• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    PANEL HEATING ELEMENT AND METHOD TO PRODUCE THE SAME. The invention relates to a panel heating element having at least one substrate with a substrate surface, an electrical heating layer for heating the substrate, which heating layer extends over at least a portion of the substrate surface and is connected to at least two electrodes provided for connection to a voltage source such that a current path for a heating current is formed between the electrodes. The heating layer is electrically divided into separation zones, each of which has at least one free zone end. The current path changes its flow direction at the free zone ends, respectively, a transition zone, which is implemented in such a way that the electrical conductivity of the heating layer decreases towards the free zone end, the end follows of the zone of each separation zone.
    公开号:BR112013024506B1
    申请号:R112013024506-9
    申请日:2012-03-27
    公开日:2021-05-25
    发明作者:Bastien Royer；Li - Ya Yeh；Susanne Lisinski；Marcel Klein；Dang Cuong Phan
    申请人:Saint-Gobain Glass France；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Description
    [0001] Panel heating elements with a substrate and an electrical heating layer are well known per se and have already been described multiple times in the patent literature. Reference is made merely by way of example in this regard to published German patent applications DE 1020080181147 A1 and DE 102008029986 A1. In automotive vehicles, they are often used as windshields, since, by law, the central visual field of windshields should not have substantial visual restrictions.
    [0002] From the industrial series production of panel heating elements, the structuring of the heating layer by means of separation lines to form a usually tortuous current path is known. This has the advantage that the electrical resistance increases and the current path can be contacted via relatively small connecting electrodes. In patent literature, such a panel heating element is, for example, described in German published application DE 19860870 A1.
    [0003] With such panel heating elements, the problem occurs that in the region of a curve of the current path, the current distribution becomes inhomogeneous and local heat centers ("hot spots") can develop. These “hot spots” cause uneven heat distribution in the panel heating element and can result, due to local overheating, in damage and possibly even damage to the heating layer or substrate. Furthermore, with transparent panels, visual perception through the panel at overheating points may be impaired.
    [0004] A solution to this problem is set out in US patent publication US 2005/221062 A1. According to it, curved arc-shaped guide lines are provided at the free ends of the separation lines, by means of which the current path is divided into a plurality of parallel current subpaths.
    [0005] In contrast, the aim of the present invention is to make available a panel heating element, in which the occurrence of local heat centers in curves of the tortuous current path can be prevented by an alternative solution and a heat distribution equally uniform can be obtained. This and other objectives are achieved according to the proposal of the invention by means of a panel heating element and a method for its production with the characteristics of the coordinated claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated by the features of the dependent claims.
    [0006] According to the invention, a panel heating element is presented, having at least one flat substrate with a substrate surface and an electrical heating layer made of an electrically conductive material to heat the substrate, which heating layer is which extends over at least a part of the substrate surface and is connected to at least two electrodes provided for connection to a voltage source so that a current path for a heating current is formed between the electrodes. The heating layer can be applied directly to the substrate. However, it is also conceivable to apply the heating layer on a carrier, for example a plastic film, in particular a PET film (PET = polyethylene terephthalate), which is then bonded to the substrate, for example glued. The panel heating element can in particular be a composite panel in which two individual panels are glued together by a layer of adhesive.
    [0007] The panel heating element includes one or a plurality of separation zones, which electrically divide the heating layer into sections. The separation zones respectively have at least one (free) zone end ending freely within the heating layer and/or implemented so that, respectively, the current path changes its flow direction at the free zone ends, by for example, by 180°. Preferably, but not necessarily, the separation zones are implemented as lines of separation, linearly, in particular straightly.
    [0008] A transition zone, which is implemented in such a way that an electrical conductivity of the heating layer decreases towards the free zone end, i.e., decreases to zero, immediately follows (in aligned extent) the zone end free from each separation zone. Preferably, but not necessarily, the transition zone is implemented in such a way that the electrical conductivity of the heating layer decreases continuously, in particular linearly, towards the free zone end. Preferably, but not necessarily, the transition zones are implemented linearly, in particular straightly. At the beginning of the transition zone, the electrical conductivity is zero. The edge of the transition zone is constituted by the region, in which the increasing electrical conductivity has reached the total electrical conductivity of the heating layer.
    [0009] The panel heating element according to the invention advantageously allows, by means of a spatial variation of the electrical resistance of the heating layer, the homogenization of the current flow in the region of a curve of the current path at the zone ends free.
    [0010] In an advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element according to the invention, the transition zones are implemented so that the layer thickness of the heating layer varies. The layer thickness of the heating layer decreases towards the free zone edge or increases away from the free zone edge. The start of the transition zone is defined by the free zone end over which the layer thickness of the heating layer is zero. The edge of the transition zone is defined by reaching the total layer thickness or total electrical conductivity of the heating layer. Preferably, but not necessarily, the transition zone is implemented in such a way that the layer thickness of the heating layer decreases continuously, in particular linearly, towards the free zone end.
    [0011] In another advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element according to the invention, the transition zones are implemented in such a way that the porosity of the heating layer increases towards the free zone end, so that, correspondingly, a decrease in electrical conductivity can be obtained.
    [0012] In another advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element according to the invention, in which the heating layer has a dopant to increase electrical conductivity, the transition zones are implemented so that a concentration of the dopant in the zone of transition decreases towards the free zone end so that a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity can be obtained.
    [0013] In another advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element according to the invention, in which the heating layer has a dopant to reduce electrical conductivity, the transition zones are implemented so that a concentration of the dopant in the zone of transition increases towards the free zone end so that a correspondingly decrease in electrical conductivity can be obtained.
    [0014] In an advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element, the transition zone has, at a free zone end, a length corresponding to at least half of a width of the current path at the free zone end, measured perpendicularly to its length, whereby a particularly good homogenization of the current flow can be obtained.
    [0015] In an advantageous embodiment of the panel heating element, a carrier, for example a plastic film, provided with the electrical heating layer is applied on the substrate surface, with the heating layer implemented in the manner described above. The plastic film thus serves as a surface carrier for the heating layer. The film can be made from any plastic suitable for the application of, for example, polyamide (PA), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyester (PE), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
    [0016] The invention further extends to such a carrier, for example a plastic film, with an electrical heating layer applied on at least a portion of a surface carrier and with at least two electrodes provided for connection to a voltage source , which are connected to the heating layer so that a current path for a heating current is formed between the electrodes. The heating layer is implemented as described above. Consequently, the heating layer is electrically divided by one or a plurality of separation zones, which respectively have at least one free zone end and are implemented in such a way that the current path changes its flow direction at the zone ends. free, with respectively a transition zone, wherein the electrical conductivity of the heating layer decreases towards the free zone end following the free end of each separation zone.
    [0017] Furthermore, the invention extends to a method for producing a panel heating element implemented as described above, with the steps: provision of at least one flat substrate with a substrate surface and an electrical heating layer for heating the substrate, which heating layer extends over at least a portion of the substrate surface and is connected to at least two electrodes provided for connection to a voltage source such that a current path for a heating current is formed between the electrodes; electrical division of the heating layer by one or a plurality of separation zones, preferably linear, in particular straight, with separation zones respectively having at least one free zone end being implemented so that the current path changes its direction flow at the free zone ends; creating one or a plurality of transition zones, preferably linear, in particular straight, which transition zones respectively follow the end of the free zone so that an electrical conductivity of the heating layer, resulting in particular from from a reduction in the layer thickness of the heating layer, it decreases towards the free zone end, in particular continuously, e.g. linearly.
    [0018] As already indicated above, in the method according to the invention, for the purpose of a variation of the electrical conductivity of the heating layer, the transition zones can be configured so that the layer thickness of the heating layer decreases in direction to the free zone end. It is also conceivable to configure the transition zone such that the porosity of the heating layer increases towards the free zone end, a concentration of the dopant improving the electrical conductivity of the heating layer decreases towards the free zone end, and /or a concentration of the dopant ions which reduces the electrical conductivity of the heating layer increases towards the free zone end.
    [0019] In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, a carrier, preferably a plastic film, provided with the electrical heating layer is applied, with the heating layer implemented in the manner described above.
    [0020] The invention further extends to the use of a panel heating element as described above as a functional individual piece and as an integrated part in furniture, appliances, and buildings, in particular as a heating element in residential spaces, by example, wall-mountable or free-standing heating elements, as well as in means of transport for moving over land, in air, or in water, in particular in motor vehicles, eg as a windshield, rear window, side window , and/or glass ceiling.
    [0021] It is understood that the various embodiments of the invention can be carried out individually or in any combinations. In particular, the above-mentioned features and those to be explained below can be used not only in the indicated combinations, but also in other combinations or alone, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Brief Description of Drawings
    [0022] The invention is now explained in detail using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the attached figures. They show, in simplified representation, not to scale: figure 1 an embodiment of the panel heating element according to the invention with separation zones and transition zones in a top view and in a cross-sectional view; Figure 2A-2B is the panel heating element of Figure 1 with a current path shown in a top view (Figure 2A) as well as a conventional panel heating element without transition zones (Figure 2B); Figure 3 shows a conventional panel heating element with local “hot spots” representation in a top view. Detailed Description of the Drawings
    [0023] Reference is first made to Figure 3, in which a panel heating element according to the prior art, globally referenced by reference numeral 101, is represented. The panel heating element 101 comprises a substrate 102, onto which an electrical heating layer 103 is applied. The heating layer 103 is electrically separated by straight separation zones 104 (separation lines) so that a continuous meander-shaped or S-shaped structure is formed by the heating layer 103, which is electrically contacted at both its ends. to the two connecting electrodes 106, 106' so that a meander-shaped tortuous current path 105 is formed for a heating current fed to the connecting electrodes 106, 106'. The panel heating element 101 is heated by the heating current. The separation zones 104 respectively have the free zone end 108 in the heating layer 102.
    [0024] In change zones 107, in which, respectively, a freely ending zone end 108 of a straight separation zone 104 is contained, current path 105 or heating current reverses its flow direction several times by 180° . Consequently, in the change zones 107, the current path 105 has a curved path, whereby a non-uniform current density distribution with a concentration of current flow at the free zone ends 108 results. This typically leads to the occurrence of locally overheated spots or "hot spots" 109 at the ends of zone 108. In addition to uneven heat distribution in heating element 101, this situation can lead to damage to heating layer 103 and/or on substrate 102.
    [0025] The present invention solves this problem in that it homogenizes a distribution of current flow in the regions of a curve of the current path, so that a concentration of current flow at the reversal sites of the current path is avoided at least to a great extent.
    [0026] This is explained in detail hereafter. Reference is now made to Figure 1, in which an embodiment of a panel heating element according to the invention, referred to globally by reference numeral 1, is shown. Figure 1 represents the panel heating element 1 in a global representation (top), as well as an enlarged detail of it (bottom).
    [0027] Accordingly, the panel heating element 1 comprises at least one substrate 2, on which an electrically conductive heating layer 3 is applied substantially over its entire surface. Glass, ceramic, or plastic, for example, can serve as the material for substrate 2. A glass substrate 2 can, for example, be made of float glass, cast or cast glass, or ceramic glass. A plastic substrate 2 can be produced, for example, from polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), polyester (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMA), or terephthalate of polyethylene (PET). In general, any material with sufficient chemical resistance, appropriate stability to shape and size, as well as, as the case may be, adequate optical transparency, can be used for substrate 2. In application as a motor vehicle window, for example, a windshield, visible light transparent substrate 2 is typically selected, whereas in application as a heating element to heat an indoor or outdoor area, a ceramic carrier can also be used. Conductive metal carriers are equally suitable as substrate 2, if the heating layer 3 is separated from them by an electrically insulating layer. In addition, a metal carrier has the advantage that heat generated by heating layer 3 can be easily transmitted due to the high thermal conductivity of metals.
    [0028] The heating layer 3 includes an electrically conductive material. Examples for this are metals with high electrical conductivity such as titanium, manganese, indium, chromium, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, or molybdenum, metal alloys such as silver alloyed with palladium, as well as transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) . TCOs are preferably indium tin oxide, fluoride-doped tin dioxide, aluminum-doped tin dioxide, gallium-doped tin dioxide, boron-doped tin dioxide, zinc tin oxide, or antimony-doped tin oxide . The heating layer 3 can consist of an individual conductive layer or a layer structure that includes at least one conductive sublayer. For example, such a layer structure includes at least one conductive sublayer, preferably silver (Ag), and other sublayers, such as anti-reflective and blocking layers. The layer thickness of heating layer 3 can vary widely, with the thickness at each point being, for example, in the range from 0.1 nm to 100 µm. In the case of TCOs, the layer thickness is, for example, in the range from 100 nm to 1.5 µm, preferably in the range from 150 nm to 1 µm, and even more preferably in the range from 200 nm to 500 nm. For example, the layer thickness of a titanium layer is in the range from 0.1 to 2 nm; the layer thickness of a manganese layer, in the range from 0.1 to 1 nm; the layer thickness of a molybdenum layer, in the range from 0.1 to 1 nm; the layer thickness of a silver layer, in the range from 1 to 50 nm; the layer thickness of an indium layer, in the range of 50 to 200 nm; the layer thickness of one layer of another, in the range from 1 to 10 nm; and the layer thickness of a chromium layer is, for example, about 1 nm. The sheet resistance of the heating layer 3 is, for example, less than 20 Ohm and is in particular in the range from 0.1 to 20 Ohm. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the sheet resistance of the heating layer 3 is, for example, in the range from 1 to 5 Ohm.
    [0029] The heating layer 3 is, for example, deposited from the gas phase, for which purposes methods known per se, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD), can be used. Preferably, heating layer 3 is deposited by spraying (magneton cathode spraying).
    [0030] Here, the heating layer 3 is, for example, deposited on a carrier 4, which is then bonded, for example, glued, to the substrate 2. Such a carrier 4 may, in particular, be a plastic film, made , for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyester (PE), or polyvinyl butyral (PVB). However, it is also conceivable to deposit the heating layer 3 directly onto the substrate 2.
    [0031] If the panel heating element 1 serves as a heatable vehicle windshield, it must be suitably transparent to visible light in the wavelength range from 350 nm to 800 nm, with the term "transparency" understood as the meaning of a high light transmittance of, for example, more than 80%. This can be achieved, in particular, by means of a glass substrate 2 and a transparent heating layer 3 made of silver (Ag). Generally speaking, the selection of heating layer 3 is not restricted to any specific material, as long as a flat electric heater can be made with this material on substrate 2.
    [0032] Substrate 2 is, for example, implemented here in the shape of a rectangle, with substrate 2 having two opposite substrate edges 11, 11' first (here, for example, longer substrate edges) and two second edges 12, 12' opposite substrate edges (here, for example, shorter substrate edges). It is understood that the substrate 2 may have any other shape suitable for the respective application of the panel heating element 1.
    [0033] The panel heating element 1 may have only a single substrate 2 or alternatively a plurality of substrates 2. In the latter case, the panel heating element 1 may, for example, be implemented as a composite panel which it has an outer panel and an inner panel, both implemented as individual substrates and bonded together by a thermoplastic plastic adhesive layer, in particular based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polyurethane (PU) , can, for example, be used as an adhesive layer to glue the two individual substrates together. The heating layer 3 can, for example, be deposited on the side of the inner panel connected to the adhesive layer; but it would equally be possible to apply the heating layer 3 not to the inner panel, but instead to apply it to the flat carrier 4, which is subsequently glued to the two individual substrates. Since the structure of a composite panel is well known per se to the person skilled in the art, a discussion of it in detail here is superfluous.
    [0034] As shown in Figure 1, the heating layer 3 is electrically interrupted by a plurality of straight separation zones 5 (separation lines), in which a meander-shaped or S-shaped current path 6, continuous , between two connecting electrodes 8, 8' is formed by heating layer 3. Panel heating element 1 can be heated by feeding heating current to connecting electrodes 8, 8'. Here, the two connecting electrodes 8, 8' are made, for example, of one and the same material and can be produced, in particular in the printing process by printing, for example, from a silver printing paste on the layer. heating plate 3. Alternatively, however, it would also be possible to produce the two connecting electrodes 8, 8' from strips of narrow metal sheets, in particular of copper or aluminium, which are fixed on the heating layer 3 and, optionally on substrate 1. The connecting electrodes 8, 8' can be connected, via connecting conductors (not shown), to the two terminals of a voltage source, for example a battery or accumulator, in particular a battery of vehicle, to provide a supply voltage. The voltage source can, for example, make available a supply voltage of 12 to 24 V, corresponding to a typical on-board voltage in combustion powered motor vehicles, or greater than 40 V, corresponding to a typical on-board voltage in vehicles electric. In particular, in application as Panel Heating Elements 1 for heating inside or outside a building, the voltage source can also be a central power supply with a mains voltage of, for example, 110 to 220 V.
    [0035] In the panel heating element 1, the separation zones 5 are produced by removing the material from the heating layer 3, producing, for example, V-shaped or U-shaped channels or recesses in the material of the layer. heating 3. These channels can also be filled with an electrical insulating material. The removal of the heating layer 3 to form the separation zones 5 can, for example, take place mechanically, for example by cutting or grinding. Removal using a laser beam, which removes material from the heating layer 3 in the separation zones 5, is preferred according to the invention.
    [0036] In the context of the present invention, the term "separation zone" is generally understood to mean any region of the heating layer 3, which is suitable for separating two adjacent regions of the heating layer electrically from each other, so that a current flow through the separation zones 5 is impeded. For this purpose, the separation zones 5 have, for example, an electrical resistance greater than 1 MQ.
    [0037] The separation zones 5 have a parallel arrangement and extend alternately from the first substrate edge 11 or 11' to the opposite first substrate edge 11' or 11, ending freely, respectively, with the end of zone 10 inside the heating layer 3, without reaching the first opposite substrate edge. This forms the meander-shaped or S-shaped current path 6 in heating layer 3. Generally speaking, the "zone end 10" is understood to mean any region of separation zone 5 that causes the current path 6 change its flow direction within heating layer 3 into change zones 9. In other words, the ends of zone 10 respectively represent reversal points, at which the heating current changes its flow direction, here, for example, by 180°. In the present case, the zone ends are formed by the free ends of the separation lines to separate zones 5.
    [0038] In the panel heating elements 1, straight transition zones 7 are respectively disposed at the ends of the free zone 10 in an aligned extension of the straight separation zone 5, with the transition zone 7 immediately following the separation zone 5. However, it is also conceivable that transition zones 7 have a different orientation and arrangement than associated separation zones 5.
    [0039] The transition zones 7 are implemented, respectively, by reducing the layer thickness of the heating layer 3 in the direction towards the end of zone 10. By reducing the layer thickness of the heating layer 3, the conductivity of heating layer 3 is locally reduced and thus electrical resistance is increased.
    [0040] As is discernible from the enlarged cross-sectional view of Figure 1 (section through panel element 1 along separation zone 5 and transition zone 7), the layer thickness of heating layer 3 increases linearly in transition zone 7 from the end of zone 10, until the total layer thickness of heating layer 3 obtained by deposition is reached in the remaining region of heating layer 3. Thus, the electrical conductivity in transition zone 7 changes correspondingly, that is, it decreases towards the end of zone 10.
    [0041] As indicated, there is no heating layer 3 on the substrate 2 in the separation zone 5 (region A). In the transition zone 7 (region B), the layer thickness of the heating layer 3 increases continuously and linearly from the free zone end 10 of the separation zone 5, whereby the electrical conductivity of the transition zone 7 increases with increasing distance from the free zone end 10. In heating layer 3 (region C), a layer thickness at least approximately constant is present. The beginning of transition zone 7 is defined by the end of zone 10 (transition between region A and region B). The end of transition zone 7 is defined by reaching the total layer thickness of heating layer 3 (transition between region B and region C). Since a reduction in electrical conductivity results in part of the current being shifted to a region of higher conductivity, homogenization of current flow at the end of zone 10 can be achieved to prevent “hot spots”.
    [0042] A variation of the layer thickness of the heating layer 3 in the transition zones 7 can, for example, occur by means of a selective removal of the heating layer 3, preferably using a laser, with a specific amount of layer material of heat removed determined by the selected energy density of the laser spot on the heating layer 3. However, alternatively, other laser parameters could be appropriately adapted, such as, for example, power, frequency, pulse length, beam shape of laser, or repetition rate. Suitable laser wavelengths are, for example, 355 nm, 532 nm, or 1064 nm. Furthermore, with the use of a controllable and movable laser head, it is possible to obtain a different removal by adapting the movement of the laser spot, for example by changing the speed or acceleration of the laser spot. In order to obtain a desired depth of removal from the heating layer 3, the above mentioned methods can be used in any combination. The selection of parameters and the laser used depends on the material of the heating layer 3 to be structured. In principle, for removing the heating layer 3 and producing a layer thickness gradient, other methods can even be used, for example mechanical or chemical methods. A chemical method for removing heating layer 3 could, for example, have an acid etching step.
    [0043] Advantageously, the transition zone 7 has a length, measured in an aligned extension of the separation zone 5, which corresponds to at least twice the width of the current path 6, with which it can be obtained that in the region of transition zone 7, a particularly uniform current distribution is present and the creation of “hot spots” is reliably and safely countered, or “hot spots” can be prevented. In the example mode shown, the width of the current path is defined by the perpendicular distance between two straight separation zones 5.
    [0044] In addition to, or instead of, a reduction in the layer thickness of the heating layer 3, the transition zone 7 can also be formed by other suitable measures, which are capable of changing the electrical conductivity of the heating layer 3 in the region of the free zone end 10 in the desired manner, e.g. by changing the porosity of the heating layer 3 or adding impurities or dopants to the heating layer 3. In particular, the transition zone 7 can be implemented by so that the porosity of the heating layer 3 increases towards the free zone end 10, resulting in the fact that the electrical conductivity of the heating layer 3 decreases. For the case where the heating layer 3 has a dopant to increase the electrical conductivity, the transition zone 7 can be implemented such that a concentration of the dopant in the transition zone decreases towards the free zone end so that the electrical conductivity of heating layer 3 decreases. For the case where the heating layer 3 has a dopant to reduce electrical conductivity, the transition zone 7 can be implemented such that a concentration of the dopant in the transition zone increases towards the free zone end so that the electrical conductivity of heating layer 3 decreases.
    [0045] Figure 2A represents the panel heating element 1 of Figure 1, with the current path 6 represented by current lines. Accordingly, the concentration of current flow at the ends of free zone 10 in the region of a curve of current path 6 is prevented by a change in electrical conductivity in transition zones 7, whereby the occurrence of " hot spots” can be countered. In comparison with this, Fig. 2B illustrates a corresponding situation in the conventional panel element Lsu01 of Fig. 3. Accordingly, the current flow is concentrated in the region of the free zone ends 10, whereby the temperature in this region increases greatly, resulting in an unwanted non-uniform heat distribution in the panel heating element 101 and the occurrence of “hot spots” 109. Reference Character List 1 panel heating element 2 substrate 3 heating layer 4 carrier 5 separation zone 6 current path 7 transition zone 8, 8' connecting electrode 9 change zone 10 zone end 11, 11' first substrate edge 12, 12' substrate second edge 13 substrate surface 101 heating element panel 102 substrate 103 heating layer 104 separation zone 105 current path 106, 106' connecting electrode 107 change zone 108 end of zone 109 hot spot
    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [0001]
    1. Panel heating element (1), characterized in that it comprises: - at least one substrate (2) with a substrate surface (13), - an electrical heating layer (3) made of an electrically conductive material for heating the substrate (2), which heating layer extends over at least a portion of the substrate surface (13) and is connected to at least two electrodes (8, 8') provided for connection to a form voltage source that a current path (6) for a heating current is formed between the electrodes, - one or a plurality of separation zones (5), which electrically divide the electrical heating layer (3), wherein one or a plurality of of the separation zones (5) are linearly implemented as one or a plurality of separation lines, the one or a plurality of separation lines having a total surface area less than a total surface area of the electrical heating layer (3) , in which the one or a plurality of separation zones (5) respectively have at least one free zone end (10), and are implemented in such a way that the current path (6) changes its flow direction at the zone ends (10), wherein, in each case, a transition zone (7), which is linearly implemented in such a way that an electrical conductivity of the electrical heating layer (3) decreases towards the free zone end (10) and, joins to the zone end of each separation zone (5), where the electrical conductivity at the beginning of the transition zone (7) is zero and an electrical conductivity at the end of the transition zone (7) has a value equal to a maximum value of the electrical conductivity of the heating layer.
    [0002]
    2. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the transition zone (7) has a length corresponding to at least half of a width of the current path (6), measured perpendicularly to its length.
    [0003]
    3. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that in the transition zone (7), a layer thickness of the electrical heating layer (3) decreases towards the at least one free zone end (10).
    [0004]
    4. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the transition zone (7), a porosity of the electrical heating layer (3) increases towards the at least one free zone end (10).
    [0005]
    5. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrical heating layer (3) has a dopant to increase electrical conductivity, with a concentration of the dopant in the transition zone ( 7) decreasing towards the at least one end of free zone (10).
    [0006]
    6. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrical heating layer (3) has a dopant to reduce electrical conductivity, with a concentration of the dopant in the transition zone ( 7) increasing towards the at least one end of free zone (10).
    [0007]
    7. Panel heating element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that on the substrate surface (13), a carrier, for example a plastic film (4), provided with the layer of Electric heating (3) is applied.
    [0008]
    8. Carrier (4), for example a plastic film, characterized in that it comprises an electrical heating layer (3) made of an electrically conductive material applied on at least a part of a carrier surface and with at least two electrodes (8, 8') provided for connection to a voltage source, which are connected to the electrical heating layer (3) so that a current path (6) for a heating current is formed between the electrodes, with the electrical heating layer (3) electrically divided by one or a plurality of separation zones (5), wherein one or a plurality of separation zones (5) are linearly implemented as one or more separation lines, at one or more separation lines having a total surface area less than a total surface area of the electrical heating layer (3), each of which has at least one free zone end (10) and which are implemented in such a way that the path of run The entity changes its flow direction at the free zone ends (10), in each case a transition zone (7), which is linearly implemented so that an electrical conductivity of the electrical heating layer (3) decreases in the direction to the free zone end (10), joining the free zone end (10) of each separation zone (5), wherein an electrical conductivity at the beginning of the transition zone (7) is zero and an electrical conductivity at the end of the transition zone (7) has a value equal to a maximum value of the electrical conductivity of the heating layer..
    [0009]
    9. Method for producing a panel heating element (1), characterized in that it comprises the following steps: - provision of at least one flat substrate (2) with a substrate surface (13) and an electrical heating layer (3) made of an electrically conductive material for heating the substrate (2), which electrical heating layer extends over at least a portion of the substrate surface (13) and is connected to at least two electrodes (8, 8' ) provided for connection to a voltage source so that a current path (6) for a heating current is formed between the electrodes; - electrical division of the electrical heating layer (3) by one or a plurality of separation lines, with the separation lines having, respectively, at least one free zone end (10) and being implemented so that the current path (6) changes its flow direction at the at least one free zone ends (10), to one or a plurality of separation lines having a total surface area less than a total surface area of the electrical heating layer; and - creating one or a plurality of linear transition zones, with each transition zone (7) following the free zone end (10) of a separation line (5) and the electrical conductivity of the electrical heating layer (3) decreasing towards the at least one end of the free zone (10), where an electrical conductivity at the beginning of the transition zone is zero and an electrical conductivity at the end of the transition zone has a value equal to a value maximum electrical conductivity of the heating layer.
    [0010]
    10. Method according to claim 9, characterized in that a carrier (4) provided with the electrical heating layer (3), in particular a plastic film, is applied on the substrate surface (13).
    [0011]
    11. Method characterized by the fact that it comprises: use of an element as defined in claim 1, as a functional individual part and as an integrated part in furniture, appliances, and buildings, in particular as a heating element in residential spaces, by example, wall-mountable or self-contained heating elements, as well as in means of transport for moving over land, in air, or in water, in particular in motor vehicles, for example, as a windshield, rear window, side window , and/or glass ceiling.
    [0012]
    12. Panel heating element (1), according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the transition zone has a thickness that increases linearly in a longitudinal direction.
    [0013]
    13. Carrier according to claim 8, characterized by the fact that the transition zone has a thickness that increases linearly in a longitudinal direction.
    [0014]
    14. Method according to claim 9, characterized in that creating one or more linear transition zones comprises linearly increasing a thickness of one or more linear transition zones in a longitudinal direction.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EA027592B1|2017-08-31|
    CN103477706B|2015-10-14|
    BR112013024983B1|2021-06-08|
    US20140138370A1|2014-05-22|
    ES2614714T3|2017-06-01|
    MX2013011804A|2013-10-25|
    US9061656B2|2015-06-23|
    JP2014514713A|2014-06-19|
    CN103477705B|2016-05-11|
    BR112013024983A2|2017-06-20|
    CN103477705A|2013-12-25|
    PT2698038T|2017-02-14|
    PL2698039T3|2015-07-31|
    KR20140018334A|2014-02-12|
    EA201391510A1|2014-02-28|
    KR20140018333A|2014-02-12|
    CN103477706A|2013-12-25|
    EA027841B1|2017-09-29|
    PL2698038T3|2017-06-30|
    EP2698039B1|2015-02-18|
    EP2698038A1|2014-02-19|
    WO2012139884A1|2012-10-18|
    WO2012139883A1|2012-10-18|
    EA201391508A1|2014-11-28|
    JP2014514714A|2014-06-19|
    KR101531459B1|2015-06-24|
    EP2698039A1|2014-02-19|
    US8859939B2|2014-10-14|
    KR101531460B1|2015-06-24|
    US20140091074A1|2014-04-03|
    PT2698039E|2015-05-25|
    MX2013011542A|2013-11-01|
    ES2535620T3|2015-05-13|
    JP5714176B2|2015-05-07|
    EP2698038B1|2016-11-09|
    BR112013024506A2|2016-12-27|
    JP5714175B2|2015-05-07|
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    法律状态:
    2018-12-18| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-08-20| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-05-04| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-05-25| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 27/03/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    EP11162131|2011-04-12|
    EP11162134.8|2011-04-12|
    EP11162131.4|2011-04-12|
    EP11162134|2011-04-12|
    PCT/EP2012/055436|WO2012139883A1|2011-04-12|2012-03-27|Panel heating element and method for producing same|
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