metalloenzyme inhibitor compounds and compositions comprising them

专利摘要:
METALLOENZYME INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS The present invention describes compounds that exhibit metalloenzyme modulating activity, and methods of treating diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof mediated by such metalloenzymes.
公开号:BR112012027308B1
申请号:R112012027308-6
申请日:2011-04-22
公开日:2021-07-06
发明作者:William J. Hoekstra；Robert J. Schotzinger；Stephen William Rafferty
申请人:Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED ORDERS
[001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/327,663, filed April 24, 2010, the entire teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. FUNDAMENTALS
[002]Living organisms have developed closely regulated processes that specifically import metals, transport them to sites of intracellular storage, and essentially transport them to sites of use. One of the most important functions of metals such as zinc and iron in biological systems is to enable metalloenzyme activity.
[003] Metalloenzymes are enzymes that incorporate metal ions into the active site of the enzyme and use the metal as a part of the catalytic process. More than a third of all characterized enzymes are metalloenzymes.
[004] The function of metalloenzymes is highly dependent on the presence of the metal ion in the active site of the enzyme. It is well recognized that agents that bind to and inactivate the metal ion at the active site dramatically decrease enzyme activity. Nature employs this same strategy to decrease the activity of certain metalloenzymes during periods when enzyme activity is undesirable. For example, the TIMP protein (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases) binds to zinc ion at the active site of several matrix metalloprotease enzymes and thereby disrupts enzyme activity. The pharmaceutical industry has used the same strategy in the design of therapeutic agents. For example, the azole antifungal agents fluconazole and voriconazole contain a 1-(1,2,4-triazole) group that binds to the heme iron present in the active site of the target enzyme lanosterol demethylase and thereby inactivates the enzyme. Another example includes the zinc-binding hydroxamic acid group that has been incorporated into most published inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylases. Another example is the zinc-binding carboxylic acid group that has been incorporated into most published angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
In the design of clinically safe and effective metalloenzyme inhibitors, the use of the most appropriate metal-binding group for the particular target and clinical indication is critical. If a weakly bonded metal-binding group is used, potency may be suboptimal. On the other hand, if a very tightly bound metal-binding group is used, the selectivity for the target enzyme versus related metalloenzymes may be suboptimal. Lack of optimal selectivity may be a cause for clinical toxicity, due to unintentional inhibition of these off-target metalloenzymes. An example of such clinical toxicity is the unintended inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by currently available azole antifungal agents such as fluconazole and voriconazole. This off-target inhibition is believed to be primarily caused by the indiscriminate binding of currently used 1-(1,2,4-triazole) to iron at the active site of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4.
[006] Another example of this is arthralgia that has been observed in many clinical trials of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. This toxicity is related to the inhibition of off-target metalloenzymes, due to the indiscriminate binding of the hydroxamic acid group to zinc at the off-target active sites. Therefore, the search for metal-binding groups that can achieve a better balance of potency and selectivity remains an important goal and would be significant in realizing therapeutic agents and methods to address the currently unmet needs in the treatment and prevention of disease, disorders and symptoms thereof. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[007] The invention is directed to compounds (e.g. any one of those described in this report), methods to modulate metalloenzyme activity and methods to treat diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof. Methods can comprise the compounds in this report.
[008] A compound of formula (I), or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1 is halo; R2 is halo; each R3 is independently alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, R4 is aryl optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5 is H, or -C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[009] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein the MBG is an optionally substituted 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, optionally substituted 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol- optionally substituted 1-yl, optionally substituted 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, or optionally substituted 1H-pyrazol-3-yl.
[0010] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein the MBG is unsubstituted 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, unsubstituted 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1 unsubstituted -yl, unsubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, or unsubstituted 1H-pyrazol-3-yl.
[0011] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein the MBG is 1H-tetrazol-1-yl.
[0012] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, where R1 is fluorine. Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, where R2 is fluorine. Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, where R1 and R2 are fluorine.
[0013] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein R4 is phenyl optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3.
[0014] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein R4 is phenyl optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent halos.
[0015] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein R4 is phenyl optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent fluoros.
[0016] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein R4 is 2,4-difluorophenyl.
[0017] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, where R5 is H.
[0018] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein R5 is substituted acyl amino.
[0019] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein: R1 is fluorine; R2 is fluorine; R4 is 2,4-difluorophenyl; and R5 is H.
[0020] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein: each R3 is independently cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, and n is 1 or 2.
[0021] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein: each R3 is independently cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, and n is 1.
[0022] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein: each R3 is independently cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy and n is 1.
[0023] Another aspect is a compound of the formula in this report, wherein: each R3 is independently 4-cyano, 4-trifluoromethyl, 3-cyano, 4-isopropoxy, 4-fluoro, 3-trifluoromethoxy, 4-trifluoromethoxy, 3 -chloro, 4-chloro, 2-fluoro, 5-fluoro, 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) or 4-(3,3,3-trifluoro, 2,2-difluoropropoxy).
In one aspect, the compound of formula I is one in which the compound inhibits (or is identified to inhibit) lanosterol demethylase (CYP51).
[0025] In one aspect, the compound of formula I is one in which the compound is identified as having a range of activity against a target enzyme and a range of activity against an off-target enzyme (eg, C. albicans MIC< 0.02 μg/mL and IC50>16 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; C. albicans MIC<0.10 μg/mL and IC50>10 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; C. albicans MIC<0.5 μg /ml and IC50>15 µM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4).
[0026] Compounds in this report include those in which the compound is identified to achieve affinity, at least in part, for a metalloenzyme through the formation of one or more of the following types of interactions or chemical bonds to a metal: sigma bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate covalent bonds, ionic bonds, pi bonds, delta bonds, or feedback interactions. Compounds can also achieve affinity through a weaker metal interaction, such as van der Waals interactions, pi-cation interactions, pi-anion interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, ion-dipole interactions. In one aspect, the compound is identified as exhibiting a binding interaction with the metal via the tetrazolyl portion, triazolyl portion or pyrazolyl portion, respectively. In one aspect, the compound is identified as exhibiting a binding interaction with the metal via the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as exhibiting a binding interaction with the metal via the N2 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as exhibiting a binding interaction with the metal via the N3 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as exhibiting a binding interaction with the metal via the N4 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety.
[0027] Methods for evaluating metal-ligand bond interactions are known in the art, as exemplified in references, including, for example, "Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry" by Lippard and Berg, University Science Books, (1994); “Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions” by Basolo and Pearson John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2nd edition (September 1967); “Biological Inorganic Chemistry” by Ivano Bertini, Harry Gray, Ed Stiefel, Joan Valentine, University Science Books (2007); Xue et al. "Nature Chemical Biology", vol. 4, no. 2, 107 - 109 (2008).
[0028] In certain examples, compounds of the invention are selected from the following of formula (I) (and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof) 4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)) -1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (1); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol(2); 3-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (3); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 4); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (5); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (6); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (7); 1-(5-(3-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 8); 1-(5-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 9); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2- ol (10); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (11); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H -tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (12); 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy))phenyl 3-aminopropanoate )pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl (13); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) 2-aminoacetate hydrochloride )phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl (14). 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (15); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol (16); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) ) phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (17); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (18); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (19); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (20); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (21); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan -2-ol (22); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4- (trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (23); 4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazole) -1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (24); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(3-isopropylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl) -3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (25); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)- 1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (26); 1-(5-(3-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2 ,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (27); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3- (1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (28).
[0029] In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0030] In other aspects, the invention provides a method for modulating metalloenzyme activity in a subject, comprising contacting the subject with a compound of formula I, in an amount and under conditions sufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I.
[0032] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, wherein the subject has been identified to be in need of treatment for a related disorder or disease to the metalloenzyme, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I such that said subject is treated for said disorder.
[0033] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, wherein the subject has been identified to be in need of treatment for a disorder or disease mediated by metalloenzyme, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I such that metalloenzyme activity in said subject is modulated (e.g., downregulated, inhibited).
[0034] The methods in this report include those in which the disease or disorder is mediated by any of 4-hydroxyphenyl dioxygenase pyruvate, 5-lipoxygenase, adenosine deaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase n, angiotensin converting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19) , calcineurin, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, carbonic anhydrase family, catechol o-methyl transferase, cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-1, DNA polymerase, farnesyl synthase diphosphate, farnesyl transferase, fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF -prolyl hydroxylase, histone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), matrix metalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III, phosphodiesterase IV, phosphodiesterase V, ferredoxin oxidoreductase pyruvate, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, thrombus xane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease or xanthine oxidase.
[0035] The methods in this report include those in which the disease or disorder is mediated by any of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductisomerase (DXR), 17-alpha hydroxylase (CYP17), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) , aminopeptidase p, lethal anthrax factor, arginase, beta-lactamase, cytochrome P450 2A6, d-ala d-ala ligase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, endothelin converting enzyme-1, glutamate carboxypeptidase II, glutaminyl cyclase, glyoxalase, heme oxygenase , HPV/HSV E1 helicase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase 2, peptide deformylase, phosphodiesterase VII, relaxase, retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26), TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), UDP-( 3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24).
The methods in this report include those where the disease or disorder is cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, infectious disease, metabolic disease, eye disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urologic disease, or gastrointestinal disease.
The methods in this report include those where the disease or disorder is prostate cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, systemic fungal infection, fungal skin structure infection, mucosal fungal infection, or onychomycosis.
[0038] Methods in this report include those where the disease or disorder is cancer, cardiovascular disease, endocrinological disease, inflammatory disease, infectious disease, gynecological disease, metabolic disease, eye disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urological disease , gastrointestinal disease, superficial fungal infection, mucosal fungal infection, systemic fungal infection or onychomycosis.
[0039] Methods described in this report include those in which the subject is identified to be in need of a particular established treatment. The identification of a subject in need of such treatment can be through the judgment of a healthcare professional and can be subjective (eg opinion) or objective (eg measurable through a test or diagnostic method).
[0040] Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising a compound of a formula in this report (e.g. formula (I)) and an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
[0041] Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating or preventing a metalloenzyme-mediated disease or disorder in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound in this report with the plant.
[0042] Another aspect of the invention is a method for inhibiting metalloenzyme activity in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound in this report with the plant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions
[0043] In order for the invention to be more easily understood, certain terms are first defined in this report for convenience.
[0044] As used in this report, the term “treatment” of a disorder encompasses preventing, ameliorating, mitigating and/or managing the disorder and/or conditions that can cause the disorder. The terms “treat” and “treatment” refer to a method of alleviating or alleviating an illness and/or its present symptoms. According to the present invention "treatment" includes preventing, blocking, inhibiting, attenuating, protecting against, modulating, reversing the effects of and reducing the occurrence of, for example, the harmful effects of a disorder.
[0045]As used in this report, “inhibition” encompasses preventing, reducing and halting progression. Note that “enzyme inhibition” (eg metalloenzyme inhibition) is distinguished and described below.
[0046] The term "modulate" refers to the increase or decrease in the activity of an enzyme in response to exposure to a compound of the invention.
[0047] The terms "isolated," "purified," or "biologically pure" refer to material that is substantially or essentially free of components that normally accompany it, as found in its native state. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined through the use of analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. Particularly, in some embodiments, the compound is at least 85% pure, more preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, and most preferably at least 99% pure.
[0048] The term "administration" or "administering" includes ways of introducing the compound(s) to a subject to carry out its intended function. Examples of routes of administration that can be used include injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intrathecal), topical, oral, inhalation, rectal and transdermal.
[0049] The term "effective amount" includes an effective amount, in dosages and for periods of time necessary, to obtain the desired result. An effective amount of compound can vary, depending on factors such as the disease state, age and weight of the subject, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosing regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. An effective amount, too, is one in which any toxic or detrimental effects (e.g., side effects) of the inhibiting compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
[0050] The phrases "systemic administration," "systemically administered", "peripherally administered" and "peripherally administered", as used in this report, mean the administration of a compound, drug or other material such that it enters the system of patient and thus is subject to metabolism and other processes.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of the compound to be administered sufficient to prevent the development of or in any way alleviate one or more of the symptoms of the condition or disorder to be treated.
A therapeutically effective amount of the compound (i.e., an effective dosage) may range from about 0.005 g/kg to about 200 mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/ kg, more preferably about 0.015 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg body weight. In other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount can range from about 1.0 pM to about 10 µM, from about 1.0 pM to about 50 µM, and from about 1.0 pM to about 100 µM. The skilled practitioner will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including, but not limited to, the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the subject's general health and/or age, and other present illnesses. In addition, treating a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In one example, a subject is treated with a compound in the range of about 0.005 g/kg to about 200 mg/kg of body weight, once daily for about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably, between 2 to 8 weeks. more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5 or 6 weeks. In another example, a subject may be treated daily for several years for a chronic condition or illness. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.
[0053] The term "chiral" refers to molecules that have the non-overlapping property of the mirror image pair, while the term "achiral" refers to molecules that are superposable in their mirror image pair.
[0054] The term "diastereomers" refers to stereoisomers with two or more centers of dissymmetry and whose molecules are not mirror images.
[0055] The term "enantiomers" refers to two stereoisomers of a compound that are non-superimposable mirror images. An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a "racemic mixture" or a "racemate."
[0056] The term "isomers" or "stereoisomers" refers to compounds that have identical chemical constitution but differ with respect to the arrangement of atoms or groups in space.
[0057] The term "prodrug" includes compounds with moieties that can be metabolized in vivo. In general, prodrugs are metabolized in vivo through esterases or through other mechanisms to activate the drugs. Examples of prodrugs and their uses are well known in the art (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1 - 19). Prodrugs can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid or hydroxyl form with a suitable esterifying agent. Hydroxyl groups can be converted to esters by treatment with a carboxylic acid. Examples of prodrug moieties include substituted and unsubstituted branched or unbranched lower alkyl ester moieties (e.g., propionoic acid esters), lower alkenyl esters, di-lower alkylamino-lower alkyl esters (e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester), lower acylaminoalkyl esters (eg acetyloxymethyl ester), acyloxy lower alkyl esters (eg pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters (phenyl ester), aryl lower alkyl esters (eg benzyl ester), substituted (eg with methyl substituents) , halo, or methoxy) aryl and aryl lower alkyl esters, amides, lower alkyl amides, di-lower alkyl amides and hydroxy amides. Preferred prodrug moieties are propionoic acid esters and acyl esters. Prodrugs that are converted to activate forms via other in vivo mechanisms are also included. In aspects, the compounds of the invention are prodrugs of any one of the formula in this report.
[0058] The term "subject" refers to animals, such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (eg, humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In certain modalities, the subject is a human being. Veterinary uses or applications refer to use where the subject is an animal other than a human being.
[0059] The terms "a," "an", and "o", "a" refer to "one or more" when used in this order, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to "a sample" includes a plurality of samples, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise (for example, a plurality of samples), and so on.
[0060] Throughout this specification and in the claims, the words "understand", "understands", and "comprising" are used in a non-exclusive sense, except where the context requires otherwise.
[0061] As used in this report, the term "about", when referring to a value, encompasses variations, in some modalities, of ± 20%, in some modalities, ± 10%, in some modalities, ± 5%, in some embodiments ± 1%, in some embodiments ± 0.5%, and in some embodiments ± 0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods or use the disclosed compositions .
[0062] The use of the word “inhibitor” in this report is meant to mean a molecule that exhibits activity to inhibit a metalloenzyme. “Inhibit” in this report means decreased metalloenzyme activity compared to metalloenzyme activity in the absence of the inhibitor. In some embodiments, the term "inhibit" means a decrease in metalloenzyme activity of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 50 %, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%. In other embodiments, inhibiting means a decrease in metalloenzyme activity from about 5% to about 25%, about 25% to about 50%, about 50% to about 75%, or about 75% to 100% %. In some embodiments, inhibit means a decrease in metalloenzyme activity of about 95% to 100%, for example, a decrease in activity of 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%. Such a decrease can be measured using a variety of techniques that would be recognizable to a person of skill in the technique. Particular assays to measure individual activity are described below.
[0063] In addition, the compounds of the invention include olefins that have geometry: "Z" refers to what is referred to as a "cis" (same side) configuration, while "E" refers to what is referred to as a “trans” configuration (opposite side). With respect to the nomenclature of a chiral center, the terms “d” and “l” configuration are defined by the IUPAC Recommendations. In accordance with the use of the terms, diastereomer, racemate, epimer and enantiomer, these will be used in their normal context to describe the stereochemistry of the preparations.
[0064] As used in this report, the term "alkyl" refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The term "lower alkyl" refers to a C1-C6 alkyl chain. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and n-pentyl. Alkyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
[0065] The term "alkenyl" refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain which can be a straight chain or branched chain, containing 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
[0066] The term "alkynyl" refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain which can be a straight chain or branched chain, containing 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
[0067] The sp2 or sp carbons of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group, respectively, can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl or alkynyl groups.
[0068]The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical.
[0069] As used in this report, the term "halogen", "hal" or "halo" means -F, -CI, -Br or -I.
[0070] The term "haloalkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical that is substituted by one or more halo substituents. Examples of haloalkoxy groups include trifluoromethoxy and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.
[0071] The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a 3- to 8-membered monocyclic or 7 to 14-membered bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system that has at least one saturated ring or that has at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein the ring non-aromatic may present some degree of unsaturation. Cycloalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a cycloalkyl group may be replaced by a substituent. Representative examples of the cycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl and the like.
[0072] The term "aryl" refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon aromatic ring system. Aryl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 atoms of each ring of an aryl group can be replaced by a substituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl and the like.
[0073] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a 5- to 8-membered monocyclic, 8 to 12-membered bicyclic, or 11 to 14-membered tricyclic aromatic ring system that has 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring if monocyclic, 1 to 6 heteroatoms if bicyclic or 1 to 9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S, and the remaining ring atoms being carbon (with appropriate hydrogen atoms, unless otherwise noted). Heteroaryl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heteroaryl group may be replaced by a substituent. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and the like.
[0074] The term "nitrogen-containing heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group that has 1 to 4 nitrogen heteroatoms in the ring if monocyclic, 1 to 6 nitrogen heteroatoms in the ring if bicyclic, or 1 to 9 nitrogen heteroatoms in the ring if tricyclic .
[0075] The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic ring system of 3 to 8 membered monocyclic, 7 to 12 membered bicyclic or 10 to 14 membered tricyclic comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1 to 6 heteroatoms if bicyclic or 1 to 9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, S, B, P or Si, wherein the non-aromatic ring system is completely saturated. Heterocycloalkyl groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heterocycloalkyl group may be replaced by a substituent. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thirenyl, and the like.
[0076] The term "alkylamino" refers to an amino substituent which is further substituted with one or two alkyl groups. The term "aminoalkyl" refers to an alkyl substituent that is further substituted with one or more amino groups. The term "hydroxyalkyl" refers to an alkyl substituent that is further substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. The alkyl or aryl portion of alkylamino, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkoxy, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonyl and alkylcarbonylalkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents.
[0077] Acids and bases useful in the methods in this report are known in the art. Acid catalysts are any acidic chemical, which can be inorganic (eg, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, aluminum trichloride) or organic (eg, camphorsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, ytterbium triflate) in nature. Acids are useful in catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions. Bases are any basic chemical, which can be inorganic (eg sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide) or organic (eg triethylamine, pyridine) in nature. Bases are useful in catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions.
[0078]Alkylating agents are any reagent which is capable of effecting the alkylation of the functional group in question (eg oxygen atom of an alcohol, nitrogen atom of an amino group). Alkylating agents are known in the art, including references cited in this report, and include alkyl halides (for example, methyl iodide, benzyl bromide or chloride), alkyl sulfates (for example, methyl sulfate), or other combinations of alkyl group-leaving group known in the art. Leaving groups are any stable species that can detach from a molecule during a reaction (eg, elimination reaction, substitution reaction) and are known in the art, including references cited in this report, and include halides (eg, I -, Cl-, Br-, F-), hydroxy, alkoxy (eg -OMe, -Ot-Bu), acyloxy anions (eg -OAc, -OC(O)CF3), sulfonates (eg. , mesyl, tosyl), acetamides (eg -NHC(O)Me), carbamates (eg N(Me)C(O)Ot-Bu), phosphonates (eg -OP(O)(OEt) 2), water or alcohols (protic conditions) and the like.
In certain embodiments, substituents on any group (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) can be on any atom of such group, where any group that may be substituted (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (which may be the same or different), each substituting a hydrogen atom. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo (i.e., carbonyl), carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl or arylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aryl arylamino-substituted; arylalkylamino, aralkylaminocarbonyl, starch, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, imino, carbamido, carbamyl, thioureido, thiocyanate, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, mercaptoamylidin, N-hydroxyamyloxy
The compounds of the invention can be prepared by means known in the art of organic synthesis. Methods for optimizing reaction conditions, if necessary to minimize competing by-products, are known in the art. Reaction optimization and scaling up can advantageously utilize high-speed parallel synthesis equipment and computer-controlled microreactors (eg, Design And Optimization in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition, Carlson R, Ed, 2005; Elsevier Science Ltd.; Jahnisch , K et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2004 43: 406; and references therein). Additional reaction schemes and protocols can be determined by the skilled technician through the use of commercially available framework searchable database software, eg, SciFinder® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society) and CrossFire Beilstein® (Elsevier MDL), or through appropriate keyword research using an internet search medium such as Google® or keyword databases such as the US Patent and Trademark Office text database.
[0081] The compounds in this report may also contain bonds (eg carbon-carbon bonds) where the bond rotation is restricted over that particular bond, eg restriction resulting from the presence of a ring or double bond. Consequently, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds in this report may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such examples the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described in this report, although only a single tautomeric form may be represented. All such isomeric forms of such compounds in this report are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms and polymorphs of the compounds described in this report are expressly included in the present invention. Also encompassed are extracts and fractions comprising the compounds of the invention. The term isomers is intended to include diastereoisomers, enantiomers, regioisomers, structural isomers, rotational isomers, tautomers, and the like. For compounds which contain one or more stereogenic centers, for example chiral compounds, the methods of the invention can be carried out with an enantiomerically enriched compound, a racemate, or a mixture of diastereomers.
Preferred enantiomerically enriched compounds have an enantiomeric excess of 50% or more, more preferably the compound has an enantiomeric excess of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more . In preferred embodiments, only one enantiomer or diastereomer of a chiral compound of the invention is administered to cells or a subject. Treatment Methods
[0083] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for modulating metalloenzyme activity of a cell in a subject, comprising contacting the subject with a compound of formula I, in an amount and under conditions sufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity.
[0084]In one modality, the modulation is inhibit.
[0085] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disorder or disease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I, such that said subject is treated for said disorder or disorder is ameliorated.
[0086] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I.
[0087] In other aspects, the invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, wherein the subject has been identified to be in need of treatment for a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease. metalloenzyme, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I such that said subject is treated for said disorder.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of treating a disease, disorder or symptom thereof, where the disorder is cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease or infectious disease. In other embodiments, the disease, disorder, or symptom thereof is metabolic disease, eye disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urological disease, or gastrointestinal disease. In certain modalities, the disease is prostate cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, systemic fungal infection, fungal skin structure infection, mucosal fungal infection, onychomycosis, or superficial fungal infection.
[0089] In another aspect, the compounds and compositions in this report are useful to treat a disease, disorder or symptom thereof that is associated with one or more of the following pathogenic fungal genera, including the genera and species thereof in this report: Absidia corymbifera, Ajellomyces capsulatus, Ajellomyces dermatitidis, Arthroderma benhamiae, Arthroderma fulvum, Arthroderma gypseum, Arthroderma incurvatum, Arthroderma otae, Arthroderma fuperusegspergillus, Candidalillus, Asflavi, Candida, Asflavi, Asflavi, Candida, Asflavi, Asflavi, Candida, Asflavi, Asflavi, Asflavi, Asflavi, Candida, Asflavi,, Candida, . , Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida pelliculosa, Cladophialophora carrionii, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cunninghamella sp., Epidermophyton floccosum, Exophiala dermatitidis, Filobasidiella neoformans, Fonsecaea weetum, pedrosoi Issatchenkia orientalis, Madurella grisae, Malassezia fur fur, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia obtusa, Malassezia pachydermatis, Malassezia restricta, Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia sympodialis, Microsporum canis, Microsporum fulvum, Microsporum gypseum, Mucorectria pencilloides, Mucorectia brasili- , Pichia anomala, Pichia guilliermondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Pseudallescheria boydii, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhodotorula rubra, Scedosporium apiospernium, Schizophyllum commune, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichoton ass, Trichoton, Trichoton, Trichoton, Trichoton rubra mucoids.
[0090] In another aspect, the compounds and compositions in this report are useful to treat a disease, disorder or symptom thereof that is associated with one of the following conditions: Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Chromomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Dermatophytoses , Histoplasmosis, Keratomicosis, Lobomycosis, Malassezia infection, Mucormycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Penicillium marneffei infection, Phaeohyphomycosis, Pneumocyctis pneumonia, Rhinosporidiosis, Sporotrichosis, Trichosporonosis, Zygomycosis.
[0091] In another aspect, the compounds and compositions in this report are useful to treat a disease, disorder or symptom thereof, which is Chagas disease (Genus Trypanosoma), African trypanosomiasis (Genus Trypanosoma), leishmaniasis (Genus Leishmania), tuberculosis (Genus Mycobacterium), leprosy (Genus Mycobacterium), malaria (Genus Plasmodium), dermatomycosis (capitis, corporis, pedis, tonsurans, versicolor).
[0092] In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal, preferably a primate or human.
[0093] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method as described above, wherein the effective amount of the compound of formula I is described above.
[0094] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method as described above, wherein the compound of formula I is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracerebroventricularly, orally or topically.
[0095] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method, as described in this report, in which the compound of formula I demonstrates selectivity for a range of activity against a target enzyme and a range of activity against an off-target enzyme (by example, C. albicansMIC<0.02 μg/mL and IC50>16 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; C. albicansMIC<0.10 μg/mL and IC50>10 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; C. albicans MIC <0.5 μg/mL and IC50>15 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4).
[0096] In other embodiments, the invention provides a method, as described above, wherein the compound of formula I is administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutics. In a further modality, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent, anti-fungal agent, cardiovascular agent, anti-inflammatory agent, chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, an anti-proliferation agent, anti-metabolic disease agent, anti-ophthalmic disease agent , anti-central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, anti-urological disease agent, anti-gastrointestinal disease agent, or anti-infectious disease agent.
[0097] Another object of the present invention is the use of a compound as described in this report (for example, of any formula in this report), in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease. A further object of the present invention is the use of a compound as described in this report (for example any formula in this report) for use in the treatment of a metalloenzyme mediated disorder or disease. A further object of the present invention is the use of a compound as described in this report (e.g. any formula in this report) in the preparation of an agricultural composition for use in the treatment or prevention of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease in agricultural or agrarian environments. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0098] In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0099] In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising an additional therapeutic agent. In a further modality, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent, anti-fungal agent, cardiovascular agent, anti-inflammatory agent, chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, an anti-proliferation agent, anti-metabolic disease agent, anti-ophthalmic disease agent , anti-central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, anti-urological disease agent, or anti-gastrointestinal disease agent.
In one aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula I, in unit dosage form, together with instructions for administering the compound to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease or disorder. metalloenzyme-mediated, including cancer, solid tumor, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, infectious disease. In other embodiments, the disease, disorder, or symptom thereof is metabolic disease, eye disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urological disease, or gastrointestinal disease.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" or "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively non-toxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found in the compounds described in this report. When the compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include the sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When the compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogen carbon, phosphoric, monohydrogen phosphoric, dihydrogen phosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydroiodic or phosphoric acids and the like, as well as salts derived from relatively non-toxic organic acids, such as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric , methanesulfonic and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids, such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids, such as glucuronic or galactunic acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1 - 19 (1977) )). Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain basic and acidic functionalities which allow the compounds to be converted to base or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the art are suitable for the present invention.
[00102]The neutral forms of the compounds can be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the precursor compound in the conventional way. The precursor form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the precursor form of the compound for purposes of the present invention.
[00103] In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compounds that are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described in this report are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention through chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo medium. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
[00104] Certain compounds of the present invention may be in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention can be in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are within the scope of the present invention.
[00105] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound described in this report and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the compound is administered to the subject using a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation that provides sustained release of the compound to a subject for at least 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, one week, two weeks, three weeks or four weeks after the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation was administered to the subject.
[00106] The actual dosage levels and time course of administration of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be varied to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to obtain the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode administration without being toxic (or unacceptable toxic) to the patient.
[00107] In use, at least one compound according to the present invention is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof in a pharmaceutical carrier via intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intracerebroventricular injection or via administration oral or topical application. In accordance with the present invention, a compound of the invention can be administered alone or in combination with a second, different therapeutic product. “In combination with” means together, substantially and simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is intensively administered. The compound of the invention, therefore, can be administered over a short course of treatment, such as for about 1 day to about 1 week. In another embodiment, the compound of the invention can be administered over a longer period of time to ameliorate chronic disorders, such as, for example, for about a week to several months, depending on the condition to be treated.
[00108] "Pharmaceutically effective amount", as used in this report, means an amount of a compound of the invention high enough to significantly and positively modify the condition to be treated, but low enough to avoid serious side effects (at a benefit ratio /reasonable risk) within the scope of the medical evaluation. A pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the invention will vary with the particular goal to be achieved, the age and physical condition of the patient to be treated, the severity of the disease in question, the duration of treatment, the nature of the concurrent therapy and the specific compound used. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention administered to a child or newborn will be proportionately reduced according to medical judgment. The effective amount of a compound of the invention will thus be the minimum amount that will provide the desired effect.
[00109] A decided practical advantage of the present invention is that the compound can be administered in a convenient manner, such as by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral or intracerebroventricular injection routes or by topical application, such as in creams or gels. Depending on the route of administration, active ingredients comprising a compound of the invention may be required to be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the compound. In order to administer a compound of the invention, except for parenteral administration, the compound may be coated with, or administered with, a material to prevent inactivation.
[00110] The compound can be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.
[00111]Dispersions can also be prepared, for example, in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof, and in oils.
[00112]Some examples of substances that can serve as pharmaceutical carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetates; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; baby powder; stearic acids; magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oils, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and theobroma oil; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; agar; alginic acids; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline solution; and phosphate buffer solution; skim powdered milk; as well as other non-toxic compatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations, such as Vitamin C, estrogen and echinacea. Wetting and lubricating agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents, flavoring agents, lubricants, excipients, tabletting agents, stabilizers, antioxidants and preservatives, may also be present. Solubilizing agents, including, for example, cremaphores and beta-cyclodextrins can also be used in the pharmaceutical compositions in this report.
[00113] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the active compounds of the presently disclosed object matter (or prodrugs thereof) can be prepared by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dredging, emulsifying, encapsulating, capturing or lyophilizing processes. The compositions can be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
[00114] The pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter may take a form suitable for virtually any mode of administration, including, for example, topical, ocular, oral, buccal, systemic, nasal, injection, transdermal, rectal, vaginal and the like, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
[00115]For topical administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) may be formulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions and the like.
Systemic formulations include those designed for administration by injection, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal, transmucosal, oral or pulmonary administration.
Useful injectable preparations include sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions of the active compound(s) in aqueous or oily vehicles. The compositions may also contain formulatory agents, such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form (eg, in ampoules or in multi-dose containers) and may contain added preservatives.
[00118] Alternatively, the injectable formulation may be provided in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, including, but not limited to, sterile pyrogen-free water, buffer, dextrose solution, and the like, before use. To this end, the active compound(s) can be dried by any technique known in the art, such as lyophilization, and reconstituted prior to use.
[00119]For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier that will be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are known in the art.
[00120] For oral administration, pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, expectorant lozenges, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (for example, pregelatinized corn starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (for example lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (for example, magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (for example potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (eg, sodium lauryl sulfate). Tablets can be coated by methods well known in the art, for example, with sugars or enteric coatings.
[00121] Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form, for example, of elixirs, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (for example, sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (eg lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (eg almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (eg, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). Preparations may also contain buffer salts, preservatives, flavorings, coloring and sweetening agents, as appropriate.
[00122]Preparations for oral administration can be suitably formulated to provide controlled release of the active compound or prodrug, as is well known.
[00123]For oral administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or expectorant lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.
[00124]For rectal and vaginal routes of administration, the active compound(s) may be formulated as solutions (for retention enemas), suppositories, or ointments containing suppository bases conventional ones, such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
[00125] For nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant gas, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, fluorocarbons, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator (for example capsules and cartridges comprised of gelatin) may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
[00126] A specific example of an aqueous suspension formulation suitable for nasal administration using commercially available nasal spray devices includes the following ingredients: active compound or prodrug (0.5 to 20 mg/ml); benzalkonium chloride (0.1 to 0.2 mg/mL); polysorbate 80 (TWEEN®80; 0.5 to 5 mg/ml); sodium carboxymethylcellulose or microcrystalline cellulose (1 to 15 mg/ml); phenylethanol (1 to 4 mg/ml); and dextrose (20 to 50 mg/ml). The pH of the final suspension can be adjusted to range from about pH 5 to pH 7, with a pH of about pH 5.5 being typical.
[00127]For ocular administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) may be formulated as a solution, emulsion, suspension and the like, suitable for administration to the eye. A variety of vehicles suitable for administering the compounds to the eye are known in the art. Specific non-limiting examples are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,261,547; U.S. Patent No. 6,197,934; U.S. Patent No. 6,056,950; U.S. Patent No. 5,800,807; U.S. Patent No. 5,776,445; U.S. Patent No. 5,698,219; U.S. Patent No. 5,521,222; U.S. Patent No. 5,403,841; U.S. Patent No. 5,077,033; U.S. Patent No. 4,882,150; and U.S. Patent No. 4,738,851, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
[00128]For extended release, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) may be formulated as a depot preparation for administration by implant or intramuscular injection. The active ingredient may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (eg as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example as a sparingly soluble salt.
[00129] Alternatively, transdermal delivery systems manufactured as an adhesive disc or patch that slowly release the active compound(s) for percutaneous absorption can be used. To this end, permeation enhancers can be used to facilitate transdermal penetration of the active compound(s). Suitable transdermal patches are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,407,713; U.S. Patent No. 5,352,456; U.S. Patent No. 5,332,213; U.S. Patent No. 5,336,168; U.S. Patent No. 5,290,561; U.S. Patent No. 5,254,346; U.S. Patent No. 5,164,189; U.S. Patent No. 5,163,899; U.S. Patent No. 5,088,977; U.S. Patent No. 5,087,240; U.S. Patent No. 5,008,110; and U.S. Patent No. 4,921,475, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
[00130] Alternatively, other pharmaceutical delivery systems can be used.
[00131]Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles that can be used to deliver active compound(s) or prodrug(s). Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) can also be used.
[00132] Pharmaceutical compositions, if desired, may be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active compound(s). The package, for example, can comprise metallic or plastic foil, such as a carton. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
[00133] The active compound(s) or prodrug(s) of the presently disclosed subject matter, or compositions thereof, in general, will be used in an amount effective to obtain the intended result, for example, in an amount effective to treat or prevent the particular disease to be treated. The compound(s) may be therapeutically administered to obtain therapeutic benefit or prophylactically to obtain prophylactic benefit. The therapeutic benefit means eradication or improvement of the disorder in question to be treated and/or eradication or improvement of one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder in question, such that the patient reports an improvement in the sensation or condition, despite the patient may be further afflicted with the disorder in question. For example, administering a compound to a patient suffering from an allergy provides therapeutic benefit not only when the allergic response in question is eradicated or ameliorated, but also when the patient reports a decrease in the severity or duration of symptoms associated with the allergy after allergen exposure. As another example, therapeutic benefit in the context of asthma includes an improvement in breathing after the onset of an asthmatic attack, or a reduction in the frequency or severity of asthmatic episodes. The therapeutic benefit also includes stopping or reducing disease progression, regardless of whether improvement is achieved.
[00134] For prophylactic administration, the compound can be administered to a patient at risk of developing one of the diseases previously described. A patient at risk for developing a disease may be a patient who exhibits characteristics that place the patient in a designated group of patients at risk, as defined by an appropriate professional or medical group. A patient at risk may also be a patient who is commonly or routinely in a setting where development of the disease in question which can be treated by administering a metalloenzyme inhibitor in accordance with the invention may occur. In other words, the at-risk patient is one who is commonly or routinely exposed to disease or disease-causing conditions or may be heavily exposed for a limited time. Alternatively, prophylactic administration can be applied to prevent the onset of symptoms in a patient diagnosed with the disorder in question.
[00135] The amount of compound administered will depend on a variety of factors, including, for example, the particular indication being treated, the mode of administration, whether the benefit desired is prophylactic or therapeutic, the severity of the indication being treated, and the age and weight of the patient, the bioavailability of the particular active compound, and the like. Determination of an effective dosage can be indicated by those skilled in the art.
[00136] Effective dosages can be initially evaluated from in vitro assays. For example, an initial dosage for use in animals can be formulated to obtain a circulating blood and serum concentration of the active compound that is at or above an IC50 of the particular compound, as measured in an in vitro assay, such as the MIC or in vitro fungal MFC and other in vitro assays described in the Examples section. The calculation of dosages to obtain such concentrations in the circulating blood or serum taking into account the bioavailability of the particular compound is in accordance with the capabilities of qualified technicians. For guidance, see Fingl & Woodbury, "General Principles", In: The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Oilman, Chapter 1, pages 1 to 46, latest edition, Pagamonon Press, and references cited therein, which are incorporated herein report as a reference.
[00137] Initial dosages can also be evaluated from in vivo data, such as animal models. Animal models useful for testing the efficacy of compounds to treat or prevent the various diseases described above are well known in the art.
[00138] Typically, dosage amounts will be in the range of about 0.0001 or 0.001 or 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, but may be higher or lower depending on, among other factors, the activity of the compound, its bioavailability, the mode of administration, and various factors discussed above. The dosage amount and interval can be individually adjusted to provide plasma levels of the compound(s) that are sufficient to maintain the therapeutic or prophylactic effect. In cases of local administration or selective absorption, such as local topical administration, the effective local concentration of active compound(s) cannot be related to the plasma concentration. Skilled technicians will be able to optimize effective local dosages without undue experimentation.
[00139] The compound(s) can be administered once a day, a few or several times a day, or even multiple times a day, depending, among other things, on the indication that will be treated and the physician's assessment.
[00140] Preferably, the compound(s) will provide therapeutic or prophylactic benefit without causing substantial toxicity. The toxicity of the compound(s) can be determined using standard pharmaceutical procedures. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic (or prophylactic) effect is the therapeutic index. Compound(s) which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.
[00141] Citation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable in this report includes definitions of such variable as any single group or combination of groups listed. The citation of a modality for a variable in this report includes such modality as any single modality or in combination with any other modality or parts thereof. The citation of a modality in this report includes such modality as any single modality or in combination with any other modality or parts thereof. Agricultural applications
[00142]The compounds and compositions in this report can be used in methods to modulate metalloenzyme activity in a microorganism in a plant comprising contacting a compound in this report with the plant (eg seed, seedling, grass, weed, grain) . The compounds and compositions in this report can be used to treat a plant, field or other agricultural area (eg as herbicides, pesticides, growth regulators, etc.) by administering the compound or composition (eg, contact, application, spraying, atomization, powdering, etc.) to the object plant, field or other agricultural area. Administration can be pre- or post-emergence. Administration can be as a treatment or preventive regimen. As such, the composts, compositions and agricultural uses in this report include lawn, terrain, ornamental, home and garden, farm, mountain and pasture applications. The microorganism can be anything on a plant and includes those described in this report.
[00143] One aspect is a method of treating or preventing a fungal disease or disorder in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any of the formula in this report with the plant. Another aspect is a method of treating or preventing the growth of fungi in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any of the formula in this report with the plant. Another aspect is a method of inhibiting microorganisms in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any of the formula in this report with the plant.
[00144] Compositions comprising compounds in this report can be used, for example, in the form of directly sprayable aqueous solutions, powders, suspensions, also highly concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or dispersions, emulsions, dispersions in oil, pastes, powders, spraying materials or granules by spraying, atomizing, dusting or pouring.
[00145] Aqueous use forms can be prepared from emulsion concentrates, suspensions, pastes, wettable powders or granules dispersible in water by adding water. To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the substances, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means of a wetting, sticking, dispersing or emulsifying agent. However, it is also possible to prepare concentrates composed of active substance, wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil, and these concentrates are suitable for dilution with water.
Granules, eg coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the active ingredients (eg compounds in this report) to solid carriers. Solid carriers are earth mineral, such as silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime, chalk, friable clay, loess, clay, dolomite, earth diatomaceous, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide , ground synthetic material, fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and plant products such as cereal flour, tree bark flour, wood flour and nutshell flour, cellulose powders or other solid carriers.
[00147] The compounds in this report can be formulated as tablets, capsules, solids, liquids, emulsions, slurries, oils, granules or customary fine powders, which are suitable for administration to plants, fields or other agricultural areas. In preferred embodiments, the preparation includes between 1 and 95% (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% ) of the compound in this report in a carrier or diluent. The compositions described in this report include the compounds of the formula described in this report, as well as additional agricultural agents, if present, in amounts effective to control (e.g., modulate, inhibit) a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder.
[00148]In one method, a compound in this report is provided in an encapsulated formulation (liquid or powder). Specific materials suitable for use in capsule materials include, but are not limited to, particulates or porous substrates such as silica, perlite, talc, clay, pyrophyllite, earth diatomaceous, gelatin and gels, polymers (e.g., polyurea, polyurethane , polyamide, polyester, etc.), polymeric particles or cellulose. These include, for example, hollow fibers, hollow tubes or tubing that release a compound specified in this report through the walls, capillary tubing that releases the compound out of an opening in the tubing, polymeric blocks of different shapes, eg strips, blocks, tablets, disks, which release the compound outside the polymer matrix, membrane systems which hold the compound within an impermeable container and release it through a measured permeable membrane, and combinations of the foregoing. Examples of such dispensing compositions are polymeric laminates, polyvinyl chloride pellets and microcapillaries.
[00149] Encapsulation processes are typically classified as chemical or mechanical. Examples of chemical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, complex coacervation, incompatibility between polymers, interfacial polymerization in a liquid medium, in situ polymerization, drying in the liquid state, thermal and ionic gelation in a liquid medium, desolvation in a liquid medium , starch-based chemical processes, capture in cyclodextrins and liposome formation. Examples of mechanical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, spray drying, spray cooling, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition, centrifugal extrusion, rotating disk or rotational suspension separation, annular jet encapsulation, liquid interface polymerization -gas or solid- gas, solvent evaporation, pressure extrusion or spraying in a solvent extraction bath.
[00150] Microcapsules are also suitable for the long-term release of the active compound in this report. Microcapsules are small particles that contain a core material or active ingredient surrounded by a coating or shell. Microcapsule size typically ranges from 1 to 1000 microns with capsules smaller than 1 micron classified as nanocapsules and capsules larger than 1000 microns as macrocapsules. Core payload usually ranges from 0.1 to 98 percent by weight. Microcapsules can have a variety of structures (continuous core/shell, multinuclear or monolithic) and have irregular or geometric shapes.
[00151] In another method, the compound in this report is provided in an oil-based release system. Oil release substrates include vegetable and/or mineral oils. In one embodiment, the substrate also contains a surface active agent that makes the composition easily dispersible in water; such agents include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and the like.
[00152] The compounds of the invention can also be provided as emulsions. Emulsion formulations can be found as water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w). Droplet size can vary from the nanometer scale (colloidal dispersion) to several hundred microns. A variety of surfactants and thickeners are usually incorporated into the formulation to modify droplet size, stabilize the emulsion and modify release.
[00153] Alternatively, the compounds of the invention may also be formulated into a solid tablet and comprise (and preferably consist essentially of) an oil, a protein/carbohydrate material (preferably vegetable based), a sweetener and an ingredient active useful in the prevention or treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder. In one embodiment, the invention provides a solid tablet and comprises (and preferably consists essentially of) an oil, a protein/carbohydrate material (preferably vegetable based), a sweetener, and an active ingredient (e.g., compound therein report or combinations or derivatives thereof) useful in the prevention or treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder. Tablets typically contain about 4 to 40% (eg 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) by weight of an oil (eg vegetable oil such as corn, sunflower, peanut oils , olive, grape seed, tung, turnip, soybean, cottonseed, walnut, palm, castor bean, ground almond, hazelnut, avocado, sesame, Croton tiglium, cocoa, flax seed, rapeseed and canola and their hydrogenated derivatives; petroleum derived oils (eg paraffins and petroleum jelly), and other water immiscible hydrocarbons (eg paraffins) Tablets still contain about 5 to 40% (eg 5%, 10%, 20% , 30%, 40%) by weight of a vegetable-based protein/carbohydrate material. The material contains a carbohydrate portion (eg derived from cereal grains such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice, millet, sorghum, canary seed, buckwheat, alfalfa, millet, corn flour, soy flour, grain flour, wheat bran, corn gluten flour, seaweed flour, dry yeast, beans, rice) and a portion of protein.
[00154] Optionally, various excipients and binders can be used in order to aid in the release of the active ingredient or provide the appropriate structure to the tablet. Preferred excipients and binders include anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and mixtures thereof.
[00155] The invention provides kits for the treatment or prevention of agricultural or plant diseases or disorders. In one embodiment, the kit includes a composition containing an effective amount of a compound in this report in a form suitable for delivery to a local plant. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a container that contains a compound of formula (I); such containers may be boxes, ampoules, bottles, vials, tubes, pouches, cartons or other suitable forms of container known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, foil or other materials suitable for containing the compounds.
[00156] If desired, the compound(s) of the invention is(are) provided along with instructions for administering the same(s) to a plant, field or other agricultural area. Instructions will generally include information on using the composition for the treatment or prevention of a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder. In other embodiments, instructions include at least one of the following: description of the compound; dosing and administration schedule for the treatment or prevention of a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder; precautions; warnings; description of research studies; and/or references. Instructions can be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a mark applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, flyer, card, or leaflet provided on or with the container. Examples
[00157] The present invention will now be demonstrated through the use of specific examples which should not be construed as limiting. General Experimental Procedures
[00158]The definitions of variables in the structures in the schemas in this report are commensurate with those of corresponding positions in the formula represented in this report. Antifungal Synthesis

[00159] The syntheses of azole targets (I) can be performed through the use of the exemplary synthesis that is shown below (Scheme 1). A wide range of arenes and heterocycles, in addition to the exemplary 2-pyridine below, can be prepared starting from the functionalized halo-aromatic starting materials (eg 1). For the purpose of this example, R4 is a halogenated benzene moiety. An exemplary synthesis of targets (I) begins with the condensation of A with copper-activated ethyl α-bromodifluoroacetate, followed by condensation of the incipient ethyl ester product with lithiated bromodifluorobenzene to provide ketone B (Scheme 1). The ketone is epoxidized with diazomethane to provide C. Bromo-pyridine intermediate C can be treated with aryl boronic acids to introduce the R3-Ph portion of D. Product D is then obtained by opening the epoxide with azole in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate. Scheme 1
Synthesis of 2-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethanone (B)
To a suspension of copper powder (2.68 g, 42.2 mmols) in DMSO (35 mL) was added ethyl bromodifluoroacetate (2.70 mL, 21.10 mmols), and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. 2,5-Dibromopyridine (2.50 g, 10.55 mmols) was then added and stirring continued for 15 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH4Cl and extracted with DCM (3 x 25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude product mixture which, on column purification using EtOAc/hexane, provided the ethyl ester intermediate (2, 40 g, 8.57 mmols, 81%) as a pale yellow oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 9.0 Hz , 1H), 4.42 - 4.35 (m, 2H), 1.39 - 1.31 (m, 3H).
To a stirred solution of 2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene (1.65 g, 8.57 mmols) in diethyl ether (10 mL) was added n-BuLi (3.70 mL, 8.57 mmols) to -70 °C followed by addition of ester (2.40 g, 8.57 mmols) in diethyl ether (5 mL) after 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at -70 °C and warmed to room temperature, at which point an additional 2 h stirring was used. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH4Cl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish ketone B (1.30 g, 3.73 mmols, 43%) as yellow liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.08 - 8.04 (m, 2H), 7.74 - 7.70 (m, 1H), 7 .05 - 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.88 - 6.78 (m, 1H). MS (ESI): 347, 349 [(M++1)+2]. 5-Bromo-2-((2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl)difluoromethyl)pyridine (C)
To a stirred solution of ketone B (1.30 g, 3.73 mmols) in diethyl ether (300 mL) was added freshly prepared diazomethane at 0 °C, followed by warming to room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to furnish a mixture of crude product which, under column chromatography using EtOAc/hexane as the eluent, provided oxirane C (800 mg, 2.20 mmols, 59%) as a pale yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 9.0Hz, 1H), 7.39 - 7.35 (m, 2H) ), 6.86 - 6.83 (m, 1H), 6.77 - 6.74 (m, 1H), 3.44 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 1H). MS (ESI): 362, 364 [(M++1)+2]. EXAMPLE 1
4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (1)
To a stirred solution of epoxide C (0.3 g, 0.82 mmol) and 4-cyano-benzene boronic acid (0.14 g, 0.99 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) K2CO3 (0.17 g, 1.24 mmol) was added at room temperature under inert atmosphere. After purging with argon for a period of 30 min, Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (30 mg, 0.041 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 8 h at 75 °C. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure; the residue obtained was dissolved in water (20 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude material was purified by column chromatography to furnish the bound product (0.15 g, 0.39 mmol, 47%) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H), 7.81 - 7.77 ( m, 2H), 7.71 - 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.43 (app q, 1H), 6, 87 - 6.83 (m, 1H), 6.77 - 6.73 (m, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 5.0Hz, 1H), 3.00 (app s, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 385 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of bound product (150 mg, 0.39 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added 1H-tetrazol (33 mg, 0.46 mmol), followed by K2CO3(27 mg, 0.19 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at 70 °C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (5ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x20ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtering the solid, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give the crude compound. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish compound 1 (50 mg, 0.11 mmol, 28%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.75 (s, 1 H), 8.71 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 H ), 7.82 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 - 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 6.81 - 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.72 - 6.68 (m , 1H), 5.53 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H). HPLC: 99.6%. MS (ESI): m/z 455 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 2
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (2)
To a stirred solution of bromo-epoxide C (0.25 g, 0.69 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and water (7 mL) were added 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (0.10 g, 0.55 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.16 g, 1.55 mmol) and Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (0.14 g, 0.17 mmol) at room temperature under inert atmosphere. After purging with argon for a period of 30 min, the reaction mixture was heated to 75 °C and stirring was continued for 4 h. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure; the obtained residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish the bound product (0.21 g, 0.49 mmol, 71 %) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 - 7.40 (m, 1H), 6.85 (t ap, 1H), 6.75 (t ap, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 5.0Hz, 1H), 3.00 ( app s, 1H). Mass: m/z 428 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of bound product (0.42 g, 0.98 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (67 mg, 0.49 mmol), followed by 1H-tetrazol (68 mg, 0 .98 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h at 80 °C. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue obtained was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish 2 (0.14 g, 0.28 mmol, 29 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1 H), 8.73 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 H ), 7.78 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.72 - 7.67 (m, 3H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.44 - 7.37 (m, 1H), 6.81 - 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.71 - 6.65 (m, 1H), 5.57 (d, J = 14.0Hz, 1H ), 5.19 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H). HPLC: 97.3%. Mass: m/z 498 [M++1]. Chiral Preparative HPLC of Enantiomers:
[00167] The enantiomers of 2 (150 mg, 0.3 mmol) were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in normal phase (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 21.2 mm, 5 μ; using (A) n-hexane - (B) IPA (A:B: 60:40) as a mobile phase; flow rate: 11 ml/min) to obtain 2(+) (40 mg) and 2(-) (40 mg). Analytical data for 2(+):
[00168]HPLC: 100%.
[00169] Chiral HPLC: Rt = 22.7 min (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ; mobile phase (A) n-Hexane (B) IPA (6/4): A:B (60: 40); flow rate: 1.00 mL/min)
[00170]Optical rotation [α]D25: + 18° (C = 0.1% in MeOH). EXAMPLE 3
3-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (3)
Compound 3 was prepared using the conditions used for 1. 0.020 g as a brown solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H ), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.80 - 7.76 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (t, J = 7.5Hz, 1H), 7.43 - 7.38 (m, 2H), 6.81 - 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.72 - 6.68 (m, 1H) ), 5.54 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 93.95%. MS (ESI): m/z 455 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 4
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 4)
Compound 4 was prepared using the conditions used for 1: 0.029 g as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.5Hz, 1H ), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.50 - 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.40 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.01 - 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.79 - 6.74 (m, 1H), 6.68 - 6.64 (m, 1H), 5 .61 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.64 - 4.59 (m, 1 H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 6H). HPLC: 99.1%. MS (ESI): m/z 488 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 5
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 5)
Compound 5 was prepared using the conditions used for 1: 0.033 g as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H ), 7.66 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.55 - 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.42 - 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.22 - 7.19 (m, 2H), 6.80 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.70 - 6.66 (m, 1H), 5.58 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 99.7%. MS (ESI): m/z 448 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 6
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (6)
Compound 6 was prepared using the conditions used for 1: 0.028 g as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.98 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H ), 7.69 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57 - 7.49 (m, 3H), 7.41 - 7.33 (m, 3H), 6.80 - 6.75 (m, 1 H), 6.70 - 6.66 (m, 1 H), 5.59 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.16 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 97.2%. MS (ESI): m/z 514 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 7
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (7)
To a stirred solution of bromine epoxide C (0.5 g, 1.38 mmol) in THF (30 mL) and water (14 mL) were added 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid (0.22 g, 1 0.1 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.32 g, 3.1 mmols) and Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (0.28 g, 0.34 mmol) at room temperature under inert atmosphere. After purging with argon for a period of 30 min, the reaction mixture was heated to 75 °C and stirring was continued for 4 h. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure; the obtained residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (30 ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish the bound product (0.45 g, 1.0 mmol, 73 %) as a solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2Hz, 1H), 7.66 - 7.54 ( m, 3H), 7.49 - 7.34 (m, 3H), 6.90 - 6.70 (m, 2H), 3.49 (d, J = 5.0Hz, 1H) , 3.02 - 2.95 (m, 1H). Mass: m/z 444 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of the bound product (0.45 g, 1.0 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (70 mg, 0.5 mmol), followed by 1H-tetrazol (70 mg, 1 .0 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80 °C. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue obtained was dissolved in water (15 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography to furnish 7 (0.19 g, 0.37 mmol, 36%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H ), 7.68 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 - 7.56 (m, 3H), 7.43 - 7.36 (m, 3H), 6.80 - 6.76 (m, 1 H), 6.70 - 6.67 (m, 1 H), 5.57 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.17 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 98.3%. Mass: m/z 513.9 [M++1]. Chiral Preparative HPLC of Enantiomers:
Enantiomers of 7 (17.8 g, 34.6 mmols) were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in normal phase (Chiralpak AD-H, 250 x 21.2 mm, 5 μ; using (A) n-hexane - (B) IPA (A:B: 70:30) as a mobile phase; flow rate: 15 ml/min) to obtain 7(+) (6.0 g) and 7(-) (5 .8 g). Analytical data for 7 (+):
[00178]HPLC: 99.8%.
[00179] Chiral HPLC: Rt = 9.88 min (Chiralpak AD-H, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ; mobile phase (A) n-Hexane (B) IPA (7/3): A:B ( 70:30); flow rate: 1.00 mL/min)
[00180]Optical rotation [α]D25: + 19° (C = 0.1% in MeOH). EXAMPLE 8
1-(5-(3-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 8)
[00181] Compound 37 was prepared by using the conditions used for 1: 0.028 g as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.2Hz, 1H ), 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 - 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.46 - 7.43 (m, 3H), 7.40 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 6.80 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.70 - 6.66 (m, 1H), 5.59 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 98.79%. MS (ESI): m/z 463.9 [M+]. EXAMPLE 9
1-(5-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 9)
Compound 9 was prepared using the conditions used for 1: 0.027 g as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 7. 66 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 4H), 7.42 - 7.37 (m, 1H), 6 .79 - 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.70 - 6.67 (m, 1H), 5.58 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, 1H), J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 99.07%. MS (ESI): m/z 463.9 [M+]. Chiral Preparative HPLC of Enantiomers:
[00183] The enantiomers of 9 (200 mg, 0.4 mmol) were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in normal phase (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 21.1 mm, 5 μ; using (A) n-hexane - (B) ethanol (A:B: 75:25) as a mobile phase; flow rate: 15 ml/min) to obtain 9(+) (62 mg) and 9(-) (55 mg). Analytical data for 9 (+):
[00184]HPLC: 100%
[00185] Chiral HPLC: Rt = 15.3 min (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ; mobile phase (A) n-Hexane (B) ethanol: A:B (75:25); rate of flow: 1.00 mL/min)
[00186]Optical rotation [α]D25: + 26.5° (C = 0.1% in MeOH). EXAMPLE 10
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2- hello (10)
Compound 10 was prepared using the conditions used for 1: 0.022 g as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7. 69 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.41 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.20 - 7.11 (m, 3 H), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.70 - 6.67 (m, 1H), 5.60 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H), 5. 16 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 98.68%. MS (ESI): m/z 466 [M+]. EXAMPLE 11
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (11)
[00188] Compound 11 was prepared by using the conditions used for 1:0.33 g as a solid. The precursor 1-bromo-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzene was prepared as described below in one step.
[00189]1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H) , 7.70 (s, 1 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.42 - 7 .37 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.69 - 6.66 (m, 1 H), 5.58 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.14 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 - 4.39 (m, 2 H ). HPLC: 99.1%. MS (ESI): m/z 528 [M++1]. Chiral Preparative HPLC Specifications for (+)-ll:
[00190] Column: Chiralpak IA, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μ
[00191] Mobile Phase: A) n-Hexane, B) IPA
[00192]Isocratic: A:B (65:35)
[00193] Flow Rate: 1.00 mL/min
[00194]Optical rotation [α]D: + 24° (C = 0.1% in MeOH). 1-Bromo-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzene
To a stirred solution of trifluoroethyl tosylate (1.5 g, 5.8 mmols) in DMF (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (4 g, 29.4 mmols), followed by the addition of p-bromo phenol ( 1.1 g, 6.46 mmols) at room temperature under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 120 °C for 6 h. Volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure; the residue was diluted with water (5ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x30ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude compound was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to furnish the desired product (0.8 g, 3.13 mmols, 53.3%) as a semi-solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.44 - 7.38 (m, 2H), 6.86 - 6.80 (m, 2H), 4.38 - 4.25 (m, 2 H). EXAMPLE 12
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H -tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (12)
To a stirred solution of trifluoroethanol (10 g, 0.06 mol) in dry CH 2 Cl 2 (100 ml) was added DIPEA (29 ml, 0.16 mol) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C °C. Triflic anhydride (13.5 mL, 0.07 mol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture at -78 °C. After being stirred for 30 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to -30 °C and stirring was continued for an additional 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (200 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 1N HCl, water, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and filtered. To a stirred solution of 4-bromophenol (4g, 0.02mol), CS2CO3 (15g, 0.04mol) in DMF (100ml) was added a layer of CH2Cl2(H) at room temperature and stirred for 16 H. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 250 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained crude material was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 60 - 120 mesh) to furnish compound F (3.5 g, 11.5 mmols, 50%) as a liquid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46 - 7.38 (m, 2H), 6.87 - 6.79 (m, 2H), 4.45 - 4.32 (m, 2H) H).
To a stirred solution of n-BuLi (21 mL, 33.13 mmols, 1.5 M in hexane) in dry ether (250 mL) was added a solution of compound C (8 g, 22.09 mmols) in ether (50 mL) at -78 °C. After being stirred for 30 min, trimethyl borate (5 mL, 44.19 mmols) was added to the reaction mixture at -78 °C and stirring was continued for an additional 10 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid (40 ml) and diluted with water (120 ml) and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was basified to pH ~12 2N by the addition of 2N NaOH, the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH ~6 using 1N HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 x 500 mL ). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide compound E (7 g, 21.4 mmols, 97%) as a light brown solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.81 (s, 1 H), 8.15 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 6.93 - 6.87 (m, 2H), 3.42 (d, J = 5.5Hz, 1H), 2, 99 - 2.98 (m, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 328.1 [M++1].
[00198] A mixture of boronic acid E (3.5 g, 10.7 mmols), compound F (3.3 g, 10.7 mols) and K2CO3 (4.5 g, 32.1 mmols) in THF/ H2O (175 mL, 4:1) was degassed for 30 min. Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (0.7 g, 1.07 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture under an inert atmosphere and the resulting mixture was stirred at 70°C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The obtained crude material was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 60 - 120 mesh) to furnish compound G (2.3 g, 4.53 mmols, 43%) as yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.83 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (dd, J = 2.2.8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7 .61 - 7.48 (m, 3H), 7.43 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.8Hz, 2H), 7.10 - 7. 04 (m, 2H), 6.89 - 6.70 (m, 2H), 4.48 (q, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01 - 2.98 (m, 1H).
To a stirred solution of compound G (10.5 g, 20.7 mmols) in DMF (150 mL) was added K2CO3 (3.4 g, 20.7 mmols), followed by 1H-tetrazol (2, 6 g, 37.1 mmols) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C for 16 h. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with water (300 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 300 ml). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 60 - 120 mesh) to furnish 12 (6 g, 10.38 mmols, 50.4%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7. 70 (s, 1 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.42 - 7.37 ( m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.69 - 6.66 (m, 1H) , 5.58 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.14 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.48 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 2 H ). MS (ESI): m/z 578.1 [M++1]. Chiral Preparative HPLC of Enantiomers:
[00200] The 12 enantiomers (6 g, 10.3 mmols) were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in normal phase (Chiralpak IA, 250 x 21.2 mm, 5 μ; using (A) n-hexane - (B) ethanol (A:B: 80:20) as a mobile phase; flow rate: 12 ml/min) to obtain 12(+) (2.1 g) and 12(-) (2.0 g) . Analytical data for 12 (+):
[00201] 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H) , 7.70 (s, 1 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.42 - 7 .37 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.69 - 6.66 (m, 1 H), 5.58 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.14 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.48 (t, J = 12.0 Hz , 2H). HPLC: 98.1%. MS (ESI): m/z 578.1 [M++1].
[00202] Chiral HPLC: Rt = 14.12 min (Chiralpak IA, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ; mobile phase (A) n-Hexane (B) ethanol (A:B: 80:20); rate of flow: 1.00 mL/min).
[00203] Optical rotation [α]D25: + 22.3° (C = 0.1% w/v in MeOH). EXAMPLE 13
2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy))phenyl 3-aminopropanoate )pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl (13)
A mixture of N-Boc-β-Ala-OH (1 g, 5.29 mmols), N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.9 g, 7.82 mmols) in DMF (10 mL) was added HOBt (0 0.7 g, 5.25 mmols) and EDCI.HCl (1 g, 5.23 mmols) at 5°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 h. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 150 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3 x 100 ml), brine (150 ml), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was triturated with ether (2 x 25 mL) to provide N-Boc-β-Ala-OSu (1.1 g, crude) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.10 (bs, 1H), 3.52 (q, J = 6.0Hz, 2H), 2.85 - 2.82 (m, 6H) ), 1.31 (s, 9H).
To a suspension of 11-(+) (0.2 g, 0.38 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) was added NaH (0.02 g, 1.17 mmol) at 0 °C and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. N-Boc-β-Ala-OSu (0.21 g, 0.70 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for an additional 16 h at room temperature. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice water and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude product, which upon preparative TLC separation provided compound I (38 mg, 0.06 mmol, 15%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.27 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J = 1.5, 8.0Hz, 1H ), 7.58 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.14 - 7.13 (m, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (t, J = 7.0Hz, 1H), 6.71 - 6.66 (m, 1H), 6. 09 (dd, J = 2.5, 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.73 (dd, J = 2.5, 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.23 (bs, 1 H), 4.45 - 4.40 (m, 2H), 3.46 (bs, 2H), 2.82 - 2.69 (m, 2H), 1.28 (s, 9H). MS (ESI): 699.3 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of compound I (0.03 g, 0.05 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) at 5°C. °C and stirred for 4 h at room temperature. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. Volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude obtained was triturated with diethyl ether (2 x 25 mL) to provide 13 (0.018 g, 0.02 mmol, 55%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.67 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.13 (dd, J = 1.5, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (s, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 7.38 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.27 - 7 .24 (m, 1 H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.15 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.54 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (q, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.06 (d, J = 5.5Hz, 2H), 2.93 - 2.83 (m, 2H). HPLC: 93.64%. MS (ESI): 599.4 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 14
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) 2-aminoacetate hydrochloride )phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl (14)
To a suspension of 11-(+) (0.1 g, 0.18 mmol) in dry THF (30 mL) was added NaH (0.01 g, 0.41 mmol) at 5 °C and stirred for 40 min at room temperature. N-Boc-Gly-OSu (0.1 g, 0.37 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for an additional 16 h at room temperature. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with ice water and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude product, which upon preparative TLC separation provided compound J (29 mg, 0.04 mmol, 24%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.34 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 7.0Hz, 1H), 7.59 - 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.44 - 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.10 - 7.03 (m, 3H), 6.94 - 6.91 ( m, 1H), 6.64 (t, J = 10.0Hz, 1H), 6.12 (dd, J = 2.5, 15.0Hz, 1H), 5.69 (dd, J = 3.5, 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (q, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 4 .21 - 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J = 5.0, 18.0Hz, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H). MS (ESI): 685.3 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of compound J (0.02 g, 0.04 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added 4M HCl solution in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) at drops, at 5 °C and stirred for 4 h at room temperature. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. Volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude obtained was triturated with diethyl ether (3 x 25 mL) to provide 14 (14 mg, 0.02 mmol, 60%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.45 - 8.43 (m, 2H), 8.14 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.79 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.45 - 7.44 (m, 1 H), 7.29 - 7 .27 (m, 1H), 7.24 - 7.23 (m, 3H), 7.14 - 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57(d, J=15.0Hz, 1H), 4.87(q,J=8.5Hz, 2H), 4.16 (d,J=18.0Hz , 1H), 3.94 (d, J = 18.5Hz, 1H). HPLC: 93.54%. MS (ESI): 585 [M++1]. EXAMPLE 15
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (15)
To a suspension of copper powder (27 g, 0.42 mol) in DMSO (300 ml) was added ethyl bromo difluoro acetate (27 ml, 0.21 mol) and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. 2,5-Dibromopyridine (25 g, 0.10 mol) was then added and stirring was continued for an additional 15 h at room temperature. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution (200 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 x 250 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude product, which, under reduced pressure distillation, provided compound K (19 g, 67.8 mmol, 64%) as a light yellow oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 9.0 Hz , 1H), 4.42 - 4.35 (m, 2H), 1.39 - 1.31 (m, 3H). To a stirred solution of 2,4-difluorobromo benzene (7.6ml, 67.8mmol) in diethyl ether (100ml) was added n-BuLi (42ml, 67.85mmol, 1.6M in hexane) at -78°C. After being stirred for 45 min at -78 °C, a solution of ester K (19 g, 67.8 mmols) in diethyl ether (100 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for an additional 1 h at -78 °C under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, at which point stirring for an additional 3 h was provided. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 100 - 200 mesh) eluting with 2% EtOAc/hexane to furnish ketone L (13 g, 37.3 mmols, 55%) as a yellow liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.08 - 8.04 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H ), 7.05 - 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.88 - 6.78 (m, 1H). MS (ESI): 347[M++1], 349[(M++2].
To a stirred solution of ketone L (1.0 g, 2.87 mmols) in THF (30 mL) and water (10 mL) were added (4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl boronic acid (591 mg, 2 .87 mmols), NaHCO3 (782 mg, 7.18 mmols) and Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (586 mg, 0.718 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. After purging with argon for a period of 30 min, the mixture The reaction was heated to 65 °C and stirring was continued for 2 h The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite The filtrate was concentrated under pressure The obtained residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 100 - 200 mesh) to provide M (980 mg, 2.28 mmols, 79%) as a pale yellow viscous solid.1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.77 ( s, 1H), 8.12 - 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.63 - 7.57 (m, 2H) , 7.35 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.05 - 6.96 (m, 1H), 6.83 - 6.79 (m, 1H). Mass: m/z 430 [M++1].
To a mixture of Mg (50mg, 2.08mmol) and HgCl 2 (47mg, 0.17mmol) in dry THF (5ml) was added propargyl bromide (0.05ml, 0.34mmol) ) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere and stirred for 20 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -20 °C, ketone M (150 mg, 0.348 mmol) and the remaining portion of propargyl bromide (0.05 mL, 0.34 mmol) in THF (5 mL) were added and stirring was continued for 2 h at -20 °C. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NH4Cl and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 100 - 200 mesh) to furnish N (110 mg, 0.23 mmol, 67%) as a solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 7.96 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.2Hz, 1H), 7.65 - 7.57 ( m, 4H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.2Hz, 2H), 6.88 - 6.73 (m, 2H), 6.36 (brs, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J = 16.8, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.98 (dt, J = 16.8, 2.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.85 (t, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 470 [M++1].
[00212] A solution of N (110 mg, 0.23 mmol) in TMSCHN2 (1 mL, 1.15 mmol) was stirred at 120 °C for 15 h. Volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude material obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 100 - 200 mesh) to furnish 15 (35 mg, 0.06 mmol, 29%) as a yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 7.62 - 7.59 (m, 3H) ), 7.50 - 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.36 - 7.31 (m, 3H), 6.83 (br s, 1H), 6.70 - 6.65 (m , 2H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 15.0Hz, 1H), 3.36 (d, J = 15.0Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 512 [M++1]. HPLC: 95.6%. EXAMPLE 16
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol (16)
To a stirred solution of 5-bromo-2-((2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl)difluoromethyl)pyridine (C) (1.0 g, 2.7 mmols) in THF :H2O (20 mL, 4:1 mixture) was added (4-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (378 mg, 2.7 mmols), followed by K2CO3 (1.1 g, 8.1 mmols) at room temperature and degassed by purging with inert gas for 45 min. To the resulting reaction mixture was added Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (197 mg, 0.27 mmol) and further degassed for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then heated to 60 °C and stirred for 4 h. After completion of consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and the organic layer was separated; the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 20% EtOAc/hexane) to furnish O (0.9 g, 2.38 mmols, 86%) as a semi-colorless solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.85 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7 .62 - 7.36 (m, 4H), 7.24 - 7.19 (m, 2H), 6.90 - 6.70 (m, 2H), 3.48 (d, J = 4 .8Hz, 1H), 3.02 - 2.98 (m, 1H).
To a stirred solution of compound O (0.3 g, 0.79 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added K2CO3 (109 mg, 0.79 mmol), followed by 1,2,4-triazole ( 81 mg, 1.18 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then heated to 60 °C and stirred for 16 h. After completion of consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 40% EtOAc/hexane) to furnish 16 (250 mg, 0.56 mmol, 72.6%) as yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 7. 69 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H), 7.56 - 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.22 - 7.18 (m, 2 H), 6.77 - 6.71 (m, 3 H), 5.38 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.90 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H) . MS (ESI): 447 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.36%. EXAMPLE 17
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) ) phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (17)
To a stirred solution of epoxy bromide (C) (190 mg, 0.52 mmol) in THF:H2O (40 mL, 4:1 mixture) was added acid (4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) )phenyl)boronic (174 mg, 0.57 mmol), followed by K2CO3 (215 mg, 1.56 mmol) at room temperature and degassed by purging with inert gas for 30 min. To the resulting reaction mixture was added Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (20 mg, 0.027 mmol) and further degassed for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70 °C and stirred for 2 h. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC; the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered through a pad of celite. The collected filtrate was washed with water (2 x 50 ml). The separated organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 15% EtOAc/hexane) to furnish P (0.2 g, 0.43 mmol, 84%) as a yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.85 (d, J = 22 Hz, 1 H), 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.48 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J = 7.0, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.89 - 6.70 (m, 2 H), 4.42 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 3.48 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.01 - 2, 98 (m, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 458 [M++1].
To a stirred solution of compound P (0.2 g, 0.43 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (91 mg, 0.65 mmol), followed by 1,2,4-triazole ( 61 mg, 0.87 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then heated to 75 °C and stirred for 7 h. After completion of consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 75 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 40% EtOAc/Hexane) to furnish 17 (160 mg, 0.303 mmol, 70%) as a yellowish white solid. Chiral Preparative HPLC of Enantiomers
[00217] The enantiomers of 17 (100 mg, 0.18 mmol) were separated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography in normal phase (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 19 mm, 5 μ; using (A) n-hexane - (B) ) IPA (A:B: 60:40) as a mobile phase; flow rate: 15 ml/min, WL 265 nm) to obtain (+)-17 (28 mg) (Fraction-II) and (-)- 17 (28 mg) (Fraction-I) desired. (+-17
[00218] 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): 8.72 (s, 1 H), 8.16 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 2H), 7, 52 - 7.47 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 9.0Hz, 2H), 6.77 - 6.70 (m, 3H), 5.38 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.89 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.42 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H).
[00219] Optical rotation [α]D24 5: +13.96° (C = 0.1% w/v in MeOH).
[00220] Chiral HPLC: 99.9% ee (Rt = 13.9 min) (Chiralpak IC, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ; using n-Hexane:TPA (60:40) as a mobile phase; rate flow rate: 1 ml/min, WL 265 nm).
[00221]MS (ESI): m/z 527 [M++1]
[00222]HPLC: 99.86%. EXAMPLE 18
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (18)
[00223] To a stirred solution of epoxy bromide (C) (0.7 g, 1.93 mmol) in THF:H2O (24 mL, 7:5 mixture) was added 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid (398 mg , 1.93 mmol), followed by Pd(dppf)2Cl2 (394 mg, 0.48 mmol) and Na2CO3 (526 mg, 4.83 mmols) at room temperature and degassed by argon for 45 min. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at reflux temperature. After completion of consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered through a bed of celite. The collected filtrate was washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 5% EtOAc/hexane) to furnish compound Q (0.65 g, 1.46 mmol, 76%) as yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 7.91 (dd, J = 7.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.57 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 - 7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.36 (d, J = 8, 5Hz, 2H), 6.86 - 6.83 (m, 1H), 6.77 - 6.73 (m, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 5.0Hz, 1H ), 3.00 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z AAA [M++1].
To a stirred solution of compound Q (0.2 g, 0.45 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (62 mg, 0.45 mmol), followed by 1,2,4-triazole ( 46 mg, 0.67 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70 °C and stirred for 3 h. After consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crude material. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 30% EtOAc/hexane) to furnish 18 (0.15 g, 0.29 mmol, 64.9%) as a yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H ), 7.70 (s, 1 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.51 - 7.46 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.77 - 6.70 (m, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H) , 5.39 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 513 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.86%. EXAMPLE 19
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (19)
To a stirred solution of compound Q (0.2 g, 0.45 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (62 mg, 0.45 mmol), followed by 1,2,3-triazole ( 46 mg, 0.67 mmol) at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70 °C and stirred for 3 h. After consumption of starting material (by TLC), the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 30% EtOAc/Hexane) to furnish 19 (0.1 g, 0.19 mmol, 43%) as a yellowish white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7. 67 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H) 7.59 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.51 (s, 1 H), 7.49 - 7.45 (m , 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.77 - 6.69 (m, 3H), 5.55 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1 H), 5.12 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 513 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.99%. EXAMPLE 20
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (20)
Compound 20 was prepared using the same conditions for compound 1 from P and tetrazole (0.020 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7, 55 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.48 - 7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.08 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.00 ( s, 1H), 6.84 - 6.69 (m, 2H), 5.83 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (q, J = 8.5Hz, 2H). MS (ESI): m/z 528 [M++1]. HPLC: 94.47%. EXAMPLE 21
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (21)
[00227] Compound 21 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.017 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.51 - 7.42 ( m, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.29 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.18 - 7.15 (m, 1H) , 6.84 - 6.79 (m, 2H), 6.73 - 6.69 (m, 1H), 5.84 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 5.42 ( d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 448.1 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.60%. EXAMPLE 22
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (22)
Compound 22 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.020 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1 H), 8.02 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.72 - 7.68 ( m, 3H), 7.48 - 7.43 (m, 1H), 6.84 - 6.79 (m, 1H), 6.73 - 6.71 (m, 1H), 6. 69 (s, 1H), 5.85 (d, J = 14.0Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J = 14.0Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 498.0 [M++1]. HPLC: 97.72%. EXAMPLE 23
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl )propan-2-ol (23)
[00229] Compound 23 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.037 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 - 7.67 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 7.51 - 7.435 (m, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.77 - 6.69 (m, 3H), 5.54 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H ), 5.11 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 513.0 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.99%. EXAMPLE 24
4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (24)
[00230] Compound 24 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.0109 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.69 ( s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.5Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 7.41 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H ), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.69 - 6.65 (m, 1H), 5.60 (d, J = 14.0Hz, 1H), 5.17 (br s, 1H), 5.13 (d, J = 14.0Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 445.9 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.55 %. EXAMPLE 25
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(3-isopropylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 25)
[00231] Compound 25 was prepared by using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.020 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (s, 1 H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7. 45 - 7.33 (m, 5H), 6.79 - 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.68 - 6.65 (m, 1H), 5.62 (d, J = 14, 5 Hz, 1 H), 5.12 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.02 - 2.96 (m, 1 H), 1.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz , 6H). MS (ESI): m/z 472.1 [M++1]. HPLC: 99.50%. EXAMPLE 26
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2- hello (26)
Compound 26 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.029 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1 H), 7.94 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.58 (br s, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.34 - 7.29 (m, 2H), 6.80 - 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.71 - 6 .67 (m, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=14.5Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d,J=14.5Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 466.0 [M++1]. HPLC: 98.94%. EXAMPLE 27
1-(5-(3-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2 -ol (27)
Compound 27 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.022 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.57 (s, 1 H), 7, 51 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.41 - 7.35 (m, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.25 - 7.22 (m, 1H), 6.79 - 6.74 (m, 1H), 6.69 - 6.62 (m, 1H), 6.59 (t, J = 74.0Hz, 1H ), 5.58 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.17 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1 H). MS (ESI): m/z 496.0 [M++1]. HPLC: 92.30%. EXAMPLE 28
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl) propan-2-ol (28)
Compound 28 was prepared using the same conditions as for compound 1 (0.031 g): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz) , 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 7.50 (br s, 1H), 7.42 - 7.37 (m, 1H), 6.80 - 6.76 (m, 1 H), 6.70 - 6.67 (m, 1 H), 5.56 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.18 (d, J = 14.5Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 530.0 [M++1]. HPLC: 96.42%. EXAMPLE 29: Metalloenzyme A Activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of common strains of C. albicans fungus using a standardized procedure (CLSI M27-A2).
[00236] Stock solutions of test compounds and standards were prepared in DMSO at 1600 μg/mL (C. albicans). Eleven and a half serial dilutions of compounds were prepared in 96-well plates in RPMI + MOPS. The assay concentration ranges were 6 to 0.016 μg/mL (C. albicans). Cell suspensions of C. albicans were prepared and added to each well at concentrations of approximately 3.7 x 10 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml). All tests were in duplicate. Inoculated plates were incubated for approximately 48 h at 35+1°C. At the conclusion of the incubation, the wells of each plate were visually assessed for the presence of fungal growth.
[00237]For fluconazole and test compounds, the MIC was the concentration at which growth was significantly reduced (about 50% reduction). For voriconazole, the MIC was the concentration that reduced the growth of C. albicans by 50% (by CLSI, M27-A2). For QC purposes, C. krusei ATCC 6258 isolate (4.0 X 103 cfu/ml) was included in the VOR assay. This isolate exhibited no trace of growth against voriconazole, so the MIC was the concentration at which growth was completely inhibited. Example 30: Metalloenzyme Selectivity A. Inhibition of Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
[00238] The solutions of each test compound were separately prepared at concentrations of 20000, 6000, 2000, 600, 200, and 60 µM by serial dilution with DMSO:MeCN (50:50 (v/v)). Individual test compound solutions were then diluted 20-fold with DMSO:MeCN:deionized water (5:5:180 (v/v/v)) at concentrations of 1000, 300, 100, 30, 10, and 3 µM. Mixtures of isozyme inhibitors (sulfafenazol, tranylcypromine and ketoconazole as specific inhibitors of isozymes 2C9, 2C19 and 3A4, respectively) were prepared containing each inhibitor in concentrations of 6000, 2000, 600, 200, 60, 20, 6 and 2 μM through of the serial dilution with DMSO:ACN (50:50 (v/v)). The mixed inhibitor solutions were then diluted 20-fold with DMSO:MeCN:deionized water (5:5:180 (v/v/v)) at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0 .1 µM. The percentage of organic solvent attributable to the test compound or inhibitor mixture in the final reaction mixture was 2% (v/v).
Pooled human liver microsomes suspension (20 mg/ml) was diluted with phosphate buffer to obtain a suspension (5 mg/ml). A solution of NADPH was prepared in phosphate buffer at a concentration of 5 mM. Separate stock solutions of each substrate were prepared in DMSO:MeCN (50:50 (v/v)), mixed, and diluted in phosphate buffer to obtain a single solution containing each substrate at five times its experimentally determined Km concentration. The percentage of organic solvent attributable to the substrate mixture in the final reaction mixture was 1% (v/v).
[00240] The substrate solution and microsome suspension were combined in a 1:1 volume ratio, mixed and distributed to the reaction wells of a PCR plate. Individual test compound or combined inhibitor solutions at each concentration were added to the wells and mixed through repetitive aspiration-dispense cycles. For active controls, white phosphate buffer solution was added in place of the test compound solution. The reaction mixtures were allowed to equilibrate at 37°C for approximately two minutes before adding NADPH solution to initiate the reaction, followed by pipette mixing of the reaction mixture. Ten minutes after the addition of NADPH, the reaction mixtures were stopped with cold acetonitrile.
[00241] Samples were mixed by orbital shaking for approximately one minute and centrifuged at 2900 RCF for ten minutes. A portion of the supernatant was analyzed by gradient reversed-phase HPLC with detection by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode.
The data were fitted to the sigmoid dose response curves and the inhibitory potency of each test compound was determined as its IC50 value. Results
* MIC (mean inhibitory concentration) values of Candida albicans expressed in ug/ml; CYP IC50s are in µM.
Exemplary compounds 3 to 15 and 19 to 28 exhibit Candida MICs in the range of <0.016 to 4.0 ug/ml. Incorporation as a Reference
[00244] The contents of all references (including literature references, granted patents, published patent applications, and copending patent applications) cited in this application are hereby expressly and fully incorporated by reference. Equivalents
[00245] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to verify, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described in this report using no more than routine experimentation. Such equivalents are covered by the following claims.

权利要求:
Claims (15)
[0001]
1. Compound of formula (I) or salt thereof, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it has the formula:
[0002]
2. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R1 is fluorine.
[0003]
3. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R2 is fluorine.
[0004]
4. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R1 and R2 are fluorine.
[0005]
5. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R4 is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 independent R3.
[0006]
6. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R4 is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 independent halos.
[0007]
7. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R4 is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 independent fluorine.
[0008]
8. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R4 is 2,4-difluorophenyl.
[0009]
9. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R5 is H.
[0010]
10. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that R5 is acyl substituted with amino.
[0011]
11. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that: R1 is fluorine; R2 is fluorine; R4 is 2,4-difluorophenyl; and R5 is H.
[0012]
12. A compound, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that: each R3 is independently cyano, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo or C1-C6 haloalkoxy, and n is 1 or 2.
[0013]
13. A compound, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that: each R3 is independently cyano, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo or C1-C6 haloalkoxy, and n is 1.
[0014]
14. Compound according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it is one of: 4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H) -tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (1); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol(2); 3-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (3); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 4); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1 -yl)propan-2-ol (5); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (6); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (7); 1-(5-(3-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 8); 1-(5-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol ( 9); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2- ol (10); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (11); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H -tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (12); 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-yl 3-aminopropanoate (13); 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin hydrochloride -2-yl)propan-2-yl 2-aminoacetate (14); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2 -ol (15); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol (16); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxy) ) phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (17); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (18); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (19); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2 -yl)propan-2-ol (20); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (21); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(2H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan -2-ol (22); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4- (trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (23); 4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazole) -1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (24); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(3-isopropylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl) -3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (25); 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1-(5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)- 1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (26); 1-(5-(3-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2 ,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (27); or 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3 -(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (28).
[0015]
15. Composition CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises a compound as defined in claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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法律状态:
2018-01-23| B07D| Technical examination (opinion) related to article 229 of industrial property law [chapter 7.4 patent gazette]|

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2018-04-10| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2018-05-02| B25D| Requested change of name of applicant approved|Owner name: VIAMET PHARMACEUTICALS (NC), INC. (US) |

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2019-07-02| B07E| Notice of approval relating to section 229 industrial property law [chapter 7.5 patent gazette]|Free format text: NOTIFICACAO DE ANUENCIA RELACIONADA COM O ART 229 DA LPI |

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2019-09-03| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2019-10-01| B25D| Requested change of name of applicant approved|Owner name: MYCOVIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (US) |

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2019-10-22| B25G| Requested change of headquarter approved|Owner name: MYCOVIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (US) |

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2021-03-02| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-06-08| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-07-06| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 22/04/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. PATENTE CONCEDIDA CONFORME ADI 5.529/DF, QUE DETERMINA A ALTERACAO DO PRAZO DE CONCESSAO. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US32766310P| true| 2010-04-24|2010-04-24|

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US61/327,663|2010-04-24|

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PCT/US2011/033597|WO2011133875A2|2010-04-24|2011-04-22|Metalloenzyme inhibitor compounds|

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