PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PET FOOD IN THE FORM OF A COATED FEED.

专利摘要:
process for the production of a pet food in the form of a coated feed. This is a pet food production process that includes providing a core pellet; provide at least one coating material; applying the coating material to the core pellet to form a coated feed using a continuous fluidizing mixer; wherein the coating material is applied in a froude number range from about 0.8 to about 3 and a peclet number greater than about 6.
公开号:BR112012018216B1
申请号:R112012018216-1
申请日:2011-01-20
公开日:2018-05-22
发明作者:Gregory Dean Sunvold；Patrick Joseph Corrigan
申请人:Mars, Incorporated；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

(54) Title: PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PET FOOD IN THE FORM OF A COATED FOOD.
(51) Int.CI .: A23K 40/30; A23K 50/42 (30) Unionist Priority: 22/01/2010 US 61 / 297,391 (73) Holder (s): MARS, INCORPORATED (72) Inventor (s): GREGORY DEAN SUNVOLD; PATRICK JOSEPH CORRIGAN
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A FOOD FOR. ANIMALS
ESTIMATION IN THE FORM OF A COATED RATION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of processes for the production of pet food. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to the coating of a core with a coating material.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pet food manufacturers are continually trying to optimize dry pet food to make it more nutritious and taste better. Dry pet foods are typically extruded using heat and pressure to produce nutritionally balanced low moisture pellets (feeds) that are self-stable. Unfortunately, these dry feeds can often taste mild to the animal, so manufacturers usually coat the feeds with a fat or palatable component to optimize flavor and aroma. However, it has now been found that if some of the ingredients normally added to the extruder are instead saved for after extrusion and coated on the outside, the feed can have an improved taste and aroma without adding excess fat or palatable components. This coating on the outside after extrusion not only reduces costs, but also results in less degradation of nutrition as these ingredients do not pass through the extruder and thus do not experience the heat and pressure of the extruder. Thus, the product is less expensive, tastes more satisfying and has superior nutrition. For example, vitamins, probiotics or other temperature-sensitive nutritional ingredients can be added to the feed surface after extrusion resulting in a higher level of active material in the feed due to lower thermal degradation. It has also been found that when nutrients such as animal amino acids and proteins are added to the outside of the feed, the feed tastes more satisfying to animals, and nutrients are often more digestible. Consequently, aspects of these post-extrusion processing benefits are presented in the present invention.
SUMMARY
In one embodiment, a process for producing pet food is presented. The process may include providing a core pellet; provide at least one coating material; applying the coating material to the core pellet to form a coated feed using a continuous fluidizing mixer; the application of the coating material occurs in a range of Froude number from about 0.8 to about 3 and a Peclet number greater than about 6. In one embodiment, the process can result in an average time of permanence of the core pellet in the continuous fluidizing mixer for about 10 seconds to about 600 seconds. In one embodiment, the continuous fluidizing mixer can use paddles in a rotation that is counter. In one embodiment, the opposing blades can cause the core material to have a convective upward flow close to the center of the continuous fluidizing mixer. In one embodiment, the continuous fluidizing mixer can be operated in such a way that the core materials have a flow through the continuous fluidizing mixer from about 10 kg / h to about 60,000 kg / h. In some embodiments, the coating material may include a probiotic, manoeptulose, and / or an emulsifier that has a plurality of hydroxyl groups, such as polysorbate ester or polysorbate 80.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 represents a form of feed in the form of a coating on a core.
Figure 2 shows a comparison between the total of aldehydes.
Figure 3 shows a comparison between oxygen pump tests.
20 The Figure 4 provides the results in an aroma characterization. The figure 5 provides the results in an aroma characterization. The figure 6 provides the results in an
aroma characterization.
Figure 7 provides the results of a comparison between vitamin loss.
Figure 8 provides the results of a comparison between vitamin loss.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
For use in the present invention, articles, including, one and one, when used in a claim or in the specification, are understood to mean one or more of what is claimed or described.
For use in the present invention, the terms include, include and include are intended to be non-limiting.
For use in the present invention, the term plurality means more than one.
For use in the present invention, the term feed includes a particulate component similar to an animal feed pellet, such as dog and cat feed pellets, typically having a moisture content, or water, less than 12% by weight. The feed pellets can be located in a range of texture that varies from hard to soft. The feed pellets can be located in a range of internal structure that varies from expanded to dense. Feed pellets can be formed by an extrusion process. In some non-limiting examples, a feed can be formed from a core and a coating to form a feed that is coated, also called a coated feed pellet. It should be understood that when the term feed is used, it can refer to an uncoated feed pellet or a coated feed pellet.
For use in the present invention, the term animal or pet means a domestic animal including, but not limited to, dogs, cats, horses, cows, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, and the like. Domestic cats and dogs are particular examples of pets.
For use in the present invention, the terms animal feed, animal feed compositions, animal feed, pet food, or pet food composition all mean a composition intended for ingestion by a pet. Pet food may include, but is not limited to, nutritionally balanced compositions suitable for daily feeding, such as animal pellets, as well as supplements and / or snacks, which may or may not be nutritionally balanced.
For use in the present invention, the term nutritionally balanced means that the composition, as a pet food, has known necessary nutrients to sustain life in adequate quantities and proportions, based on recommendations from recognized authorities, including government agencies, such as , but not limited to, Unites States Food and Drug
Administration's Center for Veterinarian Medicine, and
American Feed Control Officials Incorporated, in the field of pet nutrition, except for the additional need for water.
Π.
For probiotic, used in the present invention, the terms probiotic component, probiotic ingredient, or probiotic organism mean bacteria or other microorganisms, either living or dead, their constituents as proteins or carbohydrates, or purified fractions of bacterial yeasts, including those in dormant state and spores, which are able to promote health in mammals by preserving and / or promoting the natural microflora in the GI tract and reinforcing normal controls on aberrant immune responses.
For use in the present invention, the term core, or core matrix, means the particulate pellet of a feed and is typically formed from a core matrix of ingredients and has a moisture content, or water, less than 12%, in weight. The particulate pellet can be coated to form a coating on a core, which can be a coated feed pellet. The core may be uncoated or may be a partial coating. In a modality without a coating, the particulate pellet can comprise the entire feed. The cores can comprise floury material, proteinaceous material, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the core may comprise a core matrix of protein, carbohydrate and fat.
For use in the present invention, the term coating means a partial or complete coating, typically on a core, which covers at least a portion of a surface, for example a surface of a core.
In one example, a core can be partially covered with a coating such that only part of the core is covered, and part of the core that is not covered is therefore exposed. In another example, the core can be completely covered with a coating, in such a way that the entire core is covered and therefore is not exposed. Therefore, a coating can cover a negligible amount up to the entire surface. A coating can also be applied as a coating on other coatings, such that a layer formation of coatings can be present. For example, a core can be completely coated with coating A, and coating A can be completely coated with coating B, such that coating A and coating B each form a layer.
For use in the present invention, the term macronutrient means a source, or sources, of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and / or combinations and / or mixtures thereof.
For use in the present invention, the term extrude means an animal feed that has been processed by, as being passed through, an extruder. In an extrusion mode, feed pellets are formed by extrusion processes in which raw materials, including starch, can be extruded under heat and pressure, to gelatinize the starch and to form the pelleted feed form, which can be a core. Any type of extruder can be used, some non-limiting examples of which include single screw extruders and double screw extruders.
The list of sources, ingredients and components, as described below, are listed in such a way that combinations and mixtures thereof are also contemplated and are within the scope of the present invention.
It should be understood that each maximum numerical limit mentioned in this specification includes each of the lower numerical limits, as if such lower numerical limits were expressly registered in this document. Each minimum numerical limit mentioned in this specification includes each of the upper numerical limits, as if such upper numerical limits were expressly registered in this document. Each number range mentioned in this specification includes each more restricted number range that is within that broader number range, as if such more restricted number ranges were expressly recorded in this document.
All item lists, such as ingredient lists, are intended for and should be interpreted as Markush groups. In this way, all lists can be read and interpreted as items selected from the group consisting of ... list of items ... and combinations and mixtures of them.
Trade names of components that include various ingredients used in the present description can be mentioned here. The inventors of the present invention are not intended to be limited to materials under any particular trade name. Equivalent materials (for example, those obtained from a different source, with a different name or reference number) to those mentioned by the trade name can serve as substitutes and be used in the descriptions of the present invention.
In describing the various embodiments of the present invention, a number of individual embodiments or features are described. As will be apparent to the element skilled in the art, all combinations of such modalities and characteristics are possible and may result in preferred embodiments of the present description. Although several individual modalities and features of the present invention have been illustrated and described, several other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It will be apparent to the skilled person that all combinations of such modalities and features instructed in the aforementioned description are possible and may result in preferred embodiments of the present invention. Coated feed pellet
Various non-limiting embodiments of the present invention include pet food in the form of a coated feed pellet, the coated feed pellet comprising a core and a coating at least partially covering the core. In one embodiment, pet food, or coated feed pellets, can be nutritionally balanced. In one mode, pet food, or coated feed, may have a moisture content, or water, less than 12%. The feed can be made and then coated or differentiated in a later step, with a formation of layers or coating of a dry protein source using a binder, which results in a coated feed that has a greater preference for the animal. Still other embodiments of the present invention include a method for making a pet food by forming a core mixture and forming a coating mixture and applying the coating mixture to the core mixture to form a pet food. coated pet. Additional embodiments of the present invention include a method for making a pet food including two heat treatment steps for deactivating salmonella.
One embodiment of the present invention provides pet food in the form of a coated feed pellet comprising a core, which can be extruded, and a coating applied as a coating on the core, the coating comprising a protein component and a binder component. The representation of one embodiment of a coated feed pellet is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 illustrates a cross section of a coated feed pellet 100. The coated feed pellet 100 comprises a core 101 and a liner 102 that surrounds the core 101. While Figure 1 illustrates a coating that perfectly surrounds the core, as described in the present invention, the coating can only partially surround the core. In one embodiment, the coating may comprise from 0.1% to 75%, by weight, of the entire coated feed pellet, and the core may comprise from 25% to 99.9% of the entire coated feed pellet. In other embodiments, the coating may comprise a range of any integer values between 0.1% and 75%, by weight, of the coated feed pellet, and the core may comprise a range of any integer values between 25% and 99.9%, by weight, of the coated feed pellet. The protein component can comprise 50% to 99% of the coating, and the binder component can comprise 1% to 50% of the coating. In other embodiments, the protein component can comprise a range of any integer values between 50% and 99% by weight of the coating, and the binder component can comprise a range of any integer values between 1% and 50% by weight. coating weight. In additional embodiments, the core may have a moisture content, or water, less than 12%, and may comprise a gelatinized starch matrix, which can be formed by the extrusion process described here.
In one embodiment, the coated feed pellet comprises a core and a coating. The core may comprise several ingredients that form a core matrix. In a non-limiting example, the core may comprise a carbohydrate source, a protein source, and / or a fat source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise 20% to 100% of a carbohydrate source. In one embodiment, the nucleus may comprise 0% to 80% of a protein source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise 0% to 15% of a fat source. The core can also comprise other ingredients. In one embodiment, the core can comprise 0% to 80% of other ingredients.
The carbohydrate source, or carbohydrate ingredient, or starch ingredient, may comprise cereals, grains, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, sorghum / kernel grain, wheat fiber, oat fiber, amaranth , Durum, and / or semolina. The protein source, or protein ingredient, can comprise chicken meal, chicken, chicken by-product meal, lamb, lamb meal, turkey, turkey meal, beef, beef by-products, offal, fish meal, intestines, kangaroo, white fish, venison, soy flour, soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten flour, corn protein concentrate, dry distilled grains, and / or soluble distilled dry grains . The fat source, or fat ingredient, can comprise poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, lard, tallow, beef fat, vegetable oils, corn oil, soy oil, stone oil cotton, babassu oil, babassu coconut oil (palm oil), linseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, yellowtail oil, anchovy oil, and / or olestra.
Other ingredients may comprise active ingredients, such as fiber ingredient sources, mineral ingredients, vitamin ingredients, polyphenol ingredients, amino acid ingredients, carotenoid ingredients, 5 antioxidant ingredients, fatty acid ingredients, mimetic glucose ingredients, probiotic ingredients, prebiotic ingredients , and other ingredients.
fiber ingredients can include from
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) sources, beet pulp, mannanooligosaccharides (MOS), oat fiber, citrus pulp, methyl cellulose carboxy (CMC), guar gum, arabic gum, apple pulp, citric fiber, fiber extracts, fiber derivatives, dry beet fiber (with the sugar removed), cellulose, α-cellulose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, and starch oligoderivatives, inulin, plantago, pectins, citrus pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, alginates, arabic gum, gum gum, beta-glucans, guitines, lignin, celluloses, non-starch polysaccharides, carrageenan, reduced starch, soy oligosaccharides, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, lactulose, polydextrose, oligodextran, gentioligosaccharide, pectic oligosaccharide, and / or hemicellulose. Sources of mineral ingredients may include sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganous oxide, potassium iodide, and / or cobalt carbonate. Sources of vitamin ingredients may include choline chloride, vitamin E supplement, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate (vitamin Bl source), vitamin B12 supplement, niacin, supplement in
riboflavin (source in Vitamin B2), 5 pyridoxine (source in Vitamin B6), D3, folic acid, vitamin C, and / or
tryptophan, cysteine, polyphenol ingredients may include tea extract, rosemary extract, rosmarinic acid, coffee extract, caffeic acid, tourmeric extract, blueberry extract, 10 grape extract, grape seed extract, and / or extract of soy. Sources of amino acid ingredients may include 1taurine, histidine, carnosine, alanine, arginine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, 15 isoleucine, histidine, leucine, glycine, glutamine, taurine, homocysteine , ornithine, citrulline, glutamic acid, proline, and / or serine. Sources of carotenoid ingredients can include lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, bixin, lycopene, and / or beta-carotene. Sources of anti-oxidant ingredients may include tocopherols (vitamin E), vitamin C, vitamin A, plant-derived materials, carotenoids (described above), selenium, and / or CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10). Sources of fatty acid ingredients may include arachidonic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, 25 linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (ΕΡΆ), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and / or fish oils as a source of EPA and / or DHA. Sources of mimetic glucose ingredients may include anti-glucose metabolites including 215 deoxy-D-glucose, 5-thio-D-glucose, 3-0-methyl glucose, anhydrous sugar including 1,5-anhydrous-D-glycitol, 2, 5-anhydrous-Dglicitol, and 2,5-anhydrous-D-mannitol, manoeptulose, and / or avocado extract comprising manoeptulose. Still other ingredients may include beef broth, yeast subjected to fermentation drying, egg, egg product, linseed meal, DL methionine, amino acids, leucine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, polyphosphates such as hexametaphosphate sodium (SHMP), sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate; zinc chloride, copper gluconate, stannous chloride, stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, triclosan, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, green-lipped mussel, blue-lipped mussel, methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM), boron, boric acid, phytoestrogens, phytoandrogens, genistein, diadzein, L-carnitine, chromium picolinate, chromium tripicolinate, chromium nicotinate, acid / basic modifiers, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, sodium bisulfate;
eucalyptus, lavender, peppermint, plasticizers, dyes, flavorings, sweeteners, buffering agents, sliding aids, carrier, pH adjusting agents, natural ingredients, stabilizers, biological additives such as enzymes (including proteases and lipases), chemical additives, agents soft drinks, chelators, denaturants, medicinal astringents, emulsifiers, external analgesics, fragrance compounds, humectants, opacifying agents (such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide), antifoaming agents (such as silicone), preservatives (such as butylated toluene hydroxide (BHT) and butylated anisol hydroxy (BHA), propyl gallate, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, parabens and mixtures thereof, reducing agents, solvents, hydrotropes, solubilizing agents, suspending agents (non-surfactants) , solvents, viscosity-increasing agents (aqueous and non-aqueous), scavengers and / or keratolytics.
probiotic ingredient or component may comprise one or more bacterial probiotic microorganisms suitable for consumption by pets, and effective for improving microbial balance in the pet's gastrointestinal tract or for other benefits, such as relief or prophylaxis of diseases or conditions , to the pet. Various probiotic microorganisms are known in the art. See, for example, WO 03/075676, and US published application No. 2006 / 0228448Ά1. In specific modalities, the probiotic component can be selected from bacteria, yeast or microorganisms of the genera Bacillus, Bacteroids, bifid bacteria, Enterococcus (for example, Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 and Enterococcus faecium SF68), Lactobacillus,
Leuconostroco, Sacaromycetes, Candida, Streptococcus and mixtures of any of them. In other modalities, the probiotic can be selected from the genera of bifid bacteria, Lactobacillus and combinations thereof. Those of the Bacillus genera can form spores. In other modalities, the probiotic does not form a spore. Some non-limiting examples of lactic acid-forming bacteria suitable for use in the present invention include strains of Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus díacetylactís, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus 13, for example , Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrukií,
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacteríum thermophilus, salvarius, longum, bifidum,
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium fermentii, reuteri, children, animal is,
Bifidobacteríum pseudolongum, and Pediococcus cerevisiae, or mixtures of any of them. In specific embodiments, the probiotic-enriched coating may comprise the bacterial strain Bifidobacterium animalís AHC7 NCIMB 41199. Other probiotic ingredient embodiments may include one or more microorganisms identified in published patent applications US No. 2005 / 0152884A1, US 2005 / 0158294A1, US 2005 / 0158293A1, US 2005 / 0175598A1, US 2006 / 0269534Al and US 2006/027 0020A1, and in international patent publication No. WO 2005 / 060707A2.
In at least one embodiment, a coating can be applied as a coating on the core, as previously described in this document. In at least one embodiment, the coating can be applied to the core to increase the animal's preference, or acceptance or preference of a pet, to the coated feed pellet. In this way, the uncoated core can be differentiated at a later stage through the application of a coating, which can increase the animal's preference and, thus, the acceptance or preference of a pet to the final coated feed pellet. In one embodiment, this non-coated core may be a core that has already been processed, including milling, conditioning, drying, and / or extrusion, all as described in the present invention.
The coating may comprise various coating components, or agents, that form a coating to coat the feed core. In a non-limiting example, the coating can comprise a protein component and a binder component. In one embodiment, the coating can comprise 50% to 99% of a protein component and 1% to 50% of a binder component. The coating can also comprise other components, which can be applied with the protein component and / or the binder component, or can be applied after application of the protein and / or binder component. In one embodiment, the coating can comprise from 0% to 70% of a palatable component. In one embodiment, the coating may comprise 0% to 50% of a fat component. In one embodiment, the coating may comprise 0% to 50% of other components.
In one embodiment, the coated feed pellet may have more than one coating. In this way, a first coat, a second coat, a third coat, and so on can be included. Each of these coatings can consist of any of the coating components, as described in the present invention.
In any of the embodiments described herein, the coating components can be considered as a solid coating, a solid component, or a solid ingredient. Thus, this solid coating can comprise less than 12% moisture content, or water. In one embodiment, the coating component comprises a protein component such as a solid coating that has less than 12% moisture content, or water.
The coating, as described in the present invention, can be a partial or complete coating on the surface of the core. In one example, a core can be partially covered with a coating such that only part of the core is covered, and part of the core that is not covered is therefore exposed. In another example, the core can be completely covered with a coating, in such a way that the entire core is covered and therefore is not exposed. A coating can also be applied as a coating on other coatings, such that a layer formation of coatings can be present. For example, a core can be completely coated with a first coating component, and the first coating component can be completely coated with a second coating component, such that the first coating component and the second coating component form, each a separate layer. Of course, additional coating components can be added, such as a third, fourth, fifth, sixth, up to the desired number of coating components. In one embodiment, each can form a separate layer. In another mode, each can form partial layers. In one embodiment, a plurality of coating components can form a single layer, and each additional layer can be formed from one or a plurality of coating components.
The protein component may comprise chicken meal, chicken, chicken by-product meal, lamb, lamb meal, turkey, turkey meal, beef, beef by-products, offal, fish meal, intestines, kangaroo, white fish , venison, soy flour, soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten flour, corn protein concentrate, dry distilled grains, soluble dry distilled grains, and single cell proteins, as per example yeast, algae, and / or bacteria cultures. One embodiment of a protein component comprises chicken by-product flour with less than 12% moisture, or water.
The binder component may comprise any of the following or combinations of the following materials:
monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, mannose, arabinose; di- and t-saccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, lactulose; corn and rice syrup solids; dextrins such as corn, wheat, rice and tapioca dextrins;
maltodextrins; starches such as rice, wheat, corn, potato, tapioca starches, or those chemical modified starches; oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides, alginates, chitosans; gums like carrageenan, and gum arabic; polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol; polyol esters such as sucrose esters, polyglycol esters, glycerol esters, polyglycerol esters, sorbitan esters; sorbitol; molasses; honey; gelatines; peptides; proteins and modified proteins such as liquid whey, whey powder, whey concentrate, whey isolate, whey protein isolate, whey by-product with high lactose content, such as DAIRYLAC® 80 from International Ingredient Corporation, broth solids such as chicken broth, chicken broth solids, soy protein and egg white. These aforementioned binder components can be used in combination with water, specifically when added. The binder material can be dissolved or dispersed in water, forming a liquid mixture or solution, which can then be applied to the surface of the core. The liquid mixture can facilitate the uniform dispersion of the binder component over the core surface and the interaction between the core surface and the protein component being applied to the core surface. In one embodiment, the liquid mixture can be about 20% of the liquid mixture of binder component, which can be added to the feed at 5% to 10% by weight of the feed, which, based on dry matter, becomes about 1 % to 2% by weight of the feed.
In modalities where the binder component is used, keeping the binder component on the surface of the core can be done, thus preventing, or at least trying to minimize, the absorption of the binder towards and into the core. In one embodiment, additives can be added to increase the viscosity of the binder solution. These additives can be corn starch, potato starch, flour, and combinations and mixtures thereof. These additives can assist in maintaining the binder component on the feed surface, to prevent or minimize absorption from the surface towards or into the core. In another embodiment, varying the temperature of the binder solution to thicken the solution can be done. For example, when using egg white as a binder, denaturalizing the proteins in egg whites can create a gel-like solution. This formation of a gel-like solution can occur at about 80 ° C, so that, in one embodiment, the temperature increase of the binder solution up to 80 ° C can be carried out. In addition, the core temperature can be increased to also assist in minimizing the absorption of the binder towards the core. In another embodiment, the variation of additives and temperature, as previously described, can also be done in combination.
Thus, in one embodiment, the binder component can act as a glue, or adhesive material, so that the protein component is glued to the core. In one embodiment, the protein component can be a solid ingredient with less than 12% moisture content, or water, and the binder component can be a liquid. In one embodiment, the binder component can be applied to or layered on the core, to act as the glue for the protein component, which can then be applied to or layered on the core with the binder component. In another embodiment, the protein component as a solid ingredient can be mixed with the binder component, and then the mixture can be applied to or layered on the core.
In one embodiment, lipids and lipid derivatives can also be used as binding components. Lipids can be used in combination with water and / or other binder components. Lipids can include vegetable fats such as soybean oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, saffron oil, babassu oil, coconut oil, babassu coconut oil (palm oil), and derivatives partially and completely hydrogenated of these substances; animal fats and partially and completely hydrogenated derivatives thereof; and waxes.
In a mode, it may be advantageous to minimize the interfacial tension between the coating and the feed. Emulsifiers can be used, in one embodiment, to minimize such repulsive forces. The emulsifier may comprise an emulsifier that comprises a plurality of hydroxyl groups. In other embodiments, emulsifiers such as mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, mono and esters of diacetyl tartaric acid of mono and diglycerides of sodium, stearoyl-2-lactylates of sodium and mono and diacetyl tartaric acids of mono- and diacetyl diglycerides of fatty acids and sucrose esters of fatty acids, citric acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids and polyglycerol esters, lecithins, polyglycol esters and polyester esters can be esters mixed with the coating to form an emulsifier and coating composition. Such an emulsifier can be used to minimize surface energy and interfacial tension between the coating and the feed surface. The minimization of the coating's surface energy is associated with satisfactory coating adherence to the feed by decreasing the interfacial tension. The coatings can be any of the coatings as disclosed in this document. Particular emulsifiers can include polysorbate esters such as polysorbate 80. In one embodiment, the emulsifier can be used from about 0.01% to about
10% by weight of the coating and emulsifier composition.
Accordingly, the coating can be from about 90% to about 99.99% by weight of the coating and emulsifier composition. In other embodiments, the emulsifier can be present from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.1% to about 1%, or from about 0.5% to about 1%, in weight. Consequently, the coating can be from about 98% to about 99.9%, or from about 99% to about 99.9, or from about 99% to about 99.5% by weight.
It is understood that surface energy means the average surface energy of a representative area of a compressed powder, although localized variations may occur due to such factors as variation in mixing or crushing and texture. The surface energy of the compressed powder is related to the hydrophobic capacity and hydrophilic capacity, and can be representative, for example, of the moisture content of the powder. The surface energy of the compacted pellet derives from measurements of the contact angle of liquids of known surface tension, which can be converted into surface energy by various accepted models that would be known to an element skilled in the art. One such model, used in the present invention, is the Fowkes equation, as described in Fowkes, F. M .: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, volume 56, number 12, page 40 (1964):
Yi _v (1 + cos Θ) - 2 ( _Ylv ^d Y _sv ^d ) + 2 (γΐν ^Ρ Ysv ^P ) where Θ refers to the contact angle; γ i _v refers to the surface tension of the liquid (solvent of known surface tension); Yi _v ^d refers to the dispersive component of the surface tension of the liquid; Y _sv ^d refers to the dispersive component of the surface tension of the solid (compacted pellet); γ _1ν ^ρ refers to the polar component of the surface tension of the liquid and γ _3ν ^ρ refers to the polar component of the surface tension of the solid. The contact angles of the compacted pellet of the present invention were measured using diiodomethane (99%, Aldrich), formamide (99% +,
Aldrich) and water (HPLC grade, Aldrich). The total surface energy of the compacted pellet is the sum of the dispersive surface energy component and the polar surface energy component, which is thought to affect properties such as substance adhesion to the feed.
A palatable component can be used in some modalities. A palatable component may comprise chicken flavor, as a liquid essence derived from chicken livers, which may be approximately 70% water and chicken liver essences. A palatable component, for use in the present invention, means anything that is added to the animal feed for the primary purpose of optimizing the acceptance, or preference, of the food by the animal. A palatable component, which can also be considered a flavor, a flavoring agent, or a flavoring component, can include a liver or intestine fat, which can be combined with an acid, such as a pyrophosphate. Some non-limiting examples of pyrophosphates include, but are not limited to, disodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, trisodium polyphosphates, tripolyphosphates, and zinc pyrophosphate. The palatable component may contain additional taste aids, some non-limiting examples of which may include methionine and choline. Other flavor aids may include aromatic agents or other entities that attract the animal's interest in the food and may include cyclohexane carboxylic acid, peptides, monoglycerides, short-chain fatty ingredient ingredients, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, 3-butyrate methyl, zeolite, chicken hydrolyzate, tarragon essential oil, oregano essential oil, 2-methylfuran, 2-methylpyrrole, 2-methylthiophene, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, sulfurol, seaweed, catnip, 2 -piperidone, 2,3 pentanodone, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine, furfural, and indole. In addition, various meat flavoring or flavoring agents can be used, some non-limiting examples including meat, beef, chicken, turkey, fish, cheese, or other animal flavoring agents.
The fat component may comprise poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, lard, tallow, beef fat, vegetable oils, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, babassu oil , babassu coconut oil (palm oil), linseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, yellowtail oil, anchovy oil, and / or olestra.
The other components may comprise active ingredients, such as fiber ingredient sources, vitamin ingredients, amino acid ingredients, carotenoid ingredients, antioxidant ingredients, fatty acid ingredients, glucose probiotic ingredients, and even other ingredients.
fiber ingredients can include fructooligosaccharides (FOS), beet pulp, mannanooligosaccharides (MOS), minerals, polyphenols, mimetics, prebiotics, ingredients
Sources of oat fiber, citrus pulp, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum, gum arabic, apple pulp, citrus fiber, fiber extracts, fiber derivatives, dried beet fiber (with sugar removed), cellulose, a-cellulose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, and starch oligoderivatives, inulin, plantago, pectins, citrus pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, alginates, arabic gum, woodcarving gum, beta glucans, chitins, lignin, celluloses, polysaccharides, polysaccharides , carrageenan, reduced starch, soy oligosaccharides, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, lactulose, polydextrose, oligodextran, gentioligosaccharide, pectic oligosaccharide, and / or hemicellulose. Sources of mineral ingredients may include sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganous oxide, potassium iodide, and / or cobalt carbonate. Sources of vitamin ingredients may include choline chloride, vitamin E supplement, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate (source of vitamin Bl), vitamin B12 supplement, niacin, supplement riboflavin (source of vitamin B2), inositol, pyridoxine hydrochloride (source of vitamin B6), vitamin supplement
D3, folic acid, vitamin C, and / or ascorbic acid. Sources of polyphenol ingredients may include tea extract, rosemary extract, rosmarinic acid, coffee extract, caffeic acid, tourmeric extract, blueberry extract, grape extract, grape seed extract, and / or soy extract. Sources of amino acid ingredients can include 1tryptophan, taurine, histidine, carnosine, alanine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, isoleucine, histidine, leucine, glycine, glutamine, taurine tyrosine, homocysteine, ornithine, citrulline, glutamic acid, proline, and / or serine. Sources of carotenoid ingredients can include lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, bixin, lycopene, and / or beta-carotene. Sources of antioxidant ingredients can include tocopherols (vitamin E), vitamin C, vitamin A, plant-derived materials, carotenoids (described above), selenium, and / or CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10). Sources of fatty acid ingredients may include arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and / or fish oils as a source of EPA and / or DHA. Sources of mimetic glucose ingredients may include anti-glucose metabolites including 220 deoxy-D-glucose, 5-thio-D-glucose, 3-0-methyl glucose, anhydrous sugar including 1,5-anhydrous-D-glycitol, 2, 5-anhydrous-Dglicitol, and 2,5-anhydrous-D-mannitol, manoeptulose, and / or avocado extract comprising manoeptulose. Still other ingredients may include beef broth, yeast subjected to fermentation drying, egg, egg product, linseed meal, DL methionine, amino acids, leucine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, polyphosphates such as hexametaphosphate sodium (SHMP), sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate; zinc chloride, copper gluconate, stannous chloride, stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, triclosan, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulphate, green-lipped mussel, blue-lipped mussel, methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM), boron, boric acid, phytoestrogens, phytoandrogens, genistein, diadzein, L-carnitine, chromium picolinate, chromium tripicolinate, chromium nicotinate, acid / basic modifiers, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, sodium bisulfate; eucalyptus, lavender, peppermint, plasticizers, dyes, flavorings, sweeteners, buffering agents, sliding aids, carrier, pH adjusting agents, natural ingredients, stabilizers, biological additives such as enzymes (including proteases and lipases), chemical additives, agents soft drinks, chelators, denaturants, medicinal astringents, emulsifiers, external analgesics, fragrance compounds, humectants, opacifying agents (such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide), antifoaming agents (such as silicone), preservatives (such as butylated toluene hydroxide (BHT) and butylated anisol hydroxy (BHA), propyl gallate, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, parabens and mixtures thereof, reducing agents, solvents, hydrotropes, solubilizing agents, suspending agents (non-surfactants) , solvents, viscosity-increasing agents (aqueous and non-aqueous), scavengers and / or keratolytics.
probiotic ingredient or component may comprise one or more bacterial probiotic microorganisms suitable for consumption by pets, and effective for improving microbial balance in the pet's gastrointestinal tract or for other benefits, such as relief or prophylaxis of diseases or conditions , to the pet. Various probiotic microorganisms are known in the art. See, for example, WO 03/075676, and US published application No. US2006 / 0228448A1. In specific modalities, the probiotic component can be selected from bacteria, yeast or microorganisms of the genera Bacillus,
Bacteroids, bifid bacteria, Enterococcus (for example, Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 and Enterococcus faecium SF68),
Lactobacillus, Leuconostroco, Saccharomycetes, Candida, Streptococcus and mixtures of any of them. In other modalities, Probiotic can be selected from the genera of bifid bacteria, Lactobacillus and combinations thereof. Those of the Bacillus genera can form spores. In other modalities, the probiotic does not form a spore. Some non-limiting examples of lactic acid-forming bacteria suitable for use in the present invention include strains of Streptococcus lactís, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus díacetylactis, Streptococcus thermophílus,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acídophilus (for example, Lactobacillus acidophilus strain DSM 13241), Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bifídus,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactís, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrukii, Lactobacillus thermophílus, Lactobacillus fermentii, salvarius _f Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacteri um
Bifidobacteri um longum, bifidum,
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium reuteri, children, animals,
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and Pediococcus cerevisiae, or mixtures of any of them. In specific embodiments, the probiotic-enriched coating may comprise the bacterial strain Bifidobacterium animalis AHC7
NCIMB 41199. Other probiotic ingredient modalities may include one or more microorganisms identified in published patent applications US No. 2005 / 0152884A1, US 2005 / 0158294A1, US 2005 / 0158293A1, US 2005 / 0175598A1, US 2006 / 0269534A1 and US 2006 / 0270020A1, and in international patent publication No. WO 2005 / 060707A2.
These active ingredients can be supplied in any form, such as in a dry form. A dry form of an asset can be a form that comprises less than 12% moisture, or water, and thus can be considered a solid ingredient. Thus, in one embodiment, a probiotic component can be supplied in a dry form as a powder, as with an average particle size of less than 100 micrometers. At less than 100 micrometers, the probiotic component can be more easily adhered to the feed. In one embodiment, the probiotic components can have a particle size greater than 100 micrometers. However, in this modality, more binder can be used to help the probiotic adhere to the feed. The probiotic component in the form of a dry powder can be applied as part of the coating to the core, resulting in a coated feed pellet that has a probiotic in the coating.
In this way, the coating can comprise 5 active ingredients. Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of providing active ingredients to a pet or animal, the active ingredients of which may comprise any of the active ingredients presented here, including mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, a pet food in the form of a coated feed pellet is provided. The coated feed pellet may comprise a core, as described in the present invention, and the coated feed pellet may comprise a coating, as shown here. In one embodiment, the coating comprises coating components, which comprise a protein component, as described in the present invention, a binder component, as described in the present invention, a fat component, as described in the present invention, a palatable component, as described in the present invention, and an active ingredient, as described in the present invention. In one embodiment, the protein component, the fat component, and the palatable component, and combinations and mixtures thereof, can act as a vehicle for the active ingredient. In another embodiment, the active ingredients can be a solid ingredient, such that the moisture content, or water, is less than 12%. The pet food in the form of a coated feed, which comprises active ingredients, can be supplied to a pet or animal for consumption. The active ingredient can comprise from 0.01% to 50% of the coating.
Thus, embodiments of the present invention contemplate coated feed pellets that comprise at least one active ingredient. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention relates to the delivery of active ingredients through a coated feed pellet, in accordance with modalities of the coated feed pellet, as described in the present invention. It has been found that a coated feed pellet of embodiments of the present invention can increase the animal's preference for the coated feed pellet comprising an active ingredient, and can increase the stability of the active ingredient.
Still other components may comprise components that can assist in reducing water transmission within the coated feed pellet. Components may include cocoa butter, babassu coconut oil (palm oil), babassu oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, hydrogenated oil or fat derivatives, paraffin, wax, liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, beeswax, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, acetyl acyl glycerol, shellac, deparaffinized shellac, trioleinasolid , peanut oil, chocolate, methyl cellulose, triolein, stearic acid, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, glycerol monostearate, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, behinic acid, adipic acid, methyl cellulose carboxy, butter oil, pectin, acetylated monoglyceride, gluten wheat, oleic acid, soy lecithin, paraffin wax, paraffin oil, sodium caseinate, lauric acid, isolated whey protein, concentrated whey protein, stearyl alcohol, olestra, m acetylated onoglycerides, chocolate liqueur, sweet chocolate milk, solid cocoa, tristearin, animal fat, and / or chicken fat.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the protein component of the coating may be a dry component, or a solid ingredient, such that the water content of the protein component is less than
12%. Therefore, in this embodiment, the protein component, or solid ingredient, can act as a solid-like material that can be applied as a coating on a core through the use of a binding ingredient. A protein component that has less than
12% moisture, or water, can be extremely difficult to coat in a core, or feed, which in itself can have a low moisture content, or water, even less than 12%, as described in the present invention. In this way, a binder component can assist in coating the dry protein component over the core, or feed.
In one embodiment, the finished coated feed pellet can comprise 80% to 90% core and 10% to 20% coating. The core can comprise from 45% to
55% of a carbohydrate source, 35% to 45% of a protein source, 0.1% to 5% of a fat source, and 5% to 10% of other ingredients. The coating may comprise from 65% to 75% of a protein component, an example that does not limit it, which may be chicken by-product flour, from 5% to 10%, of a binder component, an example that does not limit it. egg white, a whey by-product with a high lactose content, an isolated whey protein or chicken broth, from 15% 10 to 25% of a fat component, a non-limiting example of it being fat chicken, and 1% to 10% of a palatable component, a non-limiting example of which may be chicken liver fat. The coated feed pellet can comprise less than 12% water.
Macronutrients that can be included in the diet of the modalities of the present invention can include sources / ingredients / components of protein, sources / ingredients / components of fat, and sources / ingredients / components of carbohydrate, and mixtures and combinations thereof, all as previously described in this document. The macronutrient can be selected from the group sources / ingredients / components sources / ingredients / components 25 sources / ingredients / components combinations and mixtures thereof, all as previously described in this document. These macronutrients can be distributed between the core and the coating, consisting of protein, fat, carbohydrate, so that the core comprises a particular amount of macronutrients _f and the coating comprises a particular amount of macronutrients, such as one all. In one embodiment, the distribution of macronutrients between the 5 core and the coating can be within a 12 to 1 ratio. In one embodiment, the distribution of macronutrients between the core and the coating can be within a 1 to 12 ratio. In one embodiment, the distribution of macronutrients between the core and the coating can be between a ratio of 12 to 1 and 1 to 12, and all integer values between them. The distribution of macronutrients, described, is a mixture of the sources / ingredients / components 15 sources / ingredients / source components / ingredients / carbohydrate components. Thus, in a modality in which the macronutrient distribution ratio is 12 to 1 between the core and the coating, this modality represents a distribution 20 of the sources / ingredients / components of protein, sources / ingredients / components of fat, and total carbohydrate sources / ingredients / components, such as a 12 to 1 sum between the core and the coating. Thus, in this modality, there is a ratio of 12 units of 25 protein plus fat plus carbohydrate to 1 unit of protein plus fat plus carbohydrate.
according to macronutrients of those of protein, fat, and
Process
The feed modalities of the present invention can be formed by an extrusion process so that the core ingredients, after being formed in a core matrix, as described earlier in this document, are extruded under heat and pressure to form a pelleted feed. , or core pellet. During the extrusion process, if a starch matrix is employed, it can be and is typically gelatinized under the extrusion conditions.
In one embodiment, the extrusion of the core die can be done using a single screw extruder, while other modes can be done using a twin screw extruder. The core die extrusion may need specific extruder configurations to produce a suitable material for pet food in a feed format. For example, very high shear rates and reduced extrusion times may be required to avoid significant color degradation and polymerization of the material inside the extruder and to produce feed pellets that are durable for further processing, such as coating with one or more coatings.
In one embodiment, the coated feed pellet can be produced by contacting a mass of extruded core pellets with a coating component in a counter mixer with double shaft paddle mixer.
In one embodiment, the ingredients used for a core matrix for forming a core, or nuclear material, can be any individual starting components, including, but not limited to, the sources / ingredients previously described in this document.
Common processes for producing dry pet food are milling, batch processing, conditioning, extrusion, drying, and coating. Grinding covers any process used to reduce all or some ingredients into smaller pieces. Total or partial formulations are created in the processing step for batch processing by mixing dry and / or liquid ingredients. Often, these ingredients are not in their most nutritious or digestible form and, therefore, processes are needed to further convert these ingredients into a digestible form through some type of cooking process.
During the grinding process, the conventional starting components of the nuclear material can be mixed and mixed together in the desired proportions to form the nuclear material. In one embodiment, the resulting nuclear material can be screened to remove any large clumps of material from it. Any type of conventional solid mixer can be used for this step, including, but not limited to, plow mixers, paddle mixers, fluidized mixers, conical mixers, and drum mixers. The person skilled in the technique of mixing solids would be able to optimize mixing conditions based on the types of materials, particle sizes, and scales, from any of numerous books and articles widely available on the subject of mixing solids.
The mixture of nuclear material can then be fed to a conditioner. Conditioning can be used to pre-treat ingredients and can include hydration, addition / mixing of other ingredients, and partial cooking. Cooking can often be achieved by adding heat in the form of steam and can result in discharge temperatures of 45 ° C to 10 ° C (113 ° F to 212 ° F). Pressurized conditioning can be used when it is necessary for temperatures to be raised above standard atmospheric conditions, such as greater than 100 ° C (212 ° F). Conditioned ingredients and / or ingredients, or combinations thereof, can then be transferred to an extruder for further processing.
The nuclear material, conditioned in this way, can then be subjected to an extrusion operation in order to obtain an expanded core pellet. In one embodiment, the nuclear material can be sent to a hopper before the extrusion operation. The extruder can be any suitable single or double screw cooking extruder. Suitable extruders can be obtained from Wenger Manufacturing Inc., Clextral SA, Buhler AG, and the like. The operating conditions of the extruder may vary depending on the particular product to be made. For example, the texture, hardness, or apparent density of the extruded product may vary by using changes in the operating parameters of the extruder. Similar to conditioning, extrusion can be used to incorporate other ingredients (some non-limiting examples of which are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and preservatives) by adding streams of dry and / or liquid ingredients anywhere along the length of the feed port, barrel, or extruder die. Extruders are often, but not limited to, single or double threaded and operate at up to 1,700 rpm. The extrusion process can often be accompanied by high pressure (up to
10,342.1 kPa (1500 psig)) and high temperature (up to 250 ° C).
Extrusion can be used to achieve the production of strands or continuous sheets, but also of different shapes and sizes of edible food. These shapes, shapes and sizes are often the result of forcing materials through a die or set of die openings and cutting or breaking into smaller segments.
At this stage, the extruded product can be in any form, such as strands, sheets, shapes, or other extruded segments, and can be in the form of an expanded pellet that can then be transferred to post-extrusion operations. These can include crimping, shredding, stamping, transporting, drying, cooling, and / or coating in any combination or multiples in the processing flow. Crimping is any process that presses food together. Shredding is any process that reduces the size of the food by extrusion, preferably by cutting. Stamping is any process that engraves a surface or cuts through food. Conveyor belts are used to transport food from one operation to another and can change or maintain the state of the food during transport; this process is often mechanical or pneumatic. Drying can be used to reduce moisture, or water, in the process to levels suitable for life in the final product. If like an expanded wet pellet, like a feed pellet, pellets can be transported from the extruder outlet to a dryer, like a drying oven, by a conveyor, suction, or augury system. After expansion and transport to the dryer inlet, the feed pellets can typically be cooled to between 85 ° C and 95 ° C and the moisture, or water, of the feed is reduced by evaporation of about 25 to 35% to about 20 to 28%. The temperature of the drying oven can be from 15 90 ° C to 150 ° C. The temperature of the core pellets exiting the drying oven can be from 90 ° C to 99 ° C. At this stage, the coating of the pellets can be carried out. The coating can be made for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, minerals, and other nutritional or health-beneficial ingredients to produce an intermediate or final product. Cooling of the core pellets can be used to reduce the temperature of extrusion and / or drying.
In this way, at this stage, the core pellets, 25 or the core, can be considered cooked, in such a way that any starch component that has been used can be gelatinized. The core pellets can then be fed to a fluidized mixer for the application of an add vitamin, coating in the manufacture of a food pellet, such as a coated feed pellet. In one embodiment, the core pellets can be guided to a hopper before entering the fluidized mixer. The coated feed pellet can be formed by contacting the core with a coating in a fluidized mixer. In one embodiment, the fluidized mixer can be a paddle mixer with double counter-spindle, and the spindles can be oriented horizontally in relation to the blades fixed to the counter-spindles. A double-shaft paddle mixer in suitable counterflow can be obtained from Forberg International AS, Larvik, Norway; to Eirich Machines, Inc, of Gurnee, 111., USA, and to Dynamic Air Inc., of St. Paul, Minn., USA. The movement of the blades between the axes constitutes a zone of convergent flow, creating a substantial fluidization of the particles in the center of the mixer. During the operation of the mixer, the inclination of the blades on each rod can create opposing convective flow fields in axial directions, generating an additional shear field in the convergent flow zone. The downward trajectory of the blades outside the shafts constitutes a downward convective flow.
In one embodiment, the fluidized mixer may have a converging flow zone located between the axes of the counterblades. In one aspect, the displaced volumes of said counter blades' axes overlap within the converging flow zone. For use in the present invention, the term displaced volume means the volume that is intersected by the mixing tool attached to the rotating rod during a complete rotation of the rod. In one aspect, the displaced volumes of the counter blades' axes do not overlap within the convergent flow zone. In one aspect, a gap may exist in the zone of convergent flow between the displaced volumes of the counter blades' axes.
As described above, in one embodiment, the coating can comprise a protein component and a binder component. In one embodiment, the protein component and the binder component are mixed together in a single premixed mixture or coating, prior to addition to the mixer. In another embodiment, the protein component and the binder component are not mixed together in a single mixture before being added to the mixer.
In one embodiment, the pre-mixed coating can be introduced or fed to the double-bladed paddle mixer in such a way that the pre-mixed pad is routed upwards in the converging zone between the counter-paddle blades. The counter mixer paddle mixer may have a flow zone converging between the counter paddle axes. Either overlapping or non-overlapping blades can be used. The premixed coating can be directed to the gap between the displaced volumes of the counter blades' axes. In one aspect, the entry of the pre-mixed coating into the double-shaft paddle mixer can occur through a distributor pipe located below the converging flow zone of the counter-blade paddles. The distributor piping may comprise at least one opening through which the liner passes to the double shaft paddle mixer. In one aspect, the entry of the pre-mixed coating into the double shaft paddle mixer can occur by adding the pre-mixed coating along the side or sides of the mixer, preferably the sides parallel to the paddle axes. Material is swept down to the bottom of the mixer and then swept back up in the converging flow zone of the counter blades' axes.
In one embodiment, the pre-mixed coating can be introduced into the double-bladed paddle mixer in such a way that the pre-mixed coating is routed downwards from the top of the converging zone between the counter-paddle blades. In one embodiment, the pre-mixed coating can be introduced into the double-bladed paddle mixer in such a way that the pre-mixed coating is routed downward in the convective flow outside the counter-bladed paddle shafts.
In one embodiment, the coating components, such as the protein component, the fat component, the binder component, and / or the palatable component, and combinations and mixtures thereof, can be introduced separately in the double shaft paddle mixer in contragiro, in such a way that the coating components are directed upwards in the converging zone between the axes of the contradero blades. The counter mixer paddle mixer may have a converging flow zone between the counter paddle axes. The coating components can be directed to the gap between the displaced volumes of the counter blades' axes. In one aspect, the entry of the coating components into the double-shaft blade mixer can occur through a distributor pipeline located below the converging flow zone of the counter-blade blades. The dispensing piping may comprise at least one opening through which the coating component passes into the double shaft paddle mixer. In one aspect, the ingress of the coating component into the double shaft paddle mixer can occur by adding the separate coating component along the side or sides of the mixer, preferably the sides parallel to the paddle axes. Material is swept down to the bottom of the mixer and then swept back up in the converging flow zone of the counter blades' axes.
In one embodiment, the coating components can be inserted separately into the double-bladed blade mixer, in such a way that the coating components are routed downwards from the top of the converging zone between the contrasting blades' axes. In one embodiment, the coating components can be introduced into the counter mixer double blade vane, in such a way that the coating components are directed downwards in the convective flow on the outside of the counter blade blades.
In one embodiment, the protein component can be introduced into the double-bladed paddle mixer in such a way that the protein component is routed upward in the converging zone between the counter-paddle blades. The counter mixer paddle mixer may have a flow zone converging between the counter paddle axes. The protein component can be directed to the gap between the displaced volumes of the counter blades' axes. In one aspect, the entry of the protein component into the double-shaft paddle mixer can occur through a distributor pipe located below the converging flow zone of the counter-blade paddles. The dispensing tubing may comprise at least one opening through which the protein component passes into the dual shaft paddle mixer. In one aspect, the entry of the protein component into the dual-axis blade mixer can occur by adding the protein component along the side or sides of the mixer, preferably the sides parallel to the axes of the blades. Material is swept down to the bottom of the mixer and then swept back up in the converging flow zone of the counter blades' axes.
In one embodiment, the binder component can be introduced into the counter mixer with double shaft blades in such a way that the binder component is routed downwards from the top of the converging zone between the counter blades' axes.
In one embodiment, a single fluidized mixing unit can be employed. In one embodiment, multiple fluidized mixing units are employed, for example, cascade mixers of different coating components for coating on the core pellet. In one embodiment, multiple mixers can be used, for example, cascade mixers with a progressively increasing volume capacity. It is believed that the increase in volume capacity can accommodate an increase in production capacity. In one embodiment, the coating process can occur at least once. In one embodiment, the coating process can take place as many times as necessary to manufacture the desired food pellet. In one embodiment, the coating process can be repeated as many times as it is determined to be sufficient by the person skilled in the art, to increase the mass of the core pellet by a factor of more than about 1.04 to about 4, when compared to initial mass of the core pellet.
In one embodiment, the binder component can be introduced into the mixing unit. Application of the binder component can begin before the application of the protein component. After the start of the application of the binding component, but while the binding component is still being applied, the application of the protein component can begin. In this way, a core coated with a binding component and a protein component can be formed. After this coated core is formed, a salmonella deactivation step, as described below, can be performed. After this step of deactivating salmonella, a fat component and a palatable component can be introduced into the mixing unit as additional coating components.
In one embodiment, the protein component and the binder component can be introduced into the mixing unit as coating components at substantially the same time. In this way, a core coated with a binding component and a protein component can be formed. After this coated core is formed, a salmonella deactivation step, as described below, can be performed. After this step of deactivating salmonella, a fat component and a palatable component can be introduced into the mixing unit as additional coating components.
In other modalities, the application of the protein component, agglutinating component, fat component and palatable component can be carried out in any order and with any amount of overlapping application times.
In one embodiment, the gap between a tip of the paddle and a wall of the fluidized mixer may be greater than the largest dimension of the core pellet being coated. Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that this will prevent the core pellets from getting stuck between the tip of the shovel and the wall, possibly causing the core pellet to rupture.
In one embodiment, the gap between a tip of the paddle and a wall of the fluidized mixer may be less than the smallest dimension of the core pellet being coated. Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that this will prevent the core pellets from getting stuck between the tip of the shovel and the wall, possibly causing the core pellet to rupture.
In one embodiment, a core pellet temperature at the start of the coating process is 1 ° C to 40 ° C below the melting point temperature of the upper melting point temperature component. Too high a temperature can result in a delay in the crystallization of the coating component on the surface of the core pellet, which can lead to the loss of the coating component from the core pellet or uneven distribution of the coating component or over the individual core pellets or among individual core pellets. A very low core pellet temperature can cause droplets of the component with a higher melting point temperature to crystallize immediately upon touching the surface of the core pellets.
In one embodiment, the coating component comes into contact with the surface of the core pellet as a liquid, and remains as a liquid for a brief period of time to allow the coating component to spread through the core pellets through contact of surface between the core pellets, as the core pellets are mixed in the fluidized mixer. In one embodiment, the coating component remains a liquid for a period of time from 1 second to 15 seconds. Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that if the temperature of the core pellets or the component with a higher melting point temperature is too low, this could cause the component with a higher melting point temperature to solidifies very early in the manufacturing process. It is believed that it is the early solidification of the component with a higher melting point temperature that leads to difficulties such as agglomeration, tackiness and uneven coating.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the core pellets at the beginning of the coating process will be at room temperature or above room temperature. A process can provide the core pellets at room temperature or higher than room temperature. Coatings that do not provide an advantage from cooling the core pellets for reasons of increased crystallization or viscosity can provide an advantage by using the core pellets directly, as supplied to the mixer, and without cooling the core pellets.
In one embodiment, the core pellets and the coating component can be introduced into the paddle mixer at separate times, but in substantially identical physical locations. In one embodiment, the core pellets and the liner can be introduced into the paddle mixer at the same time and in substantially identical physical locations. In one embodiment, the core pellets and the liner can be introduced into the paddle mixer at separate times and in separate locations. In one embodiment, the core pellets and the liner can be introduced into the paddle mixer at the same time and in separate locations. In one embodiment, the core pellets can be added to the mixer, the mixer is started and the fluidization of the rations begins. The feed pellets can be optionally cooled additionally by introducing a flow of cold air or gas, such as carbon dioxide. The coating can then be added to the side of the mixer. By introducing the material to be coated on the side of the mixer, the material can be swept with the flow of the downward core along the bottom of the mixer and then upward to the fluidized zone with the core, where it can all be coated. When the coating is added through the side (s), it is not only swept downward with the core flow, and then upward towards the center, it can also be intimately mixed and dispersed with the cores. The cores are not only being swept down, and then up and around, but at the same time they are moving around the mixer from side to side.
In one embodiment, the coating process may have a residence time of the core pellet in the double shaft paddle mixer from 0 minutes to 20 minutes.
In one embodiment, the residence time of the core pellet in the double shaft paddle mixer can be 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 or 0.75 minutes at 1, 1.5, 2, 1.5 or 3 minutes.
Froude number of the mixer, either per batch or continuous, can be greater than 0.5, or even greater than 1.0, during the operation of forming a coated feed. The Froude number is defined as a dimensionless number (Fr) = (V ² / Rg) and relates the forces of inertia to those of gravity;
R is the blade length from the axis centerline to the blade tip (cm), V is the blade tip speed (cm / second), and g is the gravitational constant. The Froude number is a dimensionless number that compares forces of inertia and gravitational forces. The forces of inertia are the centrifugal forces that mix the cores and coatings. No material property is taken into account in the Froude number. When the Froude number is greater than about 1, the centrifugal forces that throw the cores and other materials towards the center are greater than the gravitational forces that pull them back down. In this way, the feed pellets are briefly suspended in the air. In this state, materials such as coating materials can move freely around, and within, the core, thereby ensuring a coating close to the uniform, and including the uniform. In one embodiment, if the Froude number is too high, the feed can be thrown against the top and / or sides of the mixer with such force that it can crack, chip, or break the feed pellets, or, if the top of the mixer is open, the feed pellets can be ejected from the mixer completely. In one embodiment, the Froude number can be above about 0.5 and below about 3.
If the binder component is added separately over the top of the fluidized zone of the mixer, and the protein component is added separately below the fluidized zone, it may be effective to separate the protein components into two streams and introduce the streams from opposite corners of the mixer, on each side of the binder addition zone, so that the protein component (s) travel down along the side or sides of the mixer, preferably the sides parallel to the paddle axes. Material is swept down to the bottom of the mixer and then swept back up in the converging flow zone of the counter blades' axes.
Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that this sets up two convective circuits of protein components circulating in the mixer, one on each side of the binder addition zone. A single complete circuit of protein components through a convective circuit is called a convective cycle time. It is believed that keeping the convective cycle time constant regardless of the size of the mixer can achieve a similar distribution of the coating on the surface of the core pellets, regardless of the size of the mixer.
It may often be convenient to include more than one spray zone of the binder component on top of the fluidized zone in order to optimize the uniformity of the coating. Each binder addition zone can include two protein addition points, one on each side of the individual spray zone. The protein addition points can be below the fluidized zone, and the binder addition points can be above the fluidized zone of the mixer. In this way, two separate binder addition points above the fluidized zone of the mixer can include four separate binder addition points below the fluidized zone.
Binder flow is defined as the amount of binder component in grams that passes down through a given area at the top of the fluidized zone. The coating addition flow is defined as the amount of coating component in grams through the same area given upward through the fluidized zone. The dimensionless flow is defined as the binder flow divided by the coating flow and the number of convective circuits in the mixer. Without adhering to theory, it is believed that keeping the dimensionless flow constant regardless of the size of the mixer can help achieve a similar distribution of the coating on the surface of the core pellets, regardless of the size of the mixer.
If a water-based binder is used to apply the coating, or if the product had steam applied to it after the coating step, as described in the present invention, it may be desirable to dry the product in one embodiment. Drying can be achieved by any of the methods of the present invention described herein. The exact drying conditions will depend on the type of dryer used, the amount of moisture, or water, removed, the temperature sensitivity of the coating applied, and the level of moisture, or water, end of the required product. The person skilled in the art would be able to adjust these factors accordingly to achieve the desired product. Additionally, drying can be carried out in the mixer, where the coating was done. A stream of dry air at an elevated temperature above room temperature can be passed over the product at a rate sufficient to remove the amount of moisture, or water, needed over the required period of time. In one embodiment, using a fluidized mixer, air can be directed over the top of the product, directly over the center of the fluidized zone, while the product is being stirred. In one embodiment, air can be directed over one or both sides of the mixer, so that the air flow is forced upwards through the fluidized zone. In one embodiment, air can be introduced into the mixer through pipes in the internal walls of the mixer. In one embodiment, air can be introduced into the mixer through a pipe at the bottom of the mixer, below the fluidized zone. The person skilled in the art would be able to adjust the agitation rate of the mixer to compensate for any effects on the fluidized behavior of the product by introducing the air flow.
In one embodiment, the fluidizing mixer can be a continuous fluidizing mixer. Many commercial scale processes are continuous flow processes. A continuous process can have the advantages of a lower cost and greater operational efficiency than a batch process, specifically as the amount of material being processed increases. The core material can be continuously fed into the mixer at one end of the mixer. The mass flow of the cores combined with the angle in the paddle blades causes the rations to move through the bed to the other end of the mixer, where they continuously exit the mixer. The continuous feed flow to the mixer and the continuous feed flow out of the mixer are adjusted so that the flows have balanced mass and steady state, and the amount of feed at any time within the mixer is approximately constant. The paddles are at such an angle that the rations are fluidized, while still maintaining a forward flow through the mixer. In a batch fluidizing mixer, the blades are placed at an angle so that the cores are fluidized in the converging zone, and at the same time, there is a convective flow of the cores in a circular pattern around the perimeter of the mixer. Unlike the batch fluidized bed mixer, the blades for the continuous fluidized bed mixer are at an angle so that the core materials flow along the length of the mixer parallel to both axes. In one embodiment, the rotation of the paddles may be in reverse so that the paddles cause the core materials to have an upward convective flow of core material at or near the center of the mixer and a downward convective flow along the sides. of the mixer. In another embodiment, the rotation of the blades can be in counterpoint such that the blades cause the core materials to have a downward convective flow of core material at or near the center of the mixer and an upward convective flow along the sides of the mixer. The angle of the blades should be adjusted so that there is an appropriate upward and downward convective flow and the core materials are fluidized in the center. The angle of the blades should be adjusted so that the core materials remain in the mixer for a desired amount of time for substantially uniform coating. In one embodiment, the continuous mixer can be operated so that the Froude number is between about 0.8 and about 3, or about 0.8 and about 2, or about 0.8 about 1.2, or about 1.
It is desirable that the flow of the core material through the continuous mixer is substantially pistonated flow. Piston flow is defined as minimizing axial mixing. Axial mixing is defined as the tendency for an aliquot of core materials to spread away from one another in the direction of the mass flow of the core material. When the flow of the core material is substantially piston flow, all of the core materials are in the mixer for approximately the same amount of time. With increasing axial mixing, the times in which the cores spend in the mixer may vary slightly, possibly resulting in a more irregular coating of the core particle compared to another. The amount of axial mixing in a mixer can be calculated according to a method described in Levenspiel in
Chemical Reaction Engineering. The Peclet number is a measurement of the amount of axial mixing and the degree of piston flow. The Peclet number is a dimensionless number that is
the ratio between axial mixing to long length of 5 mixer in the flow direction in core material and O batch flow of material in core. How bigger O
Peclet number, the more satisfactory the piston flow. Higher Peclet numbers can result in more even coating of the core material. In one mode, the mixer can be operated so that the number of Peclet is greater than about 6. In one mode, the mixer is operated so that the number of Peclet is greater than about 40. In one mode, the The mixer is operated in such a way that the Peclet number is greater than about 100. A suitable double-counter paddle mixer can be obtained from Hayes & Stolz, Ft. Worth Texas, USA.
In one embodiment, the angle of the paddles on the continuous paddle is adjusted so that when the rations flow through it, the number of Froude is between about 0.8 and about 1.2 and the number of Peclet is greater that about 6.
In one embodiment, the coating can be applied to the feed over the fluidizing zone in the continuous mixer. In one embodiment, the liquid binder can be sprayed onto the feed above the fluidizing zone. In one embodiment, the liquid binder can be sprayed over the fluidizing zone at one or more locations along the length of the mixer. In one embodiment, the coating material can be applied to the feed over the zone
fluidizing of the mixer continuous. In a modality, O material of coating Can be applied over the zone fluidizing in one or more local to over the length of mixer continuous. In one modality, the material in coating can be added to the mixer with The
feed stream at the start of the continuous mixer.
In one embodiment, the average residence time of the core materials within the coating unit is about 10 to about 600 seconds. In one embodiment, the average residence time of the core materials within the coating unit is about 30 to about 180 seconds. When the average residence times of the core materials in the coating unit are in that range, the core materials can be coated substantially uniformly, while maintaining the size of the compact equipment.
In one embodiment, the flow of core materials through the unit should be about 10 to about 60,000 kilograms per hour (kg / h). In one embodiment, the flow of core materials through the unit should be about 1,000 to about 40,000 kg / h.
Salmonella Deactivation Steps
Additional embodiments of the present invention include a method for making a pet food including at least one step of deactivating salmonella by heat treatment. Pet food can be in any form of the pet food modalities previously described in this document, and can also include any type of pet food. In one embodiment, a non-limiting example which is a coated feed pellet comprising a core and a coating as previously described in this document, two steps of deactivation through heat treatment can be performed. The core can be formed by extrusion, as described earlier in this document. After extrusion into a core, the core can be heated by heat in a certain way to sufficiently disable any salmonella present in the core. Subsequently, previously, or at the same time, the coating can be formed and heat treated in a similar way to the nucleus to deactivate any salmonella present. The coated feed pellet can then be formed, as described earlier in this document, by coating the core with the coating.
Salmonella generally requires the application of heat while the microbes are in a humid environment. Once completely dry, salmonella can go numb and resist efforts through the use of dry heat to disable it. In a humid environment, salmonella is more readily deactivated. For example, the application of heat at 80 ° C for more than two minutes can effectively deactivate salmonella when in a humid environment. The application of temperatures above 80 ° C in humid environments results in correspondingly shorter times necessary to deactivate salmonella.
Overheated steam has been used effectively in several industries to disable salmonella. Superheated steam is defined as steam at a temperature greater than the boiling point of water for the existing pressure. The most industrial use of superheated steam uses pure or substantially pure steam. The non-vaporized component is generally air.
It was further verified that salmonella can be effectively deactivated with humid hot air, under ambient pressure conditions, at temperatures above about 80 ° C. An advantage of this method is that moist hot air can be injected into the fluidized mixer under ambient pressure conditions during or after the coating step. The temperature of the hot humid air can be higher than 80 ° C. Higher temperatures can result in shorter periods of application of moist hot air to effectively deactivate salmonella. The relative humidity of the air can be greater than 50% and it can also be greater than 90%. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio between the partial pressure of water vapor in the air and the saturated pressure of water vapor at a given temperature.
Thus, in one embodiment, hot air at more than 80 ° C and up to 200 ° C is blown on top of the mixer, where a coated feed pellet was formed. The air can be blown at about 0 to 2.27 kL / min (80 CFM). Once hot air begins to blow into the mixer, water vapor at a pressure of 0 to 206.8 kPa (30 PSIG) and at a rate of about 0 to 4 kg / min can be injected into the mixer for 0 to about 2 minutes. The combination of hot air and steam in the mixer results in a stream of hot air that can reach about 95% relative humidity. At the end of the 0 to 2 minutes, the steam can be stopped but the hot air can continue for an additional time of up to 8 minutes. During this time, the relative humidity inside the mixer drops and, as it falls, the moisture, or water, is removed from the feed surface. At the end of the hot air cycle, salmonella will have been sufficiently deactivated.
An additional method of heat treatment, or deactivation, of salmonella in pet food, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is presented in document RU 2251364.
Vitamin Stability
It has been found that a coated feed pellet and production processes thereof, in accordance with the modalities of the present invention, can allow the feed to be coated with ingredients sensitive to temperature, pressure, and humidity, including all ingredients, sources, and components described here. In one embodiment, sensitive ingredients ignore the normally stressful conditions of extrusion processes and conditions that are commonly used in the art.
In addition, it has been found that a feed pellet coated according to the modalities of the present invention can improve the stability of vitamin release as well as reduce costs due to loss of vitamins during normal extrusion processes used so far.
Modalities of the present invention are related to the supply, or release, of sensitive ingredients. Some non-limiting examples of sensitive ingredients include the other ingredients, as described in the present invention, including the active ingredients described herein, which include vitamins. Sensitive ingredients are those that are generally considered to be sensitive to temperature, humidity and pressure, such that certain conditions of temperature, humidity, and pressure can negatively impact the effectiveness of the sensitive ingredient, including increased loss of sensitive ingredient during processing or during storage. Thus, ignoring the normal stressful conditions of an extrusion process and adding them to the feed core after the core is extruded can be advantageous for sensitive ingredients. Thus, in one embodiment, the feed core of any of the embodiments presented in the present invention can be differentiated at a later stage with sensitive ingredients, including vitamins, as described in the present invention. Vitamins can be highly susceptible to oxidizing extrusion conditions, resulting in additional formulation of the vitamin premix before it enters the extrusion process to ensure adequate levels of vitamins at the time of consumption by a pet. The coating of the vitamins in a fluidized mixer, as described in the present invention, would not expose the vitamins to rigid conditions and would maintain the physical and chemical integrity of the vitamin and any stabilizers. As a result, vitamin retention in the process increases, and storage stability can improve. For use in the present invention, the vitamin component includes vitamins and vitamin premixes.
Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention includes a process of reducing the loss by processing the vitamins of a pet food in the form of a coated feed pellet, such that the vitamin retention can be improved. When feed pellets, or cores, are extruded with vitamins, the loss of vitamins can be considered at its peak. Above 30% at
40% of the vitamins added to the core before extrusion can be lost during the extrusion process. In some cases, up to 36% of vitamin A may be lost during extrusion, and about 11.2% of vitamin E may be lost during extrusion. However, in one embodiment of the present invention, the core can be extruded as described in the present invention, the core being substantially free of vitamins prior to extrusion. After the core has been extruded according to the modalities of the present invention, sensitive ingredients, such as any of the vitamins presented here, some non-limiting examples of which may be vitamin A and vitamin B, can be applied as a coating on the extruded core, using a fluidized mixer is used, some non-limiting examples of it being presented here. The coating can be any of the coatings described in the present invention. In one embodiment, the coating may comprise vitamin
A, vitamin Ε, a fat component, a palatable component, and any combinations and mixtures thereof. During the coating process, the loss of vitamins can also be present, however, according to the modalities of the present invention, the loss of vitamins can be reduced versus when the vitamin is extruded. In one embodiment, the loss of vitamin during coating may be less than 10%. Other modalities include loss of vitamin processing less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4% and less than 3%. In one embodiment, the loss of vitamin A can be less than 9%. In another modality, the loss of vitamin E can be less than 4%.
In addition, another embodiment of the present invention includes a method, or process, of optimizing the stability of vitamins during and after storage of a pet food in the form of a coated feed pellet. Thus, a modality of the present invention comprising a coated feed pellet, the coating comprising a fat component and a binder component, can optimize, or increase, the stability of vitamins. In one embodiment, total vitamin A retention after processing the feed and after 16 weeks of storage can be at least 50%.
In another embodiment, total vitamin A retention can be at least 55%. In another embodiment, total vitamin A retention can be at least 60%. In another embodiment, the total retention of vitamin A after processing the feed can be at least 61%.
In another modality, total vitamin retention
After processing the feed can be at least 61%. In
another modality , total retention of vitamin THE after processing gives feed can be fur minus 60%. In another modality, The total retention in Vitamin THE after processing gives feed can be fur minus 55%. In another modality, The total retention in Vitamin THE after
feed processing can be at least 50%.
One embodiment can include a coating that comprises a homogenized microsphere. In this embodiment, the coating may comprise a binding component and a vitamin component. The binder component can be a solution that is homogenized with the vitamin component. The mixture can be homogenized with a high shear mixer to decrease the particle size of the microsphere, in order to better adhere it to the surface of the feed.
Another embodiment may be a coated microsphere. This modality can be done by spraying the agglutinating component solution on the feed pellets for about 10 seconds and then adding the vitamin component to the mixer while the agglutinating solution is still sprayed for an additional 45 seconds.
Another embodiment may be a coating in the form of a powder. This modality can be done by adding a water-soluble form of the vitamin component to the binder solution and then coating the solution on the feed pellets. The powdered form may comprise the vitamin component in a starch matrix.
In these embodiments, the vitamin component can be less than 1% of the coated feed pellet, even less than 0.5%, and even less than 0.2% of the coated feed pellet. The vitamin component may be a premix of vitamins, which may include a vehicle. In one embodiment, the vitamin component can be up to 0.3%.
In addition, as shown in the Examples below, the addition of vitamins according to the modalities of the present invention results in a greater preference of the animal. It is well known in the art that adding vitamins to a pet food generally results in a decrease in the pet's preference. However, modalities of the present invention in which vitamins are added to a pet food result in an increase in the animal's preference. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention comprises a coated feed pellet, the coating comprising vitamins, and the animal's preference for the coated feed pellet is greater than the animal's preference for a diet with uncoated vitamins according to the coating modalities of the present invention.
When describing the processing of coated feed in order to improve vitamin retention and stability, it should be understood that any of the steps, methods, and processing parameters, as presented anywhere in this document, can be applied to the process optimization of vitamin retention and stability.
Oxidation
It has been found that the stability, or absence of oxidation, of the coated feed pellet made according to the modalities of the present invention can be increased. In one embodiment, the formation of layers or coating, as described in the present invention, of solid ingredients decreases the amount of coating fat ingredient that migrates to, or merges with, the core, which is where oxidation catalysts may be present. . In one embodiment, a non-limiting example of an oxidation catalyst is iron, which may be present in the core. The coating may comprise a protein component, a non-limiting example of it being a chicken by-product flour, and a layer of a fat component. The protein component can decrease the amount of fat component that reaches the nucleus and thus can reduce the amount of oxidation that occurs through iron, acting as an oxidation catalyst. Total aldehydes are a measure of the aldehydes that are formed in a food product.
Aldehydes are formed as a result of food fatty acids that contain double bonds being converted to aldehydes due to their exposure to oxygen. Thus, less oxidation results in less aldehyde formation, which can mean less rancidity. Additionally, Oxygen Pump is an approximate measurement of the duration of the oxidation absorption capacity of antioxidants in a food product. The higher the value, the longer the product is expected to remain stable.
Thus, in one embodiment, a coated feed pellet that has a lower aldehyde formation than other feed pellets is presented. The coated feed pellet may have a coating that comprises a fat component, a protein component and a binder component. The coated feed pellet may have an aldehyde formation less than a core without the coating. The coated feed pellet may have less aldehyde formation than a core that has a fat component and / or a palatable component, but no protein component.
Two comparisons are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. A core of an uncoated Iams® Mini-Chunks diet can be considered oxidatively unstable, as observed by the high level of Total Aldehydes (TA) shown in Figure 2. This graph illustrates the product's stability benefit provided by mixed tocopherols added through poultry fat. When current Iams® MiniChunks, or layered chicken by-product meal pellets, are coated with 5% fat, the total aldehydes are less than 60 ppm. By comparison, the formation of layers of chicken by-product flour does not appear to result in a higher total of aldehydes than the current Iams © Mini-Chunks. As the total of aldehydes increases in the samples, the human senses begin to identify these samples as rancid. Comparisons between oxygen pumps are shown in Figure 3. As can be seen, the chicken meal prototype has higher oxygen pump levels when compared to an uncoated core and an Iams® MiniChunks feed. This result is correlated to an increase in stability and, thus, in the product's useful life.
Thus, Figures 2 and 3 show that modalities of the present invention, including a coated feed pellet that has a coating comprising chicken by-product flour, increase the oxidation stability of coated feeds, so that the total of aldehydes decreases while the oxygen pump increases.
Coated feed pellet properties
As described earlier in this document, at least one advantage of the feed pellet coated in accordance with the modalities of the present invention includes an increase in the preference of the animal, or acceptance or preference of a pet. Thus, feeds coated according to the modalities presented in the present invention are preferred by pets based on animal preference tests, as described in the present invention. Thus, as shown in the Examples below, an increase in animal preference may be present with coated diets, in accordance with the modalities of the present invention. It is known, without sticking to the theory, that the increase in animal preference, or pet acceptance, can be explained by the following characteristics of the coated feed pellet, including mixtures and combinations of these. Thus, it should be understood that coated feeds, according to the modalities of the present invention, can include any of the following properties, all of the following properties, and any mixtures and combinations of these properties. In addition, the coated feeds can be nutritionally balanced, as described in the present invention.
Absorption of the Fat / Palatable Component
In one embodiment, a coated feed pellet may comprise a core and a coating, the coating being comprised of a protein component comprising a chicken by-product flour, the coating of chicken by-product flour comprising the coating more external of the feed, in such a way that it is exposed to the environment and, thus, to the animal through ingestion. In one embodiment of the present invention, the increase in animal preference response (PREF), or animal acceptance or preference, can be correlated to an increase in the level of relative fat on the surface of the feed. The animal's preferred response, which can be tested using a separate plate response test, a PREF test, includes a percentage ingestion ratio or ratio of the first bite. Without adhering to the theory, it is believed that, in one embodiment, a better response of animal preference results due to the fact that the protein component of the coating, like the protein components described here, is a non-limiting example of them being a chicken by-product flour, which is layered on the core prevents, or decreases, the absorption of fat components and / or palatable components that can also be part of the layered coating on the feed. Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of preventing, or decreasing, the amount of absorption of fat components and / or palatable components from the coating of a feed to the core of the feed.
Additionally, it is known that the reduction or prevention of absorption of fat components and / or palatable components contributes to an improved animal preference response, due to the fact that more of the fat components and / or palatable components remains on the exposed surface. of the feed. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a pet food, and a method of providing a pet food, which comprises an amount of fat to accentuate the animal's preference on the surface of the feed. For use in the present invention, the amount of accentuation of preference of the animal means an amount that increases the response of preference of the animal, whether it is the percentage ratio of ingestion or the ratio of first bite, or both. In addition, while higher proportions of fat components and / or palatable components can simply be added to the exterior of pet food, these increased proportions could modify the nutritional profile of the pet food, resulting in a pet food not balanced. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, pet food may be balanced pet food, such as a coated feed pellet.
In a non-limiting example of an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in Figure 1, a coated feed pellet 100 comprises a core 101. A first coating 102 can be applied in layers over the core
101 as an internal coating. A second coating
103 can be applied in layers over the first coating 102 and be an external coating. The first coating 102 may comprise a binding component and a solid component, such as a protein component, and combinations and mixtures thereof. Some non-limiting examples of the binder component are described in the present invention and may include isolated whey protein or chicken broth. Some non-limiting examples of the solid component are described here and may include chicken by-product flour. The second coating 103 may comprise a fat component and a palatable component, and combinations and mixtures thereof. Some non-limiting examples of the fat component are described here and may include chicken fat. Some non-limiting examples of the palatable component are described here and may include chicken liver fat.
Thus, as shown in Figure 1, the first coating 102 can act as a barrier layer for the second coating 103, so that the first coating 102 reduces the migration or natural absorption of the components of the second coating 103, from the outer coating to the inner lining and into the core. In this way, more of the initial amount of the second coating that was applied as a coating on the feed remains in the outer coating of the coated feed pellet. It is known that since the first coating may comprise solid components, such as chicken by-product flour as described in the present invention, that this solid component prevents the second normally moist coating, which may comprise fat and / or palatable components, to migrate, or be absorbed, from the outer coating to the inner coating and / or to the core of the coated feed pellet.
It should be understood, however, that the binder component, solid component, fat component, palatable component and any other components used here, can be applied, or coated, in any order and using any coating procedure. In this way, the solid component, the binder component, the fat component and the palatable component can be applied in any order.
Of that way in an modality, one pellet in ration 25 coated, a method of supply one pellet in ration coated, it is a process for production of one pellet in ration coated, what understands an solid barrier layer , are
presented. The solid barrier layer can be applied to a core and can comprise a protein component, which can include chicken by-product flour, and a binder component, in a non-limiting example. The outer layer can then be applied and can comprise a fat component and a palatable component. In one embodiment, the barrier layer of a solid component and a binder component can decrease the migration, or absorption, of the fat component and / or the palatable component.
Aroma
Layering of a protein component, or any of the other components as described in the present invention, as a coating on a core, as described in the present invention, can also alter the aroma profile of a coated feed pellet and result in a coated feed pellet that has different aroma profiles than typical pet food. Certain modalities of coated feed, as described in the present invention, may contain specific compounds and components that can provide the pet food with desirable aromas. These compounds and components can cause changes in the aroma profile, or changes in the aroma attribute, which can result in an animal preference, or an improved animal acceptance or preference, using 25 if coated feed pellet modalities as described herein. invention. Without adhering to the theory, it is believed that these aroma attribute changes contribute to the improved preference results, as detailed here, and as shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, of a coated feed pellet in which the coating comprises a protein component, a non-limiting example such as chicken by-product flour, layered on a feed core. Previous consumer research has suggested that more human flavors in pet food could be perceived as product improvements. Examples from this point forward in this document help to describe and show the changes in the aroma profile or character that accompany some non-limiting examples of modalities of the present invention.
Thus, a non-limiting example of an embodiment of the present invention relates to a coated feed pellet, and a method of providing a coated feed pellet, which has an aroma profile, an analyte concentration, and a correlation of aroma, and the correlation of aroma refers to the aroma profile that comprises an analyte concentration to increase the animal's preference. In addition, another modality refers to a coated feed pellet that has an aroma profile, an analyte concentration, and thus an aroma correlation. With these modalities, animal preference response (PREF) data, or animal acceptance or preference, can be correlated with the aroma profile and analyte concentration, as described in the present invention. Thus, in one embodiment, the aroma analyte profiles and concentrations can be correlated to positive, or higher, animal preference response data. Additionally, in one embodiment, the coated feed pellet comprises an amount of accentuation preferably from the animal of an analyte. The amount of emphasis of preference of the animal of the analyte can be inside the coating, inside the nucleus, and combinations and mixtures of these. In another embodiment, a method of enhancing the animal's preference for a pet food that comprises providing an animal's preferred enhancement amount of an analyte in a pet food is presented. For use in the present invention, the amount of accent preference of the animal means an amount that increases the response of preference of the animal, whether it is the percentage ratio of ingestion or the ratio of first bite, or both.
aroma profile, including analyte concentration, can be determined according to the method presented from this point onwards in this document, using gas chromatography by solid phase microextraction / mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) for analyze pet food samples for compounds associated with the aroma. The area under the curve was measured as the number or count of the solid phase microextraction analysis (MEFS).
One embodiment of the present invention relates to a coated feed pellet and a method of releasing it in which the coated feed pellet has a particular flavor profile. A non-limiting example of a coated feed pellet comprises a core comprising a carbohydrate source, a protein source, a fat source, and other ingredients, all as described in the present invention, and a coating comprising a protein component , a binding component, a palatable component, a fat component, and other components. In this modality, an aroma profile of the coated feed pellet can be generated and analyzed, showing analyte concentrations specific to the aroma. Concentrations can be determined for each analyte. The concentration of analytes can then be correlated with the PREF response data that was collected for each of the modalities, to show a correlation between the aroma and the PREF response data. Thus, in one embodiment, an increase in analytes in particular present in the aroma can raise, or increase the PREF response data, which means a greater PREF response, resulting in a greater preference or acceptance of the animal.
In one embodiment, the analytes 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulforol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof, may be elevated or representative of families with high levels, when compared to commercially available pet food. Thus, in one embodiment, a coated feed pellet comprising particular concentrations of 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2eti1-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof, increases the PREF response. Thus, an amount of preference from the animal of 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof, may be present in a modality of coated feed pellet. This amount of accentuation of preference of the analyte animal can increase the PREF response. In one embodiment, the ratio of converted percentage to intake (PCI) may increase with an amount of preference of the analyte animal 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the First Bite Ratio may increase with an amount of preference preferably from the analyte animal 2piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2 ~ ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations of these.
Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a coated feed pellet comprising an enriched amount, or an accentuation amount preferably of the animal, of 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-eti1-3,5 analytes -dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Another embodiment includes a method of providing a coated feed pellet comprising an amount of preference of the analyte animal preferably 2-piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations of these.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of enhancing the animal's preference for a pet food which comprises providing an animal's preferred enhancement amount of an analyte in a pet food. The method may include providing a pet food, as described in the present invention, the pet food comprising an enriched amount, or an animal preference enhancing amount, of 2-piperidione, 2 analytes. , 3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations thereof. The method may also comprise the addition to the pet food of an animal preference enhancing amount of analytes 2piperidione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulfurol, indole, and mixtures and combinations of these.
In one embodiment, the 2-piperidione analyte can have a MEFS analysis number greater than 1,500,000, or less than 10,000,000, or between 1,500,000 and 10,000,000, and all integer values less than, greater that, and between these values. In one embodiment, the 2,3-pentanedione analyte may have an MEFS analysis number greater than 65,000, or less than 500,000, or between 65,000 and 500,000, and all integer values less than, greater than, and between these values. In one embodiment, the 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine analyte can have a MEFS analysis number greater than 310,000, or less than 1,000,000, or between 310,000 and 1,000,000, and all integer values less than, greater that, and between these values. In one embodiment, the furfural analyte may have an MEFS analysis number greater than 2,300,000, or less than 7,000,000, or between 2,300,000 and
7,000,000, and all values less than, greater than, and between these values. In one embodiment, the sulfurol analyte can have a MEFS analysis number greater than 150,000, or less than 1,000,000, or between 150,000 and 1,000,000, and all values less than, greater than, and between these values.
In one embodiment, the indole analyte may have an MEFS analysis number greater than 176,000, or less than 2,000,000, or between 176,000 and 2,000,000, and all values less than, greater than, and between these values. In another embodiment, the coated feed pellet may comprise mixtures and combinations of these analyte MEFS analysis numbers, including only one of these.
As described in the present invention, an animal's preferred accentuation amount of these analytes, either alone or in a combination or mixture, can increase the animal's preferred response, whether the percentage ingestion ratio or the first bite ratio, or both. For example, Example 3 from this point onwards in this document shows only two non-limiting examples of the present invention, ie a first prototype of a layered feed of chicken by-product flour made by coating a rebalanced formula of feed cores. Iams® Mini-Chunks with 10% chicken by-product flour and 5% chicken broth (20% chicken broth solution), all by weight of the feed, with a palatable system of 1% liver fat from chicken and 2% chicken intestine fat added together with 5% fat, and a second prototype made similarly to the first prototype, except that it used a different binder, 5% whey protein alone (20% whey protein solution isolated), and did not include any chicken intestine fat. As shown in Table 3, with Test 1 for the first prototype and Test 2 for the second prototype, the intake converted into percentage and the first bite are both reasons consistent with an increase in the animal's preferred response. Specifically for the first prototype, an intake ratio converted to a percentage of 16.5: 1 and an infinite first bite were present. Specifically for the second prototype, an intake ratio converted to a percentage of 16.2: 1 and a first bite of 31: 1 were present. Thus, an amount of accentuation of the animal's preference of one, all, or a mixture or combination of the analytes may be present, and is evidenced by these increased responses of the animal's preference.
In addition, and as described later in Example 4 and as shown in Figures 4 to 6, consumer data illustrates differences in aroma profile between non-limiting modalities of the present invention and commercial pet food that is not enriched with the aroma analytes described herein. THE
Figure 4 shows the aroma characterization on the panel for Iams® Mini-Chunks. As can be seen, the Mini-Chunks are reduced to a character of aroma of General Intensity, Yeast, and Dirty Socks. Figure 5 shows the prototype layered chicken protein by-product layers of Example 2 without any additional palatable components. The prototype layered protein layers of chicken by-product flour results in an increased oily / fatty character and meat scent in general. THE
Figure 6 shows the prototypes layered in chicken by-product flour with the addition of palatable component (s) from Example 3, tests 1 and 2. The prototype layered in chicken by-product protein layers results in a larger Oily / Fatty character, but has a similar Meat Smell character in general. The chicken character was also elevated to the chicken by-product layered prototype with an additional palatable component.
In addition, consumer research has suggested that certain flavors in pet food could be perceived as improvements in pet food products, such as feed pellets, from a human perspective. Thus, some non-limiting examples of modalities of the present invention provide an aroma profile that provides certain greater or lesser aroma attributes perceived by humans. The aroma attributes can include the following: general intensity, oily / greasy, meat smell in general, chicken, fish, yeast, toast, sweet, dirty socks, cardboard, ground, granules and beef. In some embodiments, it may be desirable that some of these aroma attributes are at increased or greater levels, while some of these attributes are at lower or lower levels. Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, a pet food according to any of the modalities described herein is provided, such that an aroma profile is provided by the pet food that is perceptible to humans. , and the aroma profile can be described using sensory aroma attributes to humans. Modalities of human sensory attributes include high levels of oily / fatty aroma, high levels of general intensity, lower levels of meat aroma in general, lower levels of cardboard aroma, lower levels of aroma of dirty socks, and combinations and mixtures of these.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 - Animal preference
Test # 1: Kennel dogs were tested using the following feed pellets. A dog food in a feed format was made according to a test feed prototype using the Iams © Mini-Chunks feed core. The core was coated with a layer of 0.5% chicken liver fat, 2% fat, 10% chicken by-product flour, and 5% chicken broth (as a binder, 20% chicken solution). chicken broth), all by weight of the feed. A control prototype was made using the feed core
Iams® Mini-Chunks and coating the same with 0.5% chicken liver fat and 2% fat, all by weight of the feed.
Test # 2: Homemade pet dogs were tested using the following feed pellets. A test feed prototype was made using the Iams® Mini-Chunks feed core. The core was coated with a layer of 0.5% chicken liver fat, 2% fat, 10% chicken by-product flour, 5% chicken broth (as a binder, 20% broth solution chicken), all by weight of the feed, and was coated with 0.13% vitamin premix to determine whether an outer coating of vitamins in a core that has a protein layer would negatively impact the animal's preference for ration. A control prototype was made using Iams® Mini-Chunks as a core and
coating the same with 0.5% in fat liver in chicken and 2% fat, all in Weight of the feed. Both tests included an step of inactivation in
salmonella by adding 4% moisture, or water, to the chicken by-product flour layer and then drying the product for three minutes at 126.7 ° C (260 ° F).
Test # 1 resulted in the prototype in layers of chicken by-product flour being highly preferred by dogs (41: 1 of total volume, 50: 1 of Ingestion converted into percentage (PCI), see Table 1 below). Additionally, over 98% of the total food consumed during the two-day split dish test was the layered prototype of chicken by-product flour. O
Test # 2 resulted in the prototype layered chicken by-product flour being preferred by homemade dogs (4.5: 1 total volume, 4.4: 1 PCI). To put these results in perspective, before dogs (or cats) are allowed on an animal preference panel, they pass qualification PREF tests. One of the qualification tests is typically an obvious choice (known positive control versus known negative control). Positive control is typically done with the normal commercial palatable component, such as chicken liver fat, applied as a coating on it. The negative control is done without any palatable components. A previous test of obvious choice with kennel dogs resulted in
16: 1 total volume, 14: 1 PCI. A previous test of obvious choice with home dogs resulted in 2.2: 1 total volume, 2.4: 1 PCI. In both cases, with kennel or home pets, the result of the obvious choice test showed a strong preference for prototypes in layers of chicken by-product flour.
Table 1. Summary of Preference Test Results
Compared Tests c and Reference test 1 test 2 Benchmark Test 1 Benchmark Test 2 test(prototype in layers of test(prototype in layers of Test (Obvious choice of dogskennel - with palatable component) Test (Obvious choice of homemade dogs - with palatable component) Results chicken by-product flour) chicken by-product flour) vs, VS. VS. VS. Control Control Control Control Total volume(g / day) 41.4: 1 * 4.5: 1 * 15.6: 1 * 2.2: 1 **
Converted food intakeinpercentage(%/Animal/Day) 49.6: 1 * 4.4: 1 * 13.5: 1 * 2.4: 1 ** FirstBite "1 7.25: 1 4.4: 1 3: 1 Preference Targeting ² 16/0/0 7/18/1 15/0/0 7/18/3
* Ρ <0.02 ** Ρ <0.05 ¹ «= infinite; No dogs ate the control prototype first, so the divider was zero.
2 Preference Segmentation = number of dogs that preferred the test prototype / number of dogs that did not show preference / number of dogs that preferred the control prototype
Example 2 - Animal preference
A prototype of layered feed of chicken by-product flour was made by laying, or coating, the core of the Iams © Mini-Chunks feed with 10% chicken by-product flour and 5% chicken broth ( 20% chicken broth solution), all by weight of the feed.
No palatable components were added. A coating with 5% fat, by weight of the feed, was also added. This prototype was compared with the Iams © Mini-Chunks and Purina ONE® (Total Nutrition Chicken and Rice) diets in separate dish tests, or preferably on the animal. All separate dish tests were conducted by standard methods using kennel dogs. A salmonella inactivation step by adding 4% moisture, or water, to the chicken by-product flour layer and then drying the product for three minutes at 126.7 ° C (260 ° F).
layered prototype was preferred (P <0.05) compared to the Iams Mini-Chunks ration (8: 1 of Ingestion converted into percentage (PCI), see Table 2). The layered prototype was also preferred (P <0.05) compared to Purina ONE® (3: 1 PCI).
Table 2 Summary of Preference Test Results
Compared to Reference Tests
Results Test (layered prototype of chicken by-product flour)vs.Iams® MiniChunks Test (layered prototype of chicken by-product flour)vs.Purina ONE® Total volume(g / day} 7.1: 1 * 4.9: 1 ** Food intake converted into percentage(% / Animal / Day) 8.2: 1 * 3.3: 1 * First Bite 1.7: 1 2.9: 1 Preference Targeting ¹ 2/14/0 3/12/1
* P <0.05 ** P <0.10 l Preference Segmentation = number of dogs that preferred the test prototype / number of dogs that did not show preference / number of dogs that preferred the control prototype
Example 3 - Animal preference
15 A first prototype in ration in layers in flour by-product of chicken was done coating an formula rebalanced < of cores in ration Iams® Mini-Chunks with 10% of flour by-product in chicken and 5% of broth in
chicken (20% chicken broth solution), all by weight of the 20 ration, in a 32-liter Bella pilot mixer. A palatable system of 1% chicken liver fat and 2% chicken intestine fat was added as an additional coating to this prototype along with 5% fat, by weight of the feed. In short, this prototype was reformulated to have a nutrient composition similar to that of the Iams® Mini-Chunks diet. A second prototype was made similarly to this, except that it used a different binder, 5% whey protein alone (20% whey protein solution alone), and did not include any fat chicken intestine. These prototypes were compared to Purina ONE® (Total Nutrition Chicken & Rice) in preference tests. Another comparison included comparing a third prototype, which is the first prototype of the 10% layered chicken by-product layering using chicken broth as a binder in an extruded core of Iams® Mini-Chunks, but not rebalanced , to an Iams® MiniChunks diet. The same third prototype was also included without the inclusion of chicken by-product flour, and, again, comparison with the Iams® Mini-Chunks diet. All preference tests were two days long and were performed using standard methods using kennel dogs (n = 16). The production process of the prototypes with a layer of chicken by-product flour included a step of inactivating salmonella by adding 4% moisture, or water, to the layer of chicken by-product flour and then drying the product by three minutes at 126.7 ° C (260 ° F).
The Iams® Mini-Chunks feed prototypes rebalanced with chicken by-product flour (using broth or whey protein alone) were substantially preferred (P <0.05) compared to
Purina ONE® (17: 1 and 16: 1 of Ingestion converted into percentage (PCI); See Table 3). The layered prototype of chicken by-product flour (not rebalanced) using a broth as a binder was also preferred (P <0.05) compared to the Iams Mini10 Chunks (8: 1 PCI), considering that the broth alone (no chicken by-product flour) did not result in a significant increase in animal preference (2: 1, P <0.10). At least three primary conclusions can be drawn: 1) 10% layered chicken by-product flour in combination with the existing animal preference system considerably outweighs Purina ONE® feed, 2) the positive impact of 10% chicken meal layered chicken by-product is maintained as the product is rebalanced for protein (ie the protein level is reduced in the feed core) and 3) the impact of 10% layered chicken by-product flour is independent of the influence of binder in the animal's preference.
Table 3. Summary of Preference Test Results
test 1 test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Results Iams RationMini-Chunks rebalanced with 10% chicken by-product flour in Iams RationMini-Chunks rebalanced with 10% chicken by-product flour in Iams RationMini-Chunks with 10% layered chicken by-product flour (unbalanced) Iams RationMini-Chunks (norebalanced)-- onlybrothbinder
layers - brothbindervs.Purina ONE® layers - whey protein binder isolatedvs.Purina ONE® - binder brothvs.Iams Mini Chunks vs.Iams Mini Chunks VolumeTotal(g / day) 16.6: 1 * 15.1: 1 * 7.1: 1 ** 2,4,1:! *** Converted food intakeinpercentage(%/Animal/Day) 16.5: 1 ** 16.2: 1 ** 8.2: 1 ** 2, 3: 1 **** FirstBite 31: 1 1.7: 1 1.1: 1 Preference Targeting ² 16/0/0 16/0/0 2/14/0 4/9/3
Ρ <0.02 Ρ <0.05 *** NS (Ρ> 0.10) **** ρ <ο, ίο ¹ °° = infinite; No dogs ate the control prototype first, so the divider was zero.
Preference Segmentation = number of dogs that preferred the test prototype / number of dogs that did not show preference / number of dogs that preferred the control prototype
Example 4 - Human Senses
A descriptive panel of the human senses with nine categories was used to evaluate aroma attributes of dog food. Dog food was evaluated for aroma using 13 descriptive attributes and classified on a scale of 0 to 8 points.
THE Figure 4 shows the Description in aroma at the panel for Iams © Mini-Chunks. As you can to be visa, O Mini-Chunks is reduced to a character in aroma in
General Intensity, Yeast, and Dirty Socks. Figure 5 shows the prototype layered chicken protein by-product layers of Example 2 without any additional palatable components. The protein layered prototype of chicken by-product flour resulted in a larger Oily / Fatty and General Meat Flavor character versus other commercially available dog food. Figure 6 shows the prototypes layered in chicken by-product flour layers with the addition of palatable component (s) from Example 3, tests 1 and 2. The layered prototype in chicken by-product flour resulted in an Oily / Fatty character, but it had a similar character as General Meat Flavor versus other commercially available dog food in the format of a meal. The chicken character was also elevated to the chicken by-product layered prototype with an additional palatable component.
Example 5 - Process
About 6,000 g of feed kernels from an extruded and dried mixture of corn, chicken by-product flour, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water and beet pulp were introduced into a shovel mixer in a hopper located above of the paddle mixer. The mixer is a 20 liter fluidized zone mixer model FZM-0.7 Forberg, produced by Eirich Machines, Inc., of Gurnee, 111., USA. The binder component is composed of about 70 grams of isolated whey protein (Fonterra NMZP) mixed with about
300 grams hot water (60 ° C) to produce a solution. Once the feed pellets have been added to the mixer, the paddles are rotated to fluidize the feed pellets. The ace blades are rotated at about 84 rpm and a Froude number of about 0.95. The whey protein solution is pumped to the spray valve over the fluidized area in the center of the mixer using a Cole-Parmer model 07550-30 peristaltic pump and using a Masterflex L / S parallel pump head Easyload II. The whey protein solution is sprayed over the fluidized area of the mixer over a period of about 60 seconds. About 750 grams of chicken by-product flour as a protein component is divided into two 375-gram portions, and each portion is added in separate corners across the sides of the mixer over a period of about 60 seconds, simultaneously with the addition of whey protein. A coated feed pellet is then formed. The doors at the bottom of the mixer are opened to pour the coated rations into a metal reservoir. The coated feeds are then dried in an air collision oven at about 140 ° C for about 2 minutes. A visual examination of the feed pellets shows that the mixture was coated substantially uniformly on the surface of the feed pellets to form a solid layer. Cutting several feed pellets in half confirms that the coating distribution around the surface of the individual feed pellets is substantially uniform. During the operation of the mixer in this example, the Froude number was about 0.95, the dimensionless flow was about 0.000262, and the convective cycle time was about 10 seconds.
Example 6 - Process / Salmonella
A double shaft fluidized mixer of
200 liters (7 cubic feet) produced by Eirich Machines, Inc., model FZM 7, is used in this example. Steam is connected to two ports at opposite corners of the FZM 7 mixer. A hot air blower is connected to the mixer to blow hot air on top of the mixer. About 60 kg of dry pet food kernels, or core pellets (about 7.5% moisture, or water) are added to the mixer. In a separate container, about 600 grams of isolated whey protein binder (Fonterra NMZP) is mixed with about 2,400 grams of hot water (60 ° C) to produce a binder solution. Four containers are each filled with about 1.5 kg of chicken by-product flour (6 kg of chicken by-product flour in total) as protein. Tests with chicken by-product flour tested positive for salmonella. This binder solution is transferred to a pressure pipe, and a line of a spray nozzle is connected between the pipe and the spray valve which is centered on the fluidized area of the mixer. Two spray nozzles, each having a flat spray profile at an angle of about 45 degrees, are present. The two nozzles are positioned on the center of the fluidized zone along the axis of the blades, one near halfway between a side wall and the center of the mixer, and the second near halfway between the center and the opposite side of the mixer. mixer. The mixer is preheated with hot air to about 60 ° C. The mixer starts at about 55 RPM. The tube containing the binder is pressurized to about 206.8 kPa (30 psi), and the spraying of binder is initiated into the mixer. At the same time, the four containers, each holding about 1.5 kg of chicken by-product flour, are added to the mixer at four different points: two containers are added at opposite corners of the mixer, and two containers are added in the center of the mixer. mixer, on opposite sides. The binder and chicken by-product flour are added to the mixer over a period of about 45 seconds. After the addition of the binder and the chicken by-product flour is completed, while the mixer is still spinning, hot air (at about 200 ° C) is then blown to the top of the mixer at about 1.13 kL / min (40 CFM). Once hot air starts to be blown into the mixer, a steam of about 103.4 kPa (15 psig) at a rate of about 2 kg / min is injected into the mixer through two steam nozzles on opposite sides of the mixer for about a minute. The combination of hot air and steam in the mixer results in a hot air flow of about 95% relative humidity. At the end of one minute, the steam is stopped, but the flow of hot air continues for an additional four minutes. During this period, the relative humidity inside the mixer drops and, as it falls, moisture, or water, is removed from the feed surface. At the end of the two minutes of hot air, doors at the bottom of the mixer are opened and the feed pellets are poured into a container. A visual examination of the feed pellets shows that the mixture was coated substantially uniformly on the surface of the feed pellets to form a solid layer. Cutting several feed pellets in half confirms that the coating distribution around the surface of the individual feed pellets is substantially uniform. During the operation of the mixer in this example, the Froude number was about 0.95, the dimensionless flow was about 0.000261, and the convective cycle time was about eight seconds. These are substantially the same conditions as Froude number, dimensionless flow, and convective cycle time as in Example 5. Since the final product is substantially the same in the larger mixer and the smaller mixer under the same scaling conditions , the scale-up criteria can be considered valid. A test for salmonella in the final coated diets was negative.
Example 7A - Vitamin Stability
To demonstrate improved vitamin retention through a coating applied using a fluidized mixer, a comparison between the loss from processing and the loss from storage of coated vitamins versus extruded vitamins can be analyzed. To compare processing loss, a current Iams® Mini-chunks diet was extruded with and without vitamins. The vitamin product was coated with a coating of 5% poultry fat mixed with 1.6% chicken liver fat and 0.14% of a vitamin premix. The vitamin-free product was coated in a fluidized mixer with a coating of 5% poultry fat and a palatable component coating of 1.6% chicken liver fat. Samples of all process inputs and outputs were collected and analyzed for vitamin A and vitamin E.
Based on the mass balance around the fluidized mixer, the coating process had an 8.2% loss of vitamin A and a 3.3% loss of vitamin E. The extruder reduced vitamin A by 36% and reduced vitamin E by 11.2%. See Table 4.
Table 4. Loss by Processing of Vitamins A and E in
Coating and Extrusion
Nutrient % Loss in Coating % Loss in Extruder Vitamin A 8.2 36.0 Vitamin E 3.3 11.2
To compare storage loss, products coated with vitamins and products extruded with vitamins were packaged and sealed in 13 paper bags with multiple walls. The bags were stored under accelerated conditions (37.8 ° C (100 ° F) and 50% relative humidity) and ambient conditions (21.1 ° C (70 ° F) and 25% relative humidity). Two additional prototypes were evaluated in the storage stability test, including one being a lams® Mini-Chunks diet with a Paramount B layer available from Loders Croklaan (babassu coconut oil (palm oil) partially hydrogenated) and a second layer of vitamins, fat and palatable component, and the second being an Iams® Mini-Chunks diet with 5% chicken broth and 10% chicken by-product flour mixed with vitamins as the coating. Both products were sealed and stored in both accelerated and ambient conditions, as described above.
Samples were taken from the products kept in storage and these were analyzed for vitamin A and E. The results were normalized as the level in the zero time period was not consistent for all products. Figures 7 and 8 show the results. Figure 7 shows the time period in weeks on the x-axis and the ratio between the amount of final vitamin and the amount of starting vitamin on the y-axis. In general, the vitamin coatings maintained a higher vitamin A stability than the extruded vitamin control. The vitamins in chicken fat showed a large drop in vitamin A levels after the first two weeks, but they quickly became stable. It was assumed and subsequently verified with a bench test that chicken fat did not have the binding capacity to adhere to rice hulls in the vitamin premix, due to the fact that its particle size is very large. This problem can be solved using a stronger binder, which is demonstrated by improved vitamin A stability through the use of Paramount B and chicken broth as binders.
100
Example 7B - Vitamin A Stability
Four additional feed pellets were compared. All coated feeds used a rebalanced Iams® Mini-Chunks feed core. The four coatings were: 1) homogenized microspheres, which is a feed pellet coated with an isolated whey protein solution homogenized with a vitamin A crosslinked with gelatin (the standard crosslinked form of vitamin A available from BASF and DSM). The mixture was homogenized with a high shear mixer to decrease the particle size of the microsphere, in order to better adhere it to the surface of the feed. 2) Coated microsphere, which is a feed pellet coated by sprinkling a solution of whey protein isolated on the feed pellets for 10 seconds, and then adding crosslinked and dried vitamin A to the mixer while it is still running. is spraying the binder solution for an additional 45 seconds. 3) Powder A, which is a feed pellet coated by adding a water-soluble form of vitamin A to the isolated whey protein solution and then coating the solution onto the feed pellets. The powdered form is vitamin A in a starch matrix. 4) A feed extruded with vitamin A mixed with the core before extrusion. All feed pellets used vitamins that were coated with 0.13%, by weight, of the formula.
The result of loss by processing and loss by storage of vitamin A are shown in Table 5. The procedure of loss by storage performed was that
101 described in example 7A. Table 5 Loss of Vitamin A by
Processing and Storage
% Loss On Processing % Loss On Storage % inLossTotal % inRetentionTotal Vitamin A Extruded in a Premix 37 72 60 40 MicrosphereHomogeneous in WPI 28 35 43 57 Microsphere coated with WPI 5 49 39 61 Powder A with WPI 11 65 45 55
Example 8 - Aroma Analysis
In this example, 19 studies of different feed prototypes were conducted, analyzing the aroma of a coated feed pellet. This method uses gas chromatography by solid-phase microextraction / mass spectrometry (MEFS-CG / EM) to analyze pet food samples for aroma-associated compounds (as described below). In addition, the degree of correlation between MEFS data and animal preference (PREF) was studied to determine which formula components correlate to higher, or better, PREF.
The 39 MEFS analytes were grouped into one of the aromatic compound families along with their corresponding correlations with Separate Dish analysis of Percent Ratio of Ingestion and First Bite. The MEFS results obtained from the current Iams © Mini-Chunks ration, and the first prototype and the second prototype in Example 3 were then compared to identify analytes that differed from the leading Test Prototypes. The results
102 indicated that the analytes 2-piperidione, 2,3 ~ pentanedione,
2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, sulforol and indole were all elevated or representative of families with high levels compared to the current Iams Mini Chunks diet.
These compounds were also significantly (P <0.01) correlated (R ² > 0.60) with improved animal preference response by dogs, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Aromatic Compounds and Dog Preference
Aromatic Compound Correlation P-value 2-piperidinone 0.72 0.00055342 2,3-pentanedione 0.76 0.00010555 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 0.70 0.00052086 Furfural 0.68 0.00097682 Sulfurol 0.69 0.00082698 Indole 0.62 0.00356432
Example 9
Continuous fluidizing paddle mixer
The brown rations are fed continuously in a continuous fluidizing paddle mixer produced by Hayes & Stolz (Ft. Worth, Texas, USA) from a high feed hopper above the mixer. The mixer is loaded, in the central axis of the axes, with rations, and the paddle speed is adjusted to provide satisfactory fluidization of the rations and a residence time in the mixer of about 45 seconds. The Froude number is approximately 0.95. The feed flow rate through the mixer is about 40 kg / min. Once the steady state flow is established in the mixer, a 1 liter sample of feed
103 white is added to the mixer inlet. In an ideal mixer, the white rations would pass through the mixer in a coherent mud, and they would all come out of the mixer at the same time. In a real mixer, the rations oscillate both forward and backward as they move through the mixer, as they result in a distribution around an average residence time. In order to measure this distribution, samples of approximately 500 grams of white feed are collected every 5 seconds at the outlet of the mixer, starting when the 1 liter sample of white feed is added to the mixer inlet. The percentage of white rations in each sample by weight is measured. Using the mathematical methods presented in Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, the residence time distributions are calculated.
104
14 65 O 3,240 O O COt — 1 60 rH 50COCO O50 3,600 τ — 1 55 05 3,310 LO<35 lD<NCs]OCs) ι — 3, —3 50 O50 3,044 3,000 150,000 10 45 kT 3,473 19,980 899,100 05 Ο ΟΊLO ϊ — 1X-1 3,613 O50here50^ r 1,854,400 00 35 873 3,249 30,555 50<NST0550O1-( Γ ~ - 30 kC 3,066 1,920 OO50mlO 50 25 O 3,450 O O LI5 20 O 3,314 O O vy, 15 O 3,312 O O ΓΌ 10 O 3,197 O O Cs) LO O O O γΗ ο O O O Sample Time (t) after1 liter of white feed is added to the mixer inlet (seconds) Mass of white rations in the sample at the exit (grams) Total mass of rations in the sample at the exit (grams) t * mass of white rations t ² * mass of white feed
105 mean t = StiCiAt = 39.22222 s
SCiât σ2 = 2ti2CiAt - (mean t) 2 = 17.69008 s2
Dimensional ZCiât σ2 = 0.011499 dimensionless o2 = 2 (D / ul) - 2 (D / ul) 2 (1-e- (ul / D))
D / ul = 0.005775 Peclet No. 173.1585
Flow rate = 40.20764 kg / min
A Peclet number greater than about 6 is considered to be approximately piston flow. A Peclet number above about 100 is considered to be satisfactory piston flow.
Example 10
This example refers to the reduction of surface energy with the use of an emulsifier, which can result in more satisfactory adhesion of the coating to the surface of the feed. Two preparations for a probiotic powder, including its constituents, are made. Both powders are identical, except that Powder A contains probiotic and 0.1% polysorbate 80, and Powder B contains probiotic and 0.5% polysorbate 80. The surface energies of the powders are measured and are shown in the Table below. Both powders were scanned so that all particles are less than about 75 microns.
106
Sample Surface Energy (mJ / m ² ) Non-polar Polar Coating interfacial tension and a (dynes / cm) between the ration Powder A 33, 88 8.127 5.4 Powder B 34.63 1,443 0.7
About 5,000 grams of uncoated feed that has been pre-sieved to remove any fine solids or powders is added to a 20-liter Forberg® fluidizing mixer. The mixer is turned on, the paddles are rotated at about 87 RPM, and the Froude number is about 1. About 5 grams of Polvó A are added to the top of the mixer over the fluidized area over a period of about 30 seconds. The product is removed from the mixer, and collected in a plastic bag. The product is then analyzed for probiotic activity.
About 5,000 grams of uncoated feed that has been pre-sieved to remove any fine solids or powders is added to a 20-liter Forberg® fluidizing mixer. The mixer is turned on, the paddles are rotated at about 87 RPM, and a Froude number of about 1. About 5 grams of Powder B is added to the top of the mixer over the fluidized area over a period of about 30 seconds. The product is removed from the mixer, and collected in a plastic bag. The product is then analyzed for probiotic activity.
The results of these analyzes are shown in the
Table below. The last column represents the percentage log retention of the Probiotic, meaning that the log of the
107 probiotic activity of the coated feed dividing by the log of the probiotic activity of the powder added to the mixer (before addition to the feed).
Material Tensioninterfacial between the coating and the feed (dynes / cm) The total probiotic activity of the powder added to the mixer (CFU / gram) The total probiotic activity of the coated diet (CFU / gram) % of log retention probiotic added to the mixer that adhered to the feed Powder A 5.4 6.49E + 08 2.23E + 07 83.4% Powder B 0.7 2.13E + 08 1.16E + 08 96.8%
5 This example show that decrease energy of surface of dust will result in grip more satisfactory from dust to feed. Example 11 That example show how to reduce energy of 10 surface with the use of an emulsifier can result in
more satisfactory adhesion of the coating to the surface of the feed. About 30 kg of uncoated feed is pre-sieved to remove any fine solids or powders. A 20 liter Forberg® fluidizing mixer is equipped with an actuated air spray nozzle, a peristaltic pump to feed the nozzle, and a large container of hot chicken fat. For each experiment, about 7,300 g of bare feed and 990 g of protein coating powder (chicken flour) are weighed. The protein coating powders have an average particle size of about 140 microns. These dry ingredients are added to the mixer. The pump rate is adjusted so that 330 g of fat is sprinkled over 60 seconds. O
The mixer is started, the fins are turned at about 87 RPM, and the Froude number is about 1. After about 10 seconds, the pump is turned on and the required amount of fat is sprinkled in the mixer on the rations for 5 about 60 seconds. The product is removed from the mixer and sieved to separate the rations from the coating that have not adhered to the surface of the rations. These experiments were conducted. The first experiment used fat as a binder for protein powder. The second experiment was 10 the same as the first, except that about 8 grams of polysorbate 80 was added to the fat before sprinkling it over the feed. The third experiment was the same as the first, except that about 12 grams of polysorbate 80 were added to the fat before spraying the same 15 on the rations. The results of the experiments are shown in the Table below. These results show that a small amount of polysorbate 80 added to chicken fat reduces the amount of protein coating that does not adhere to the feed.
PS 80 grams added to fat % PS 80 in fat Coating grades that did not adhere to the feed Percentage of coating that did not adhere to the feed Example 1 0 0,% 47.24 4.8% Example 2 8 2.4% 27.05 2.7% Example 3 12 3.6 18.22 1.8%
Palatable Component Levels Decreasing process above can be followed for the production of a pet food. In one embodiment, a core pellet as described above can be
109 supplied with at least one coating material, also as described above. The coating material can be coated on the core pellet to form a coated feed. Such coating can be accomplished by means of a continuous mixing process. In such a continuous process, certain process parameters can be controlled and / or modified to apply the coating material to the core pellet. For a fluidizing mixer, these process parameters include blade length, blade angle, number of blades, blade rotation speed, mixer load level, distance from blade tip to wall and / or bottom of mixer, time mixing rate for a batch mixer, flow rate through the mixer for a continuous mixer, location of the liquid coating addition points, location of the solid coating addition points, order or sequence of the coating addition, nozzle spray pattern for liquid coating, droplet size of liquid coating, particle size of solid.
Such control and modification of process parameters can result in changes in process measures such as Froude number, Peclet number, acceleration number, among others.
In another embodiment, the continuous paddle mixer (CPM) as described can be used to coat a palatable component over pet food cores to produce a coated feed. It has been found that it is possible to use fewer palatable components when using a CPM coating process to
110 coating the palatable component on the pet food core, and less palatable component can actually produce benefits similar to those of a coated pet food ration that has higher amounts of palatable component in the coating when applied as a coating on the core by typical coating processes, such as APEC coating process. Typical coating processes are described in U.S. Patent 7,479,294.
For example, an APEC coating process generally uses a tower section and a mixing section. The tower section is in front of and above the mixing section. Dry feed from a feeder sits on a low-RPM rotating disc at the top of the tower. The rations are rotated in a 360 degree curtain that falls through the tower. Inside the curtain of falling rations, there is one or more disks that rotate quickly. The liquid or slurry, such as a coating of fat and / or a palatable component, is applied as a coating on the feeds and fed to the center of the rapidly rotating discs. The centrifugal force of the disc (s) that spins quickly sends the liquid or slurry out of the disc in the direction of the falling rations, evenly coating a portion of the rations. The rations then fall into the mixing section. The mixer consists of a double shaft ribbon mixer or a double shaft paddle mixer. The axes can be in rotation or counter. The counter axes can be directed so that the rotation is
111 ascending from the center and descending along the sides, or descending from the center and ascending along the sides. The RPM of the axles is adjusted so that the feed wheels remain in a compacted bed in the mixer frame. Rations are not usually fluidized. The coating is sprinkled between the rations through contact of feed with feed in the feed bed, producing a coated feed.
With a CPM coating process, a continuous stream of feed can be sent through a fluidizing mixer in a continuous process. The fluidizing mixer can be a counter-double-shaft paddle mixer. The rotation of the axes can be such that the rations in the mixer move upwards from the center of the mixer and downwards along the sides. The RPM of the axes can be adjusted so that the rations in the center of the mixer above the level of the axes are fluidized, that is, independently moving upwards with little or no contact with other rations in that section of the mixer. Although the rations move upwards in the air in the fluidized section, they tend to rotate in random directions. Coatings, such as grease, palatable components, liquid coating, slurry coating, solid powder coating, or some combination of these, can be applied to feed in the fluidized zone. Each feed in the bed can be fluidized through the coating zone at least once during its journey through the mixer. A continuous fluidized bed mixer can be produced using a double shaft paddle mixer
112 obtained from Hayes & Stolz, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. The blade angle can be adjusted so that the Froude number is about 1 and the Peclet number is about 40.
Thus, it was found that the use of CPM to apply as a palatable component coating on a pet food core, may result in the use of less palatable component while providing similar benefits. Thus, typical coating processes, such as the coating process
APEC, apply levels of palatable component that are higher than the levels used by a CPM. However, as described above, the CPM coating process used to apply a palatable component as a coating on pet food cores can actually deliver similar, or even more satisfactory, benefits than typical coating processes.
In this way, the present inventors have determined that, through the use of a CPM coating process, the levels or amounts of coating components, such as palatable components, can be lowered and still provide a similar benefit as if applied at a higher level. .
Without sticking to the theory, it is believed that there are potentially four reasons why using less palatable component through a CPM coating process can deliver similar benefits as a feed coated through an APEC coating process. First, it is theorized that the process
113 CPM coating improves the distribution of palatable component over the feed core. Second, it is theorized that the CPM coating process delivers more satisfactory adhesion of the palatable component to the feed core. Third, it is theorized that the CPM coating process prevents or reduces the shearing of the palatable component since the palatable component is not exposed to typical mixing processes that are typically used to apply the palatable component as a coating on the core. Fourth, it is theorized that when another coating process is used in such a way that the fat and the palatable component are mixed together before coating on the feed core, that resulting mixture of fat and palatable component traps aromatic components provided by the palatable component . A CPM coating process that applies the fat as a coating on the core after coating the palatable component thus results in little or no entrapment of the aromatic components provided by the palatable component.
In one example, Eukanuba® Premium Performance was used as a feed core and was coated with a coating on three different samples. The coating comprises fat and a palatable component. The amount of palatable component varied as follows for the three samples. One control and two test samples were produced. The coating was capped on the feed core and, in small samples, comprises a palatable component
114 as described below and poultry fat 8.1% by weight of the coated diet. The coating also comprises a palatable component. The palatable component was hydrolyzed chicken subjected to spray drying. For the control sample, the APEC process was used to coat the coating which comprises 1%, by weight of the coated feed, a palatable component on the feed core. For a first test sample, the CPM coating process was used to coat the coating which comprises 0.8%, by weight of the coated feed, a palatable component on the feed core. For a second test sample, the CPM coating process was used to coat the coating which comprises 7%, by weight of the coated feed, a palatable component on the feed core. Standard split plate tests (as described above), two days long with 16 dogs, were conducted to assess food preference. The product aroma was evaluated by a descriptive human attribute panel (described as Human Sensory of
Aroma Test in the present invention). Analytical oxidation values were also measured. The results of these tests are shown in Tables A to F.
The analytical oxidation values for those produced by CPM were all in acceptable ranges compared to the APEC control (Table A). The results of the split plate indicate that 0.8% of palatable component applied as a CPM coating was preferable over the control process (1% APEC) with a higher
115 amount of palatable component (Tables B and C). The results of the split plate also indicate that 0.7% CPM of coated product tended (P = 0.07) to be preferred over product coated with
1% APEC (Tables D and E). The human sensory results indicate few significant differences in aroma between the products (Table 6). However, there is a trend (P = 0.19) for the increase in the overall meat flavor detected in CPM products of 0.7 and 0.8% compared to products coated with 1% APEC. Given that dogs have up to 100 times more olfactory sensitivity than humans, it is plausible that subtle differences in aroma detected by humans are magnified by the dog's sense of potent sense of smell.
Table A Analytical Oxidizing Stability Results
Sample ID AldehydesTotals Human Oxidation Assessment(1 = fresh, 2 = acceptable, 3 rancid) PumpOxygen (h) 1% APEC 25 1.14 6 0.8% CPM 31 1.43 5 0.7% CPM 32 1.43 4
Table B. 0.8% Palatable Component Coated with CPM was Preferred over 1.0% Palatable Component
Coated with APEC Control Product
Job idDiet Total volumeAverage Intake (g) VolumeTotalP-value Average intakeConverted to percentage (%) P-valueConvertedinpercentage Control: 1% 40.5 15.0 APEC 0.0075 0.0075 Test: 0.8% 150, 0 85.0 CPM
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Table C. 0.8% CPM-Coated Palatable Component Resulted in Larger Number of First Incidences
Bite than 1.0% Palatable Component Coated with 5 APEC Control Product
Date Total Study N Total Included in Analysis N Control:1% APEC Test: 0.8% CPM 1 15 15 3 12 2 15 15 3 12
Table D. 0.7% of Palatable Component Coated with CPM tends to be Preferred over 1.0% of Component
Palatable Coated with APEC Control Product
diet Average Total Volume of Intake (g) VolumeTotal P-Value Average Intake Converted to Percentage {%) P-Value Converted to Percentage Control: 1% 73.5 40.0 from APEC 0.0707 0.0707 Test: 0.7% 103.5 60, 0 CPM
Table E. 0.7% CPM-Coated Palatable Component Resulted in Greater Number of First Bite Incidences than 1.0% of CPM-Coated Palatable Component
APEC Control Product
Day Total Study N Total Included in Analysis N Control: 1% APEC Test: 0.7% CPM 1 15 15 4 11 2 15 15 3 12
Table F. Aroma Results
APEC 1% CPM 0.7% CPM 0.8% CPM 1% Overall p-value General Intensity 28, 1 27, 9 27, 1 28.8 0.9074 Oily / greasy aroma 18, 9 19, 4 19, 2 19, 8 0.5406 General Meat Flavor 7.5 8, 9 8.7 8.2 0.1881
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Chicken Flavor 4.2 4.9 4.1 3.3 0.1944 Fish Scent 4.7 5.2 4.6 4.5 0.9209 Yeast 5, 6 6, 2 5, 6 5, 9 0.6099 Toasted 8.5 7.3 8.2 8.0 0.8643 Candy 12, 6 12, 9 13.1 10.8 0.3666 Dirty socks 4.1 3, 8 4.3 4.5 0.4836 Cardboard 5.0 5.2 5, 1 6.1 0.3027 Earth 8.8 8.5 9.4 9.4 0.8456 Grain 22, 9 22, 1 21.8 22.0 0.6513 Beef 4.8 5, 1 4.4 4.7 0.8421 Sour 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.9 0.9216 Rancid 3.9 4.1 5.5 4.3 0.0752
Thus, as the results in the tables show, there is a trend in the overall meat flavor and an increase in split plate preference even though less palatable component is used in CPM coated test samples when compared to control samples coated with APEC .
Thus, in one embodiment, a CPM coating process is revealed for the production of a pet food in the form of a coated feed. Another embodiment concerns a pet food in the form of a coated feed, wherein the coated feed comprises a core and at least one coating. The nucleus can be any nucleus as described above. The coating can be any of the coatings described in the present invention. In addition, the coating may include a palatable component, as described above, which can be applied using a continuous paddle mixer (CPM). In one modality, the
118 application of the palatable component through CPM can result in coated diets that provide similar benefits to those of coated palatable component diets that have more palatable component applied. In one embodiment, the palatable component can be coated with the use of a CPM at about 0.8%, by weight of the feed, and has similar or more satisfactory preference and aroma properties of a coated feed not by CPM of 1, 0%, by weight of the feed, as an APEC coated feed. Palatable component coatings may be applicable using the CPM coating process at any level as disclosed in this document. However, it is theorized that a palatable component coating using the CPM coating process will have the beneficial effects similar to a much higher palatable component coating that is applied by a CPM coating process, such as an APEC coating process. . It is further theorized that the CPM coating process improves the distribution of palatable component over the feed core, delivers superior adhesion of the palatable component to the feed core, and allows for a complete reduction or avoidance of shearing of the core matrix and the component palatable which typically occurs with coating processes since the palatable component and core are not exposed to the APEC coating process when CPM is used to coat the palatable component.
The palatable component used in the present invention can be a wet, or liquid, palatable component, or a
119 palatable component · dry. In general, wet palatable components can have a moisture content of about 12% or higher, and dry palatable components can have a moisture content of less than about 12%. In other embodiments, the palatable component may be a combination of wet and dry palatable components. In other embodiments, the wet and dry palatable components can be added in any order or can be mixed together. For example, a wet palatable component can be applied first followed by the dry palatable component. In another embodiment, the dry palatable component can be applied first followed by the wet palatable component. Any order and combination is covered, and any number of palatable components, whether wet or dry, can be used.
As described above, with the CPM coating process, the core feed can be coated with a coating. The coating may comprise a fat and a palatable component. The coating may be a mixture of the fat and the palatable component, which is then applied as a coating on the core feed. The coating may consist of separate additions of fat and a palatable component to the core feed. For example, the core feed can first be coated with a fat and then it can be coated with a palatable component.
In this way, a two-stage coating can be covered, where one stage is the coating of the fat and the second stage is the coating of the palatable component.
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In one embodiment, the coating comprising a fat and the palatable component can be applied as a coating using a CPM. The palatable component can be present at about 0.8%, by weight of the feed, and has a similar or more satisfactory preference and flavor properties of a 1.0% CPAM-coated uncoated feed, by weight of the feed, as a diet coated with APEC. In another embodiment, the palatable component may be present at about 0.7%, by weight of the feed, and has similar or more satisfactory preference and aroma properties of a diet coated by 1.0% CPM, by weight of the feed. feed, such as APEC-coated feed.
Thus, in one mode, a process for producing pet food is presented.
The process comprises forming a core mixture comprising a source of starch, a source of protein and a source of fat; extruding the core mixture to form a core pellet in which the starch is gelatinized during extrusion; providing a fat coating and a palatable component coating; applying the fat coating to the core pellet to form a fat-coated core pellet; applying the palatable component coating to the fat-coated core pellet after applying the fat coating to form a coated feed comprising less than 12% moisture; wherein the fat coating and the palatable component coating is applied using a continuous paddle mixer process.
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Methods
Salmonella detection
Detecting whether salmonella has been sufficiently deactivated can be done using several methods, one of which may be the following. A BAX PCR test system is used with automated detection, and the following steps have been taken.
The sample is prepared by weighing 25 grams of the sample to be tested in a sterile container. Add
225 mL of sterile buffered peptide water (BPW) to the sample.
Incubate the sample at 35-37 ° C for at least 16 hours. Then prepare a 1:50 dilution by transferring μΐ of the sample to a pool tube containing
500 μΐ of Brain and Heart Infusion (BHI). Incubate the tube at 35-37 ° C for three hours. Then, heat the heating blocks. Note the order in which samples are prepared on the sample tracking sheet, in addition to the batch number of the BAX system kit. Enter the sample IDs in the BAX system software, following the instructions in the user guide. Click on the complete process execution icon to start the thermocycle. After the three-hour incubation period at BHI, transfer 5 μΐ of the
samples re-developed for tubes in grouping containing 200 μΐ reagent lysis (150 μΐ in 12 ml of 25 buffer lysis). Heat the lysis tubes per 20 minutes to
37 ° C. Heat the lysis tubes for 10 minutes at 95 ° C. Cool the lysis tubes for 5 minutes in a set of lysed cooling blocks. Have the appropriate number of
122 PCR tubes in a PCR tube holder in the cooling block set. Loosen the caps with a detaching tool but leave them in place until you are ready to hydrate the tablets.
Transfer 50 μΐ of the lysate to PCR tubes. Cap the tubes with flat optical caps in order to detect any fluorescent signal. Take the entire cooling block to the thermocycle / detector. Follow the instructions on the screen when the thermocycle / detector is ready to be charged. Open the thermocycle / detector door, slide the drawer out, place the PCR tubes in the heating block (making sure the tubes are securely sealed in the cavities), close the drawer, lower the door, and then , click on NEXT. The thermocycle amplifies the
DNA, generating a fluorescent signal, which is automatically analyzed to determine the results.
The results are provided below. When the thermocycle / detector is complete, the screen indicates that the door must be opened, samples taken, the door closed, and then click on NEXT. Click on the FINISH button to analyze the results. The screen shows a window with a modified shelf view, showing different colors in the cavities, with a symbol in the center to illustrate the results. Green (-) symbolizes negative for the organism
5 target (salmonella), red (+) symbolizes positive for the target organism (salmonella), and yellow with a ( ) Symbolizes an indeterminate result. Charts for negative results should be viewed to check for control peaks
123 wide at about 75-80. Charts for positive results should be interpreted using a Qualicon basis for interpretation. If a yellow result ( ) Appears, retest from the sample lysate ( ) And the BHI sample lysate. Follow the steps above to complete the test.
Split Plate Test
This protocol describes the standard operating methodology and procedure for conducting a normal canine separate dish test, which includes the percentage ratio of ingestion and the ratio of first bite.
All fed diets should receive a negative result for salmonella, as described in the test method for salmonella section of the present invention. Once the diets have successfully passed the microbial test, conducting the test can begin. Diets for separate dish tests are kept in Rubbermaid® brand storage boxes, which are identified with the corresponding color coding label for each diet. Separate plate test bowls are filled the day before the test starts, and then stored overnight in the corresponding Rubbermaid® brand diet box. If they do not fit into the diet box, they are placed in an additional box that has also been properly identified with a correct color / pattern label. The separate dish tests are fed at the beginning of the day, such as at 7:00 am.
Food carts are loaded each morning with the bends being placed in the kennel in order
124 chronological. Upon entering the kennel area, the expert collects any feces that were made during the night and does a complete visual check of each animal. After this initial daily testing of the animals, feeding begins. A clipboard containing the working copy, the attribute sheet, and any other essential information, was previously placed on the cart. The first information chosen is then collected. The expert opens the kennel doors, with the bowls in hand, and encourages the dog to take a neutral or centered position. The bowls are placed in front of the dog briefly, to ensure the use of smell, and are then placed in rings for bowls. The door is closed quietly, and the expert walks away and waits for the animal to make the first choice. The choice is marked with a circle on the sheet, and the expert continues through the kennel, repeating the above actions for each member of the examining board.
The bowls remain with the animals for an hour, or until a bowl is completely consumed, or 50% of each bowl is consumed. The bowls are collected, returned to the kitchen, and weighed again. The remaining quantity, or ORTs, is recorded in the correct diet column under each individual name of the examining board members.
After being weighed again, the bowls are placed on a washing machine shelf and mechanically processed to ensure effective sanitization.
Any unusual behavior should be noted. Any unusual events like renewals, special collections, blood collection for health supervision,
125 etc., should also be noted here. Any of these are immediately reported to the observer. If any animals are sick, have diarrhea, vomit, or need medical intervention, notification is stopped.
In general, diet one is the test diet; diet two is the control diet. ORTs, as mentioned above, mean the amount of food remaining after feeding is complete.
Typical separate dish data that is recorded can include a percentage intake ratio and a first bite ratio. For use in the present invention, intake ratio converted to percentage (percentage intake ratio) is the ratio between the food consumed from diet one versus that of diet two. For example, if dogs are fed diet one and diet two, and 60 grams of diet one are consumed while 40 grams of diet two are consumed, the percentage ratio of ingestion would be 60 g: 40 g, or 1, 5: 1. For use in the present invention, the first bite ratio is the ratio of the first food that the animal bites.
For example, if ten dogs are presented with diet one and diet two, and seven dogs take a first bite on diet one, and three dogs take a first bite on diet two, then the first bite ratio is 7: 3 , or 2.33: 1.
Aroma Testing Through Human Senses
This protocol describes the methodology for sensory evaluation to be used by sensory scientists. The method uses the human nose of examiners (human instruments) to evaluate the aroma. First, a test of
126 odor sensory acuity is administered to potential examiners for qualification as examiners. The odor sensory acuity test comprises two parts. The first part is the identification of odors. Ten samples are provided to a potential examiner. The potential examiner smells the samples and then identifies each aroma in the samples from a list of aromas given to him / her. The second part is the test of the same difference. Ten pairs of samples are presented to the potential examiner. The potential examiner smells each pair of samples and determines whether their aromas are the same or different. Different scents can include difference in character, for example, caramel versus cherry, and difference in intensity, for example, low peppermint concentration versus high peppermint concentration. An examiner is considered a qualified examiner if he achieves 75% or more of correct identifications in the two parts of this odor sensory acuity test, which are cumulative.
Qualified examiners based on the odor sensory acuity test are then used for descriptive analysis of the diet's aroma, using samples of ingredients, reference standards, and final product. Examiners rate products for various attributes using a 0 to 8 point scale, as follows.
Samples are prepared by placing 90 to
100 grams of each test product (coated feed) in glass jars with Teflon lids for sample evaluations. The examiners then experiment with a sample of
127 at a time and evaluate all samples in a set. The examiner's assessment comprises the following:
1) The examiner unscrews the jar lid,
2) The examiner sniffs the sample quickly three times and then removes the sample from the nose.
3) The examiner makes the assessment using a 0 to 8 point scale and notes the assessment.
4) The examiner breathes clean air for at least 20 seconds between samples.
Examiner assessments are performed according to the following definitions of sensory attribute for aromas. In addition, the following aroma references are given to assist the examiner in evaluating the sample on a scale of 0 to 8 points.
Sensory Attribute Definitions for Aromas:
Oiliness / Grease: Intensity of oiliness;
includes greasy cooking oil, peanut oil, olive oil and grease (poultry fat).
Chicken: Chicken flavor intensity: includes chicken by-product flour, chicken soup, toasted chicken by-product flour.
Fish: Intensity of fish aroma; includes fishmeal, moist cat food (fish and salt water tuna), fish oil.
Yeast: Yeast aroma intensity — more specifically, brewer's yeast.
Toasted: Intensity of toasted aroma; includes toasted walnuts or coffee and walnuts, lightly toasted to more toasted.
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Sweet: Intensity of sweet aroma; includes sweets such as caramel, toffee, caramel sauce, sugar babies, floral.
Dirty socks: Intensity of odor of dirty socks includes mold.
Cardboard: Intensity of cardboard or corrugated paper.
Earth: Intensity of aroma like fresh earth / mud.
Grains: Intensity of smell similar to grains, oats, cereal or corn
Steak: Beef smell intensity includes wet and tasty brand beef sauce
IAMS®, and snacks for dogs (of beef) of the IAMS® brand. 15 General Intensity: Intensity of the aroma in general of any type, in the range of medium, soft, light or weak, until strong, heavy, or pungent.
Aroma references:
Oily / Fatty Chicken Vegetable Oil - 1 Diluted chicken broth - 2.5 Olive Oil - 7 Chicken broth 4Chicken stock - 6
Beef Fish IAMS® brand rice / beef for dogs - 1IAMS® beef broth - 4 Original flavor chicken from IAMS® - 1Fish with original flavor from IAMS® - 2Tuna - 8
Yeast Toasted Dry yeast - 1 Toasted - 1
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Wet Yeast - 8 Moldo espresso - 6Burnt toasted - 7
Candy Dirty socks Karo® syrup - 2Sugar Babies - 7.5 Moldy cloth - 7
Cardboard Earth Paper from a dog / cat food bag - 1Corrugated cardboard - 2Wet corrugated cardboard - 6 Lama - 7
Grain aroma Beef Tasty IAMS® dinner with meat Diluted beef broth - 1 beef and rice - 1 Dried beef - 2 Original flavor chicken from IAMS® - 3 Meat broth - 7 Roasted beef - 7 to 8
General Intensity Pedigree® Chunks (wet) - 2Purina® Mighty Dog® (wet) 3Beneful® Original seca - 7
Aroma Analysis
This method uses gas chromatography by solid-phase microextraction / mass spectrometry (MEFSCG / EM) to analyze pet food samples for compounds associated with pet food flavorings. The following procedure was used to analyze the headspace volatiles above a sample of pet food. The feed product was weighed up to 2.0 (+ / 130
0.05 g) in an empty MEFS vial (22 ml with a septum cap) and the vial was capped. Duplicate sets of samples were prepared to be analyzed. The samples were placed in a self-sampling tray of a Gerstel MPS 2 self-sampler (Gerstel, Inc. Linthicom, MD, USA). The samples are heated at 75 ° C for 10 minutes (equilibration time) and then sampled with a 2 cm MEFS fiber of Carb / DVB / PDMS (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) at 75 ° C for 10 min. The MEFS fiber is then desorbed at the gas chromatograph inlet (250 ° C) of an Agilent 6890GC-5973 MS for 8 min. The gas chromatograph is equipped with a 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 pm Restek Stabilwax film column. The temperature of the gas chromatograph is initially 50 ° C, and it is maintained at this temperature for 1 minute, and then increased at 15 ° C / min to 240 ° C and maintained for 4 minutes. The chromatogram is measured as a function of standard retention times / target ions with the Chemstation software, with the peaks corresponding to specific compounds collected using extracted ion chromatograms (EIC). The area under the curve was then measured to provide an MEFS analysis number or count.
A statistical correlation in pairs was made between the aromatic compounds and two variable results of the preference test (Percent Ratio of Ingestion and First
Bite). Then the free space aromatics of the Iams® Mini-Chunks ration, and the first prototype and the second prototype of Example 3 were compared. These aromatic compounds that were 1) significantly correlated
131 with preference and 2) elevated compared to Mini-Chunks ration were identified as more likely to be responsible for the improved preference of dogs.
Proportions of Vitamin _The following supplies were used:
Supplies Part Number Provider Retinol 95144 Fluka Reagent alcohol 9401-02 VWR Potassium hydroxide (45%) 3143-01 VWR Etoxyquin IC15796380 VWR a-Tocopherol 95240 Fluka Glacial acetic acid 9511-02 * BC VWR 4.6 x 100 mm onix OOF-4097-EO Phenomenex L-ascorbic acid A-7506 Sigma Optimal grade acetonitrile A9 9 6-4 Fisher Scientific BHT,> 99.0% B1378-100G Sigma-Aldrich
Using a top-loaded balance, weigh 70, OX g (where X is any number) of the sample in a 250 mL glass jar with a Teflon®-threaded lid. Add 140, OX g of deionized water, screw the cap on the container, and mix the contents well. Place the container in a water bath for 2 hours at 50 ° C. Remove the container from the water bath.
Using a Grindomix GM 200 knife mill from
Retsch, spray the contents of the glass jar in two 25 second steps at 10,000 rpm. Collect 100 to 150 g in a plastic sample cup for further analysis.
Using an analytical balance, weigh between 3 and 3.3 g of the resulting mixture in a 20 mL amber bottle, recording the weight to the nearest 4 decimal places.
132
Add 0.25-0.3 g of ascorbic acid. Place a magnetic bar inside the bottle. Add 10 mL of reagent alcohol, then 5 mL of 45% by weight of a potassium hydroxide solution. Cap the vial and place the contents in a vortex. Note the weight of the bottle and place it on the hot block with a magnetic stirrer. Keep the sample on the hot block for 1 hour at 110 ° C. Remove the bottle and place it in a refrigerator to cool to or below room temperature. Note the weight of the bottle after saponification. The difference between the initial and final weights must be within 2% or the sample must be reclassified.
Place self-sampling bottles on a shelf, and add 0.5 mL of reagent alcohol: acetic acid at a ratio of 60:40 with -100 ppm ethoxyquin. Place them in a freezer for at least 30 minutes. In the cabinet, uncap the vials, remove 0.5 mL of the soapy sample, and place it in cooled self-sampling vials. Cap the self-sampling vials and shake them vigorously. Place them on the HPLC, which will give the vitamin concentration in extract, pg / ml. The peak of vitamin A should be found near 5 minutes, and the peak of vitamin E should be found near 12 minutes.
Create patterns as follows:
Retinol stock pattern: In a 250 ml actinic volumetric flask, weigh lightly
133
200 mg BHT and 100 mg retinol, record the value for 4 sites. Dilute to the line in methanol and mix.
Α-Tocopherol stock standard: In a 250 ml actinic volumetric flask, weigh lightly
200 mg of BHT and 100 mg of α-Tocopherol, note the value for 4 sites. Add about 200 mL of methanol, and shake, making sure that all the tocopherol has dissolved.
Dilute to the line and mix.
Calculate the concentration of each standard in pg / ml, and 10 place in the refrigerator. When protected from light, these stock solutions can be kept for 2 months.
Standard 1: In a 10 ml volumetric container, add 100 μΐ of the retinol stock standard and 1 ml of the α-tocopherol stock standard. Dilute to the line with methanol.
Standard 2: In a 10 ml volumetric container, add 1 mL of Standard 1. Dilute to the line with methanol and mix.
Standard 3: In a 10 ml volumetric container, add 1 mL of Standard 2. Dilute to the line with methanol and mix.
Run a calibration curve for each new column, or more often, if necessary. Pass a control sample at least once a day at the beginning of batch processing.
HPLC conditions: Column Heater: 30 ° C; injection volume: 50 μΐ
Solvent Gradient:
134
Time[H] % of water % inAcetonitrile Flow(mL / min) Maximum pressure. 0 35 65 0, 5 200 0.01 35 65 2.5 200 7 30 70 2.5 200 9 0 100 2.5 200 13 0 100 2.5 200 14 35 65 2.5 200 14.01 35 65 0, 5 200
Column: 4.6 x 100 mm of Onyx Monolithic C18.
Guard column: 4.6 x 5 mm Onyx Monolithic
C18.
Detection: Array of UV / Vis diode or equivalent, at 324 nm and 290 nm.
Retention: The peak of vitamin A should be found near 5 minutes, and the peak of vitamin E should be found near 12 minutes.
HPLC calibration and operation. Calibration must be done for each new column with new standards. The validity of a calibration curve is checked with control samples.
Vitamin results are reported in units of UI / kg as follows:
c * y * r> A * iooo Vitamin A-W * 0.3
Vitamin E where
135
C - vitamin concentration in the extract, pg / ml (from HPLC)
V - total volume of extraction solvents (reagent alcohol and potassium hydroxide), in ml
DF - dilution factor (compensates for the addition of a solution for neutralization)
W - sample weight rate, in g
The dimensions and values presented in the present invention should not be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values mentioned. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each of these dimensions is intended to mean both the mentioned value and a range of functionally equivalent values around that value.
For example, a dimension presented as 40 mm is intended to mean about 40 mm.
Each of the documents cited in the present invention, including any cross-reference, related patent or patent application, is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by way of reference, unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The mention of any document is not an admission that it is a frontal technique in relation to any invention presented or claimed in this document, or that it, alone or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggest or present any invention like that. In addition, if there is a conflict between any meaning or definition of
136 a term mentioned in this document and any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by way of reference, shall take precedence over the meaning or definition attributed to said term in this document.
Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the character and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that fall within the scope of the present invention.
1/2

权利要求:
Claims (14)
[1]
1. Process for the production of pet food, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises:
a) provide a core pellet;
b) providing a coating material; which comprises a probiotic, manoeptulose and an emulsifier, which comprises polysorbate.
c) applying the coating material to the core pellet to form a coated feed using a continuous fluidizing mixer; wherein the average residence time of the core pellet in the continuous fluidizing mixer is 10 seconds to 600 seconds; wherein the continuous fluidizing mixer is operated such that the core materials have a flow through the continuous fluidizing mixer from 10 kg / h to 60,000 kg / h;
the application of the coating material occurs in a range of Froude number from 0.8 to 3 and a Peclet number greater than 6; and the core pellet temperature at the beginning of the coating process is 1 ° C to 40 ° C lower than the melting point temperature of the component with the highest melting point temperature.
[2]
2. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a range of Froude number from 0.8 to 2.
[3]
3. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a range of Froude number from 0.8 to 1.2.
[4]
4. Process according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a Froude number of 1.
[5]
5. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a number of Peclet greater than 40.
[6]
6. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a number of Peclet greater than 100.
Petition 870180013412, of 02/19/2018, p. 19/20
2/2
[7]
7. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a range of Froude number of
0.8 to 1.2 and a Peclet number greater than 100.
[8]
8. Process according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the average residence time of the core pellet in the continuous fluidizing mixer is from 30 seconds to 180 seconds.
[9]
9. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the application of the coating material occurs in a Froude number from 0.8 to 1.2, a Peclet number greater than 100, and a residence time from 10 seconds to 600 seconds.
[10]
10. Process, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the continuous fluidizing mixer uses paddles in a rotation that is in counter-rotation.
[11]
11. Process according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the counter-rotating blades cause the core material to have a convective upward flow close to the center of the continuous fluidizing mixer.
[12]
12. Process according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the continuous fluidizing mixer is operated such that the core materials have a flow through the continuous fluidizing mixer from 1,000 to 40,000 kg / h.
[13]
13. Process according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the polysorbate ester comprises polysorbate 80.
[14]
14. Process according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the coating material additionally comprises a probiotic.
Petition 870180013412, of 02/19/2018, p. 20/20
1/5

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法律状态:
2017-05-09| B25A| Requested transfer of rights approved|Owner name: MARS, INCORPORATED (US) |

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2017-11-07| B15K| Others concerning applications: alteration of classification|Free format text: AS CLASSIFICACOES ANTERIORES ERAM: A23K 1/00 , A23K 1/18 Ipc: A23K 40/30 (2016.01), A23K 50/42 (2016.01) Ipc: A23K 40/30 (2016.01), A23K 50/42 (2016.01) |

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2017-11-21| B07A| Technical examination (opinion): publication of technical examination (opinion)|

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2018-03-27| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|

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2018-05-22| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|

优先权:

---

申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

---

US29739110P| true| 2010-01-22|2010-01-22|

---

US61/297,391|2010-01-22|

---

PCT/US2011/021822|WO2011091111A1|2010-01-22|2011-01-20|Process for making a pet food in the form of a coated kibble|

---