 (ie, peanut oil was present in an amount of 0.1 percent by weight of mono- aluminum oxide hydrate). Because of the relatively high magnification, a random area was selected in each of the particles. The images were subsequently analyzed using ImageJ image analysis software. The data were obtained by manually measuring the individual exposed voids area and combining these individual pore area measurements to obtain the total void area per image, and then dividing that value by the total area of the field of view to finally obtain the “percentage of area covered with porosity” for each of the ten exposed faces and ten mold faces. The percentage of the surface area of each face that was occupied by the empty spaces was as follows: exposed face - average = 0.11 percent, standard deviation = 0.08 percent; and mold face - mean = 0.04 percent, standard deviation = 0.04 percent. Selected modalities of the present description
    [090] In a first embodiment, the present description presents a method of producing precursor shaped ceramic particles, the method comprising: providing a mold that has a plurality of mold cavities, each mold cavity being delimited by a plurality of faces joined along common edges; fill at least some of the mold cavities with a sol-gel composition, the sol-gel composition comprising a liquid carrier and a ceramic precursor, the liquid carrier comprising a volatile component and a release agent dispersed throughout the volatile component; removing at least a portion of the volatile component of the sol-gel composition while the sol-gel composition resides in the mold cavities, thereby providing the shaped ceramic precursor particles.
    [091] In a second embodiment, the present description provides a method of producing ceramic precursor particles shaped according to the first embodiment, which further comprises separating the shaped ceramic precursor particles from the mold.
    [092] In a third embodiment, the present description presents a method of producing shaped abrasive particles of ceramic, the method comprising: producing the precursor particles of ceramic shaped according to the method of the first or second mode; and sintering at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [093] In a fourth embodiment, the present description presents a method of producing shaped abrasive ceramic particles, the method comprising: producing precursor ceramic particles shaped according to the method of any of the first to third modalities; calcines at least a portion of the shaped precursor ceramic particles according to claim 1 to provide calcined shaped precursor ceramic particles; and sintering at least a portion of the calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [094] In a fifth embodiment, the present description provides a method according to the third or fourth embodiment, wherein the shaped ceramic abrasive particles comprise alpha alumina.
    [095] In a sixth embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the third to fifth embodiments, in which the ceramic shaped abrasive particles have an abrasive of industry-specified nominal rating.
    [096] In a seventh embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the third to sixth modalities, wherein the shaped ceramic abrasive particles have a particle size of less than 5 mm.
    [097] In an eighth embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the third to seventh modalities, in which the shaped ceramic abrasive particles have a true density of at least 3.8 grams per cubic centimeter.
    [098] In a ninth embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the first to eighth embodiments, wherein the release agent comprises an oil.
    [099] In a tenth embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the first to ninth modalities, in which the release agent is included in the sol-gel composition in an amount of 0.08 to 4.25 percent of the theoretical oxide weight of the ceramic precursor.
    [100] In an eleventh embodiment, the present description provides a method according to any of the first to eleventh embodiments, wherein the ceramic precursor comprises an alpha alumina precursor.
    [101] In a twelfth embodiment, the present description provides a sol-gel composition comprising a liquid vehicle and a ceramic precursor, the liquid vehicle comprising a volatile component and oil dispersed throughout the volatile component, wherein the composition of sol-gel comprises a sol-gel.
    [102] In a thirteenth embodiment, the present description provides a sol-gel composition according to the twelfth embodiment, wherein the release agent comprises an oil.
    [103] In a fourteenth embodiment, the present description provides a sol-gel composition according to the twelfth or thirteenth modality, in which the release agent is included in the sol-gel composition in an amount from 0.08 to 4.25 percent of the theoretical oxide weight of the ceramic precursor.
    [104] In a fifteenth embodiment, the present description provides a sol-gel composition according to any of the twelfth to fourteenth embodiments, wherein the ceramic precursor comprises an alpha alumina precursor.
    [105] In a sixteenth embodiment, the present description provides precursor shaped ceramic particles, with each precursor shaped ceramic particle comprising a ceramic precursor and bounded by a surface that has a plurality of faces joined along common edges , and the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are formed as hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, and the exposed face has a first density of the empty spaces; and a mold face that is smaller in area than the exposed face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [106] In a seventeenth embodiment, the present description provides abrasive particles shaped from ceramic according to the sixteenth embodiment, in which the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [107] In an eighteenth modality, the present description provides shaped precursor ceramic particles, each shaped precursor ceramic particle comprising a ceramic precursor and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, the surface having empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the exposed face has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of the empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [108] In a nineteenth modality, the present description provides abrasive particles shaped from ceramic according to the eighteenth modality, in which the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [109] In a twentieth embodiment, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles, each ceramic shaped abrasive particle comprising a ceramic material and bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, where the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, with the plurality of faces comprising: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, with the exposed face it has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face that is smaller in area than the exposed face, the mold face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [110] In a twenty-first modality, the present description provides abrasive particles shaped from ceramic according to the twenty modality, in which the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [111] In a twenty-second and twentieth modality, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles, each ceramic shaped abrasive particle comprising a ceramic material and bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges , and the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, and the empty spaces have the shape of hollow ellipsoidal sections, in which the plurality of faces comprises: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, and the exposed face has a first density of the empty spaces; and a mold face, where the mold face has a portion of the empty spaces itself, the mold face having a second density of the empty spaces, and the first density of the empty spaces is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [112] In a twenty-third embodiment, the present description provides abrasive precursor particles shaped in accordance with the twenty-second embodiment, in which the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [113] In a twenty-fourth modality, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles according to any of the twenty-third to twenty-third modalities, wherein the ceramic shaped abrasive particles have an abrasive of industry-specified rating.
    [114] In a twenty-fifth embodiment, the present description provides ceramic shaped abrasive particles according to any of the twenty-fourth to twenty-fourth modalities, with the ceramic shaped abrasive particles having a particle size of less than 5 mm.
    [115] In a twenty-sixth embodiment, the present description provides abrasive ceramic shaped particles according to any of the twenty-twenty-fifth modalities, with the ceramic shaped abrasive particles comprising alpha alumina.
    [116] In a twenty-seventh embodiment, the present description provides abrasive ceramic shaped particles according to any of the twenty-twenty-sixth modalities, with the ceramic shaped abrasive particles having a true density of at least 3.8 grams per cubic centimeter.
    [117] All patents and patent publications cited earlier in this document are hereby incorporated by reference, unless specifically excluded. Various modifications and alterations to this disclosure can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure and it should be understood that this disclosure should not be unduly limited to the illustrative modalities presented here.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [0001]
    1. Shaped ceramic precursor particles, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that each shaped ceramic precursor particle comprises a ceramic precursor that can be converted to alpha alumina, and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, in that the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion of it, in which the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, in which the plurality of faces comprises: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, in which the face exposed has a first density of empty spaces; and a mold face, where the mold face has a portion of the voids itself, where the mold face has a second density of the voids, and where the first density of the voids is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [0002]
    2. Shaped ceramic precursor particles, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mold face is smaller than the exposed face.
    [0003]
    3. Shaped ceramic precursor particles, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [0004]
    4.Ceramic shaped abrasive particles, FEATURED by the fact that each ceramic shaped abrasive particle comprises alpha alumina and is bounded by a surface having a plurality of faces joined along common edges, where the surface has empty spaces in at least a portion thereof, in which the empty spaces are shaped like hollow ellipsoidal sections, in which the plurality of faces comprises: an exposed face having a portion of the empty spaces itself, in which the exposed face has a first density of the empty spaces; and a mold face, where the mold face has a portion of the voids itself, where the mold face has a second density of the voids, and where the first density of the voids is greater than the second density of empty spaces.
    [0005]
    5. Abrasive particles made of ceramic according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mold face is smaller than the exposed face.
    [0006]
    6. Abrasive particles made of ceramic, according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the exposed face is opposite the mold face.
    [0007]
    7.Shaped ceramic abrasive particles according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that shaped ceramic abrasive particles have a nominal rating specified by the abrasives industry.
    [0008]
    8. Method for producing shaped ceramic precursor particles, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises: providing a mold having a plurality of mold cavities, in which each mold cavity is delimited by a plurality of faces joined along common edges; filling at least some of the mold cavities with a sol-gel composition, the sol-gel composition comprising a liquid carrier and a ceramic precursor comprising an alpha alumina precursor, the liquid carrier comprising a volatile component and a release agent dispersed throughout the volatile component, wherein the release agent comprises an oil; and removing at least a portion of the volatile component of the sol-gel composition while the sol-gel composition resides in the mold cavities, thereby providing the shaped ceramic precursor particles.
    [0009]
    9. Method according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it further comprises separating the precursor particles formed from the ceramic mold.
    [0010]
    10. Method for producing shaped abrasive ceramic particles, as defined in any one of claims 4 to 7, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises: producing shaped ceramic precursor particles according to the method as defined in claim 8; and sintering at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [0011]
    11. Method for producing abrasive shaped ceramic particles, as defined in any one of claims 4 to 7, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: producing precursor ceramic particles shaped according to the method as defined in claim 8; calcining at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide calcined shaped precursor particles; and sintering at least a portion of the calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide the shaped ceramic abrasive particles.
    [0012]
    12. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the shaped abrasive ceramic particles have a nominal classification specified by the abrasives industry.
    [0013]
    13. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the release agent is included in the sol-gel composition in an amount of 0.08 to 4.25 percent of the theoretical weight of the oxide of the ceramic precursor.
    [0014]
    14. Sol-gel composition used in the method as defined in any of claims 8 to 13, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises a liquid vehicle and a ceramic precursor, the liquid vehicle comprising a volatile component and a release agent dispersed throughout the volatile component, in which the sol-gel composition comprises a sol-gel, in which the release agent comprises an oil, and in which the ceramic precursor can be converted to alpha alumina.
    [0015]
    15. Sol-gel composition according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the release agent is included in the sol-gel composition in an amount of 0.08 to 4.25 percent of the theoretical weight of the oxide of the ceramic precursor.
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    BR112015009886B1|2021-06-08|shaped abrasive particles, methods of preparing said particles, abrasive articles including the same and workpiece abrasion method
    JP5414694B2|2014-02-12|Shaped and torn abrasive particles, abrasive articles using the abrasive particles, and methods for producing them
    BRPI0922599B1|2019-05-14|ABRASIVE PARTICULARS DEFINED FORMAT WITH AN INCLINED SIDE WALL AND COATED ABRASIVE ARTICLE
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    JP2017109921A|2017-06-22|
    CN104726062B|2017-09-29|
    CN104726062A|2015-06-24|
    MX365860B|2019-06-18|
    MX2014000435A|2014-03-21|
    JP2014526977A|2014-10-09|
    EP2731922A2|2014-05-21|
    US10000677B2|2018-06-19|
    JP6258458B2|2018-01-10|
    US20140109490A1|2014-04-24|
    BR112014000690A2|2017-02-14|
    WO2013009484A3|2013-06-13|
    CN103649010A|2014-03-19|
    JP6151689B2|2017-06-21|
    WO2013009484A2|2013-01-17|
    EP3858800A1|2021-08-04|
    US20180010026A1|2018-01-11|
    US9790410B2|2017-10-17|
    CA2841435A1|2013-01-17|
    KR20140059776A|2014-05-16|
    RU2014100042A|2015-08-20|
    CN103649010B|2016-09-21|
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    法律状态:
    2018-04-03| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-08-06| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2020-05-05| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|
    2020-09-24| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2020-12-08| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 28/06/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201161506913P| true| 2011-07-12|2011-07-12|
    US61/506,913|2011-07-12|
    US201161508190P| true| 2011-07-15|2011-07-15|
    US61/508,190|2011-07-15|
    PCT/US2012/044605|WO2013009484A2|2011-07-12|2012-06-28|Method of making ceramic shaped abrasive particles, sol-gel composition, and ceramic shaped abrasive particles|
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