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    • 专利摘要:
    ONCOLYTIC RABDOVIRUS. The modalities of the invention include compositions and methods related to the marabá virus and the use of these in anticancer therapy. Such rabdoviruses have properties to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
    公开号:BR112012013664B1
    申请号:R112012013664-0
    申请日:2010-12-10
    公开日:2020-11-10
    发明作者:John C. Bell；David F. Stojdl
    申请人:Turnstone Limited Partnership；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    This application claims priority for US Provisional Patent application serial number 61 / 285,461, filed on December 10, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    This invention relates in general to virology and medicine. In certain aspects, the invention relates to oncolytic viruses, particularly oncolytic rabdoviruses. II. BACKGROUND
    A variety of viruses have been shown to replicate in and kill a wide variety of tumor cells in vitro (Sindbis virus (Unno et al., 2005); Sendai virus (Kinoh et al., 2004); Coxackie virus (Shafren et al. , 2004) herpes simplex virus (Mineta et al., 1995); Parvovirus (Abschuetz et al., 2006); Adenovirus (Heise et al., 2000); Poliovirus (Gromeier et al., 2000); Newcastle disease virus vesicular stomatitis virus (Stojdl et al., 2000); measles virus (Grote et al., 2001); reovirus (Coffey et al., 1998); retrovirus (Logg et al., 2001);
    Vaccinia (Timiryasova et al., 1999); and Influenza (Bergmann. et al., 2001)). In addition, such viruses have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of animal models of cancer. There remains a need for additional therapies to treat cancer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    A new oncolytic platform and a recombinant system for genetically manipulating the Marabá virus are described here. The double mutant Marabá ("DM") was generated and demonstrates safety and efficacy by systemic administration in multiple tumor models, both immunocompetent and human xenograft.
    Several recently identified rabdoviruses are much more effective at killing specific cancers or cancer cell lines than VSV. In addition, VSV and attenuated mutants of VSV are neurovirulent and cause pathology in the CNS in rodents and primates. Several rabdoviruses do not infect the CNS (ie, Muir Springs and Bahia Grande: Kerschner et al., 1986), and demonstrate a more acceptable safety profile. In addition, therapies based on the new rabdoviruses can be used to treat CNS cancers, both primary and secondary. The rabdovirus of the invention (and / or other oncolytic agents) can be used in succession to bypass the host's immune response against (a) particular therapeutic virus (s). This would allow for prolonged therapy and improve effectiveness.
    The embodiments of the invention include rabdovirus-related compositions and methods and their use as anti-cancer therapies. Such rabdoviruses have properties to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
    As used herein, the rabdovirus may be the Marabá virus or a manipulated variant of the Marabá virus. The viruses described herein can be used in combination with other rabdoviruses. Other rabdoviruses include one or more of the following viruses or their variants: Carajás virus, Chandipura virus, Cocal virus, Isfahan virus, Piry virus, Alagoas vesicular stomatitis virus, Bean 157575 virus, Boteke virus, Calchaqui virus, Eel Americano virus, Gray Lodge virus, Jurona virus, Klamath virus, Kwatta virus, La Joya virus, Malpais Spring virus, Mount Elgon bat virus, Perinet virus, Tupaia virus, Farmington, Bahia Grande virus, Muir Springs virus, Reed Ranch virus , Hart Park virus, Flanders virus, Kamese virus, Mosqueiro virus, Mossuril virus, Barur virus, Fukuoka virus, Kern Canyon virus, Nkolbisson virus, Le Dantec virus, Keuraliba virus, Connecticut virus, New Minto virus, Sawgrass, Chaco virus, Sena Madureira virus, Timbo virus, Almpiwar virus, Aruac virus, Bangoran virus, Bimbo virus, Bivens Arm virus, Blue crab virus, Charleville virus, Coastal Plains virus, DakArK 7292 virus, Entamoeba virus, Garba virus , Go virus birds, Humpty Doo virus, Joinjakaka virus, Kannamangalam virus, Kolongo virus, Koolpinyah virus, Kotonkon virus, Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Nasoule virus, Navarro virus, Ngaingan virus, Oak-Vale virus, Obodhiang virus, Oita virus, Quango virus, Parry Creek virus, Rio Grande sugar virus, Sandjimba virus, Sigma virus, Sripur virus, Freshwater virus, Tibrogargan virus, Xiburema virus, Yata virus, Rhode Island, Adelaide river virus, Berrimah virus, Virus Kimberley or bovine ephemeral fever virus. In certain respects, rabdovirus may refer to the Dimarabdovirus supergroup (defined as rabdovirus capable of infecting both insect and mammalian cells). In specific modalities, rabdovirus is not VSV. In particular, rabdovirus is a virus from Carajás, virus from Marabá, Farmington, virus Muir Springs and / or virus from Bahia Grande, including variants thereof. Any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 , 70, 75, 80, 85 or more, including any integers or intervals between, of these viruses may be specifically excluded from the scope of the claim.
    One embodiment of the invention includes methods and compositions comprising an oncolytic Marabá virus that encodes a variant of the M and / or G protein with an amino acid identity of at least, or at most 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100%, including all ranges and percentages between them, for the M or G protein of the Marabá virus. In some respects, the amino acid 242 of the G protein of Marabá is modified. In additional aspects, amino acid 123 of protein M is modified. In still other aspects, both amino acid 242 of protein G (SEQ ID NO: 5) and amino acid 123 of protein M (SEQ ID NO: 4) are modified. Amino acid 242 can be replaced with an arginine (Q242R) or another amino acid that attenuates the virus. The amino acid 123 can be replaced with a tryptophan (L123W) or another amino acid that attenuates the virus. In certain respects, two separate mutations individually attenuate the virus in normal healthy cells. In the combination of the mutants, the virus becomes more virulent in tumor cells than the wild type virus. Thus, the therapeutic index of DM Marabá is unexpectedly increased.
    Methods and compositions of the invention can include a second therapeutic virus, such as an oncolytic or replication defective virus. Oncolitic typically refers to an agent that is able to kill, lyse or halt the growth of a cancer cell. In terms of an oncolytic virus, the term refers to a virus that can replicate to some degree in a cancer cell, cause death, lysis (oncolysis) or cessation of the growth of cancer cells, and typically has minimal toxic effects. about non-cancer cells. A second virus includes, but is not limited to, an adenovirus, a vaccinia virus, a Newcastle disease virus, an alphavirus, a parvovirus, a herpes virus, a rabdovirus, a rabdovirus and the like. In other aspects, the composition is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition. The composition can also include an anti-cancer agent, such as a chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic.
    Additional embodiments of the invention include methods of killing a hyperproliferative cell comprising contacting the cell with an isolated oncolytic rabdovirus composition described herein.
    Still other methods include treating a cancer patient which comprises administering an effective amount of an oncolytic rabdovirus composition described herein.
    In certain aspects of the invention, a cell can be comprised in a patient and can be a hyperproliferative, neoplastic, precancerous, cancerous, metastatic or metastatic cell. A rhabdovirus (eg, Marabá virus) can be administered to a patient having a cell susceptible to killing at least one rhabdovirus or a therapeutic regimen or composition that includes a rhabdovirus. The administration of therapeutic compositions can be done 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more times with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more recombinant rhabdovirus or rhabdovirus, alone or in various combinations. The administered composition may leave 10, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014 or more viral particles or plaque forming units (cfu). Administration can be intraperitoneal, intravenous, intrarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous or intranasal. In certain aspects, the compositions are administered systemically, particularly by intravascular administration, which includes injection, perfusion and the like. The methods of the invention may further comprise the administration of a second anti-cancer therapy, such as a second therapeutic virus. In some respects a therapeutic virus can be an oncolytic virus, more particularly a Marabá virus. In other respects, a second anticancer agent is a chemotherapeutic, a radiotherapeutic, an immunotherapeutic, surgery or the like.
    Modalities of the invention include compositions and methods related to a rabdovirus comprising a heterologous protein G (pseudotyped virus) and its use as anti-cancer therapies. Such rabdoviruses have properties to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, a Marabá virus, as described herein, can be further modified by associating a heterologous G protein in the same way. As used herein, a heterologous G protein includes the rabdovirus G protein. Rabdoviruses will include one or more of the following viruses or their variants: Carajás virus, Chandipura virus, Cocai virus, Isfahan virus, Marabá virus, Piry virus, Alagoas vesicular stomatitis virus, Bean 157575 virus, Botekè virus, Calchaqui virus, Eel virus American, Gray Lodge virus, Jurona virus, Klamath virus, Kwatta virus, La Joya virus, Malpais Spring virus, Mount Elgon bat virus, Perinet virus, Tupaia virus, Farmington, Bahia Grande virus, Muir Springs virus, Reed Ranch, Hart Park virus, Flanders virus, Kamese virus, Mosqueiro virus, Mossuril virus, Barur virus, Fukuoka virus, Kern Canyon virus, Nkolbisson virus, Le Dantec virus, Keuraliba virus, Connecticut virus, New Minto virus, Virus Sawgrass virus, Chaco virus, Sena Madureira virus, Timbo virus, virus
    Almpiwar, Aruac virus, Bangoran virus, Bimbo virus, Bivens Arm virus, Blue crab virus, Charleville virus, Coastal Plains virus, DakArK 7292 virus, Entamoeba virus, Garba virus, Gossas virus, Humpty Doo virus, Joinjakaka virus, Kannamangalam virus, Kolongo virus, Koolpinyah virus, Kotonkon virus, Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Nasoule virus, Navarro virus, Ngaingan virus, Oak-Vale virus, Obodhiang virus, Oita virus, Quango virus, Parango Creek virus, Rio Grande sugar , Sandjimba virus, Sigma virus, Sripur virus, Freshwater Arm virus, Tibrogargan virus, Xiburema virus, Yata virus, Rhode Island virus, Adelaide virus, Berrimah virus, Kimberley virus or ephemeral fever virus. In certain respects, rabdovirus may refer to the Dimarabdovirus supergroup (defined as rabdovirus capable of infecting both insect and mammalian cells). In particular aspects, rabdovirus is not a Carajás virus, Marabá virus, Muir Springs virus and / or Bahia Grande virus, including variants thereof.
    Additional embodiments of the invention include methods of killing a hyperproliferative cell comprising administering or contacting the cell with an oncolytic Marabá virus composition.
    Still other methods include treating a cancer patient which comprises administering an effective amount of such a viral composition.
    In certain aspects of the invention, a cell can be comprised in a patient and can be a hyperproliferative, neoplastic, precancerous, cancerous, metastatic or metastatic cell. A virus of the invention can be administered to a patient who has a cell susceptible to killing by at least one virus or a therapeutic regimen or composition that includes a virus. The administration of therapeutic compositions can be done 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more times with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more viruses, alone or in various combinations. The administered composition can have 10, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 10 10, 10n, 1012, 1013, 1014 or more viral particles or plaque forming units (cfu). Administration can be by intraperitoneal, intravenous, intrarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous or intranasal administration. In certain aspects, the compositions are administered systemically, particularly by intravascular administration, which includes injection, perfusion and the like. The methods of the invention may further comprise the administration of a second anti-cancer therapy, such as a second therapeutic virus. In particular aspects a therapeutic virus can be an oncolytic virus such as a Marabá virus, as described herein. : In other respects, a second: anticancer agent is a chemotherapeutic, a radiotherapeutic, an immunotherapeutic, surgery or the like.
    Other embodiments of the invention are discussed throughout the present application. Any modality discussed with respect to one aspect of the invention applies to other aspects of the invention in the same way, and vice versa. The modalities in the Detailed Description and Example sections are understood to be non-limiting modalities of the invention that are applicable to all aspects of the invention.
    The terms "inhibiting", "reducing" or "preventing", or any variation of those terms, when used in the claims and / or in the specification, include any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result, for example, treatment of cancer. Desired results include, but are not limited to, palliation, reduction, slowness or eradication of a cancer or hyperproliferative condition or symptoms related to a cancer, as well as an improved quality or prolongation of life.
    The use of the word "one" or "one", when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claims and / or specification, can mean "one", but is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more", "at least one", and "one or more than one."
    Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the error for the device or method to be used to determine the value.
    The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to mean "and / or", unless it is explicitly stated to refer only to the alternatives or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to the only alternatives and "and / or".
    As used in this specification and in the claim (s), the words "comprising" (and any form of understanding, such as "understands" and "understands"), "possessing" (and any form of possessing, such as "possessing "and" own "," including "(and any form of including, such as" includes "and includes) or" containing "(and any form of containing, such as" contains "and" contain "are inclusive or open and do not exclude elements additional elements, unmentioned elements or method steps.
    Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description below. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating specific modalities of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become evident to the people skilled in the art from this detailed description. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    The following drawings form part of this specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention can be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of the specific embodiments presented herein.
    Figures 1A-1B: New Marabá rabdoviruses demonstrate high viral productivity in cancer cells. A one-step growth curve was used to quantify the viral productivity of Marabá, Carajás, Farmington and Bahia Grande in the cells of figure IA NCI H226 and figure IB SNB19. Marabá replicates consistently for high titers in both cell lines, compared to other viruses.
    Figures 2A-2F: Marabá mutants retain their killing powers in cancer cells, even though they are attenuated in normal cells. (Figure 2B) Illustration of the genome of
    Marabá in virus Marabá manipulated as an oncolytic agent outlining the various mutation sites for our single mutants (L123W, V221Y, Q242R) and double mutants (Q242R L123W). (Figure 2C) Mutations in protein G and M attenuate Marabá's ability to kill GM38 cells. Feasibility tests were performed on GM38 cells within 72 hours after infection with Marabá, and the Marabá mutants were indicated. (Figure 2D) L123W mutation manipulated in a Marabá Q242R mutant reverses plaque sizes to a wild type phenotype. The plaque assay was performed on SNB19 cells infected with wild type Marabá, simple variants and DM. The diameter was measured and the plate area calculated using the following formula A = TTr2. (Figure 2E) Marabá and Marabá variants are highly lytic in a variety of tumor cell lines. Images of PC3, ES2, A549 and SW620 cells 48 hours after infection with Marabá and wild type Marabá variants. (Figure 2F) Cells infected with Marabá WT and Marabá variants were analyzed using resazurin for viability. Viability is drastically reduced in all cell lines treated 48 hours after infection with Marabá and its variants.
    Figures 3A-3C: Marabá mutants vary in their ability to block interferon production. Cells
    PC-3 were infected with the Marabá variants and the supernatant was used to protect Vero cells from subsequent infection with the wild-type Marabá virus, (Figure 3A) The Q242R mutant blocks interferon similarly to wild-type Marabá. (Figure 3B) The mutant L123W, mutant V221Y, Marabá ΔM51 and the double mutant L123W-M / Q242R-G allow interferon to be produced after infection of PC3 cells. (Figure 3C) rMarabá blocks the nuclear / cytoplasmic transport of IFN-β. IFN-β mRNA induction is not detected in the cytoplasmic fraction after infection with rMarabá or Marabá Q242R, as determined by qRTPCR. Cells infected with Δ51M, L123W and Marabá DM showed induction of INF mRNA in the cytoplasm after infection.
    Figures 4A-4D: Systemic administration of Marabá DM is effective in models of syngeneic tumors and mouse xenograft. (Figure 4A) Marabá DM is effective in treating the bilateral tumor model CT-26 (i) DMGFP and DM-FLUC selectively replicate in the tumor site 24 hours after IV injection (5 x 108 cfu). (ii) Durable survival of Balb / C mice with bilateral CT26 tumors after treatment with Marabá DM. (iii) Tumor volumes were calculated on a biweekly basis. The error bars indicate SEM. (iv) The weights of the mice measured before and after treatment with Marabá DM and control. The error bars indicate SEM. (Figure 4B) Systemic treatment of disseminated CT-26 tumors, (i) CT-26 lung tumors were treated intravenously with PBS, Carajás virus or Marabá DM on day 10 after tumor implantation. On day 17 the animals were sacrificed and the lung images were captured, (ii) Effective tumor treatment with 6 intravenous doses of Marabá MS (5 x 10 cfu / dose). (Figure 4C) Marabá DM is effective in a human ovarian xenograft (ES-2) model (IP injections, 1 x 104 cfu / dose). (i) IVIS images showing rapid tumor regression after viral treatment, (ii) Bioluminescent flow chart quantifying a significant reduction in abdominal tumor burden in response to virus treatment. (iii) The Kaplan Meier graph shows increased survival after treatment with viruses. (Figure 4D) Marabá DM is superior to VSV Δ51 in the treatment of ES-2 xenograft tumors (IV injections, 1 x 105 - 1 x 107 cfu / dose). (i-ii) Kaplan Meier graph shows increased survival in animals treated with Marabá DM, in comparison with VSV Δ51.
    Figure 5: Rabdovirus-mediated cell death in the NCI60 cell panel. The cells of the NCI 60 cell panel were plated in 96-well plates until a confluence of 90%. These cells were infected at log dilutions with various rhabdoviruses, as indicated. After 48 hours or 96 hours after infection with manipulated Marabá virus, as an oncolitic agent, the monolayers were washed, fixed and stained with 1% violet crystal solution. The stained monolayers were subsequently solubilized in 1% SDS in water to create homogeneous lysates. The absorbance was read at 595 nm and to classify viable cells. EC50 of MOI were classified in the ranges as indicated in the figure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    Aspects of the invention are based on death by rabdovirus (for example, Marabá virus) or pseudotyped rabdovirus of various types or types of cancer cells. Some of the advantages of these oncolytic rhabdoviruses and recombinant rhabdoviruses include the following: (1) Antibodies to the rhabdoviruses of the invention will be rare to nonexistent in most populations worldwide. (2) Rabdoviruses replicate more quickly than other oncolytic viruses, such as adenoviruses, reoviruses, measles viruses, parvoviruses, retroviruses and HSV. (3) Rabdoviruses grow to high titers and are filterable through the 0.2 micron filter. (4) Oncolytic rhabdoviruses and their recombinants have a wide range of hosts, capable of infecting many different types of cancer cells and are not limited to receptors in a particular cell (for example, coxsackie, measles and adenovirus). (5) The rabdoviruses of the invention are susceptible to genetic manipulation. (6) Rabdoviruses also have a cytoplasmic life cycle and are not integrated into the genetic material of a host cell, which provides a more favorable safety profile.
    As described herein, a new oncolytic virus has been identified to serve as a platform for developing effective cancer-based cancer therapies. The Rhabdovirdae were selected for a virus with properties that contributed to a strong oncolytic effect. Systemic administration is a planned method of administration, and is an advantageous aspect in the treatment of disseminated cancers in the clinical context. In some respects, a virus is administered intravenously and can initiate infection at different tumor sites. It is postulated that one of the in vivo limitations to effective therapy could be that viral distribution to the tumor bed can be limiting. In fact, the dose thresholds below which the virus is not effectively delivered to the tumor in mouse models have been observed, and these doses have not been effective (Stojdl et al., 2003). Thus, the inventors were interested in finding viruses capable of killing tumor cells at low multiplicities of infection ("MOI"), which replicate rapidly, and to produce large amounts of progeny to maximize the probability and magnitude of infection in the tumor bed. Up to this point, a multi-well plate assay has been designed to identify viruses capable of killing a wide variety of tumor cells at low MOI. Subsequent to the MOI assays, the most potent viruses were analyzed for growth kinetics and rupture size. The Marabá virus has been identified as a promising candidate.
    The sequences of the complete genomes of Marabá (SEQ ID NO. 1) and Carajás (CRJ) (SEQ ID NO: 7) were obtained.
    Once the Marabá virus was identified as a candidate, the inventors carried out genetic engineering studies to improve its tumor selectivity. Two interesting mutations were initially identified in studies to monitor the suitability of the RNA virus in changing environments. In a previous report, both L123W and H242R (Q242R in Marabá) were individually capable of increasing VSV replication in BHK 21 cells. In addition, it was reported that the combination of the two mutations retained this aptitude phenotype. L123W / Q242R mutations provide a virus with a therapeutic index of at least 3 logs. (EC50 <IO-3 MOI in some tumor cells; EC50 = 3 MOI in GM38 fibroblasts). The Q242R and L123W mutations are attenuating in normal fibroblasts. The L123W mutation appears to work in the same way as ΔM51 and V221Y, resulting in a deficit in the ability to block nuclear / cytoplasmic transport, thereby inhibiting the IFN transcription cascade in the host. To the best of the inventors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a function for this region of the matrix protein in mitigating the body's innate immune defenses. Previously, mutations in this region have been reported to affect the translation of viral mRNA (Connor et al., 2006). The Q242R mutation severely reduces cytolysis of the Marabá virus from normal cells, but in an independent manner. These properties form the basis of a potent tumor selectivity that results in a significant increase in the therapeutic index for this new Marabá-based oncolytic virus platform.
    As predicted from in vitro results, the Marabá DM variant was significantly less toxic than the wild type virus when administered intravenously in Balb / C mice. The maximum tolerated dose ("BAT") was 100 times greater than the WT virus. This allowed dosing well below BAT to achieve significant tumor regressions in both tumor models. In the CT26 model, for example, 6 doses of Marabá DM virus were sufficient to provide complete durable cures in all mice. Particularly important for the clinical setting, Marabá DM was effective in treating both a human xenograft tumor and an immunocompetent syngeneic tumor model by systemic distribution. Viral replication has been demonstrated at the tumor site in the CT26 tumor model after intravenous injection, consistent with virus-mediated oncolysis as a contributor to efficacy. In fact, Marabá DM appeared to be more effective than previous VSV ΔM51 candidates in the ES2 xenograft model. This is consistent with in vitro data demonstrating that Marabá DM is more effective in killing tumor cells than the WT virus. Several studies have definitively demonstrated that the host's immune response plays a positive and negative role in the effectiveness of the oncolytic virus (Dhar et al., 2008; Altomonte et al., 2008; Endo et al., 2008; Chiocca, 2008).
    Modalities of the invention include compositions and methods related to the pseudotyped Marabá virus or rabdovirus and the use of these as anti-cancer therapies. I. Family Rhabdoviridae (Rabdovirus)
    Archetypal rabdoviruses are the rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis (VSV), the most studied in this family of viruses. Although these viruses share similar morphologies, they are very different in their life cycles, host range and pathology. Rabdovirus is a family of bullet-shaped viruses having non-segmented sense (-) NRA genomes. There are more than 250
    Known rabdoviruses that infect mammals, fish, insects and plants.
    The Rabdovirus family includes, but is not limited to, the: Carajás virus, Chandipura virus (AF128868 / gi: 4583436, AY871800 / gi: 62861470, AY871798 / gi: 62861466, AY871796 / gi: 62861462, AY871794 / gi: 6Y281794 / gi: 6Y281761 / g , AJ810083 / gi: 57833891, AY871799 / gi: 62861468, AY871797 / gi: 62861464, AY871795 / gi: 62861460, AY871793 / gi: 62861457, AY871792 / gi: 62861455, AY871761 / g : 2865658), Isfahan virus (AJ810084 / gi: 57834038), Marabá virus (SEQ ID NO: 1 to 6), Carajas virus (SEQ ID NO: 7 to 12, AY335185 / gi: 33578037), Piry virus (D26175 / gi: 442480, Z15093 / gi: 61405), Alagoas vesicular stomatitis virus, BeAn virus 157575, Boteke virus, Calchaqui virus, Eel Americano virus, Gray virus
    Lodge, Jurona virus, Klamath virus, Kwatta virus, La Joya virus, Malpais Spring virus, Mount Elgon bat virus (DQ457103 / gi | 91984805), Perinet virus (AY854652 / gi: 71842381), Tupaia virus (NC_007020 / gi : 66508427), Farmington, Bahia Grande virus (SEQ ID NO: 13 to 18), Muir Springs virus, Reed Ranch virus, Hart Park virus, Flanders virus (AF523199 / gi: 25140635, AF523197 / gi: 25140634, AF523196 / gi: 25140633, AF523195 / gi: 25140632, AF523194 / gi: 25140631, AH012179 / gi: 25140630), Kamese virus, Mosqueiro virus, Mossuril virus, Barur virus, Fukuoka virus (AY854651 / g79: 7184) Canyon, Nkolbisson virus, Le Dantec virus (AY854650 / gi: 71842377), Keuraliba virus, Connecticut virus, New Minto virus, Sawgrass virus, Chaco virus, Sena Madureira virus, Timbo virus, Almpiwar virus (AY854645 / gi: 71842367), Aruac virus, Bangoran virus, Bimbo virus, Bivens Arm virus, blue crab virus, Charleville virus, Coastal Plains virus, DakArK 7292 virus, E virus ntamoeba, Garba virus, Gossas virus, Humpty Doo virus (AY854643 / gi: 71842363), Joinjakaka virus, Kannamangalam virus, Kolongo virus (DQ457100 / gi | nucleoprotein mRNA 91984799 (N), partial cds); Koolpinyah virus, Kotonkon virus (DQ457099 / gi | 91984797, AY854638 / gi: 71842354); Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Nasoule virus, Navarro virus, Ngaingan virus (AY854649 / gi: 71842375), Oak-Vale virus (AY854670 / gi: 71842417), Obodhiang virus (DQ457098 / gi | 91984795) , Oita virus (AB116386 / gi: 46020027), Quango virus, Parry Creek virus (AY854647 / gi: 71842371), Rio Grande sugar virus, Sandjimba virus (DQ457102 / gi | 91984803), Sigma virus (AH004209) / gi: 1680545, H004208 / gi: 1680544, AH004206 / gi: 1680542), Sripur virus, freshwater arm virus, Tibrogargan virus (AY854646 / gi: 71842369), Xiburema virus, Yata virus, Rhode virus Island, Adelaide River virus (U10363 / gi: 600151, AF234998 / gi: 10443747, AF234534 / gi: 9971785, AY854635 / gi: 71842348), Berrimah virus (AY854636 / gi: 71842350]), Kimberley virus (AY854637 : 71842352), or ephemeral bovine fever virus (NC_002526 / gi: 10086561). A. Rabdovirai Genome
    Typically, the rabdovirus genome is approximately 11 to 15 Kb with approximately 50 3 'leader nucleotides and approximately 60 nucleotides from the 5' untranslated region of a sense viral (-.) RNA (vRNA). Typically, the rabdovirus vRNA has 5 genes that encode 5 proteins. Rabdoviruses have a conserved polyadenylation signal at the end of each gene and a short intergenic region between each of the 5 genes. All Rabdoviruses contain at least five genes that encode the nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein (P, also called NS), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and large protein (L). Typically, these genes are ordered in the negative sense vRNA, as follows: 3Z-N-P-M-G- (X) -L-5f (SEQ IQ NO: 29). The order of genes is important as it determines the proportion of proteins synthesized. Any manipulations of a Rabdovirus genome will typically include at least five transcription domains to maintain the ability to infect and replicate at high levels. Rabdovirus have an endogenous RNA polymerase for the transcription of more sense messenger RNA (mRNA). The X gene does not occur in all Rabdoviruses. The X gene encodes a non-structural protein in the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (GenBank DQ164103 / gi | 76262981; DQ164102 / gi | 76262979; DQ164101 / giI76262977; DQ164100 / gi | 76262975; DQ16409 / gi6; gil12821163; AB250933 / gi | 112821161; AB250932 / gi | 12821159; AB250931 / gi | 112821257; AB250930 / gi | 12821155; AB250929 / gi | 12821153; AB250928 / giI12821151; giI12821151; giI12821151; g2 | protein G), a non-structural glycoprotein in the ephemeral bovine fever virus and a pseudogene in the rabies virus. The extra (X) gene was found at different locations in the Rabdovirus genome. The synthesis of protein M in infected cells is cytopathic to the cell, and will eventually result in cell death.
    Rabdovirus transmission varies depending on the virus / host, but most are transmitted by direct contact - for example, rabies transmission through animal bites or an insect vector. There is a long incubation period in vivo, but this is not reflected in the kinetics of replication of the virus in culture. The protein G tips bind to receptors on the surface of host cells and viruses enter the cell by endocytosis and fusion with the vesicle membrane, mediated by protein G.
    Without intending to be limited to a particular theory, the receptor molecules for rabdovirus are believed to be phospholipids or carbohydrates rather than specific proteins. Rabdoviral replication occurs in the cytoplasm - both L and NS proteins are required for transcription - no function in isolation. Five monocistronic mRNAs are produced, capped at the 5 'end and polyadenylated at the 3' end and each contains the leader sequence from the 3 'end of the vRNA at the 5' end of the message. These mRNAs are made by sequential transcription of ORFs in the virus genome and it has been shown that the intergenic sequence is responsible for the termination and restart of polymerase transcription between each gene, thus producing separate transcripts.
    The progeny of vRNA is made from a sense intermediate (+). The genome is replicated by the L + P polymerase complex (as in transcription), but additional host cell factors are also needed. It is characteristic of Rabdovirus that all of these events occur in a portion of the cytoplasm that acts as a virus "factory" and appears as a characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion body. B. Virai Protein Variants
    In certain embodiments, a Marabá virus or a rabdovirus will comprise a variant of one or more of the proteins N, P, M, G and / or L. In certain aspects of the invention, these variants of viral proteins may be comprised in a therapeutic virus, or a protein composition, which is further defined below. Protein compositions include viral particles and other compositions that have one or more components of viral proteins. These polypeptide variant (s) can be manipulated or selected for a modification in one or more physiological or biological characteristics, such as host cell range, host cell specificity, toxicity to non-target cells or organs, replication , cytotoxicity to a target cell, cancer cell death, cancer cell stasis, infectivity, manufacturing parameters, viral particle size, viral particle stability, in vivo clearance, immunoreactivity and the like. These polypeptide variants can be manipulated using a variety of methodologies known in the art, including various mutagenesis techniques. In certain aspects, proteins N, P, M, G and / or L can be heterologous to a virus (for example, a VSV can comprise an Isfahan G protein or its variant). C. Recombinant rabdoviruses
    Recombinant rhabdoviruses can be produced (1) entirely using cDNAs or (2) a combination of cDNAs transfected into a helper cell, or (3) cDNAs transfected into a 'cell, which is subsequently infected with a minivirus providing the components or activities in trans remaining necessary to produce either an infectious or non-infectious recombinant rabdovirus. Using any of these methods (eg minivirus, helper cell line or just cDNA transfection), the minimum necessary components are an RNA molecule that contains the action signals for (1) encapsidating the genomic (or antigenic) RNA by the protein N of the rabdovirus, and (2) the replication of a genomic or antigenomic RNA equivalent (replicative intermediate).
    By a replication element or replicon, the inventors mean an RNA strand containing minimally at the 5 'and 3' ends the leader sequence and the trailer sequence of a rabdovirus. In the genomic sense, the leader is at the 3 'end and the trailer is at the 5' end. Any RNA placed between these two replication signals will, in turn, be replicated. The leader and trailer regions must also contain the minimal cis action elements for the purpose of encapsidation by protein N and for polymerase binding that are necessary to initiate transcription and replication.
    For the preparation of manipulated rabdoviruses, a minivirus containing the G gene must also contain a leader region, a trailer region and a G gene with the appropriate initiation and termination signals for the production of a protein G mRNA. an M gene, the appropriate initiation and termination signals for the production of M protein mRNA must also be present.
    For any gene contained within the manipulated rabdovirus genome, the gene could be flanked by the initiation of appropriate transcription and termination signals that will allow the expression of those genes and the production of protein products. Particularly a heterologous gene, which is a gene that is not typically encoded by a rabdovirus, as isolated from nature or that contains a region that encodes the rabdovirus in a position, shape or context that is not normally found, for example, a chimeric G protein.
    To produce "non-infectious" manipulated rabdovirus, the manipulated Rabdovirus must have the minimum replicon elements and the N, P and L proteins and must contain the M gene (an example is the ΔG or G-min construct, which is missing) the coding region for protein G). This produces viral particles that are grafted from the cell, but are non-infectious particles. To produce "infectious" particles, the viral particles must additionally comprise proteins that can mediate the binding and fusion of the viral particle, such as through the use of a receptor ligand binding protein. The native rabdovirus receptor ligand is protein G.
    A "suitable cell" or "host cell" means any cell that could allow assembly of the recombinant rabdovirus. A method for preparing infectious viral particles, an appropriate cell line (eg, BHK cells) is first infected with vaccinia virus vTF7-3 (Fuerst et al., 1986) or equivalent, which encodes a T7 RNA polymerase or other bacteriophage polymerase suitable as T3 or SP6 polymerases (see Usdin et al., 1993 or Rodriguez et al., 1990). The cells are then transfected with individual cDNAs containing the genes encoding Rabdovirus G, N, P, L and M proteins. These cDNAs will provide the proteins for the construction of a recombinant Rabdovirus particle. The cells can be transfected by any method known in the art (for example, liposomes, electroporation, etc.).
    A "polycistronic cDNA" containing the rabdovirus genomic RNA equivalent is also transfected into the cell line. If the infectious recombinant rabdovirus particle is intended to be lytic in an infected cell, then the genes encoding proteins N, P, M and L must be present, as well as any heterologous nucleic acid segment. If the infectious recombinant rabdovirus particle is not intended to be lithic, then the gene encoding protein M is not included in polycistronic DNA. By "polycistronic DNA" is meant a Cdna that comprises at least transcription units containing the genes encoding proteins N, P and L. Recombinant rabdovirus polycistronic DNA may also contain a gene that encodes a protein variant or polypeptide fragment of the same, or a therapeutic nucleic acid. Alternatively, any protein to be initially associated with the viral particle first produced or its fragment can be supplied in trans.
    Another contemplated modality is a polycistronic cDNA comprising a gene that encodes a reporter protein or fluorescent protein (for example, green fluorescent protein and its derivatives, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, etc.), the NPL or NPLM genes and / or a fusion protein or therapeutic nucleic acid. Another polycistronic DNA contemplated may contain a gene that encodes a protein variant, a gene that encodes a reporter, a therapeutic nucleic acid and / or the N-P-L or N-P-L-M genes.
    The first step in the generation of a recombinant rabdovirus is the expression of an RNA that is a genomic or antigenic equivalent from a cDNA. Then that RNA is packaged by the N protein and then replicated by the P / L proteins. The virus thus produced can be recovered. If protein G is absent from the recombinant RNA genome, then it is typically supplied in trans. If both G and M proteins are absent, then both are supplied in trans.
    For the preparation of "non-infectious rabdovirus" particles, the procedure may be the same as that described above, except that the polycistronic cDNA transfected into the cells could contain only the rabdovirus N, P and L genes. The polycistronic cDNA of non-infectious rabdovirus particles may additionally contain a gene encoding a reporter protein or a therapeutic nucleic acid. For an additional description of methods of producing a recombinant rabdovirus that lacks the gene encoding the G protein, see Takada et al., (1997). 1. Cell culture to produce viruses
    Transfected cells are generally incubated for at least 24 h at the desired temperature, usually at about 37 ° C. For non-infectious viral particles, the supernatant is collected and the viral particles isolated. For infectious viral particles, the supernatant containing the virus is collected and transferred to fresh cells. The fresh cells are incubated for about 48 hours, and the supernatant is collected. 2. Purification of recombinant rabdovirus
    The terms "isolation" or "isolating" a Rabdovirus means the process of culturing and purifying the viral particles, so that very small cellular fragments remain. An example would be to take the supernatant containing the virion and pass it through a 0.1 to 0.2 micron pore size filter (for example, Millex-GS, Millipore) to remove the virus and cell fragments. Alternatively, virions can be purified using a gradient, such as a sucrose gradient. Recombinant rabdovirus particles can then be pelleted and resuspended in any desired excipient or carrier. Titers can be determined by indirect immunofluorescence using specific antibodies to particular proteins. 3. Methods for making Recombinant Rabdoviruses using cDNAs and a Minivirus or a Helping Cell Line
    Both "miniviruses" and "helper cells" (also known as "helper cell lines") provide the same thing: they provide a source of rabdovirus proteins for assembling the rabdovirus virion. An example of a rabdovirus minivirus is the VSV minivirus that expresses only G and M protein, as reported by Stillman et al., (1995). Helper viruses and miniviruses are used as methods to provide rhabdovirus proteins that are not produced from the transfected DNA that encodes the genes for rhabdovirus proteins.
    When using a minivirus, cells are infected with the vaccinia virus as described above, to provide the T7 RNA polymerase. The desired polycistronic RNA, and plasmids containing the N, P and L genes, are transfected into the cells. The transfection mixture is removed after approximately 3 hours, and the cells are infected with the minivirus at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of about 1. The minivirus provides the missing G and / or M proteins. The polycistronic RNA transfected into the cell will depend on whether an infectious or non-infectious recombinant rabdovirus is desired.
    Alternatively, a minivirus could be used to supply the N, P and L. genes. The minivirus could also be used to produce the M protein in addition to N, P and L. The minivirus can also produce the G protein.
    When a helper cell line is used, the genes encoding the missing rabdovirus proteins are produced by the helper cell line. The helper cell line has N, P, L and G proteins for the production of recombinant rabdovirus particles that do not encode wild type G protein. Proteins are expressed from genes or DNAs that are not part of the recombinant virus genome. These plasmids or other vector systems are stably incorporated into the cell line genome. The proteins are then produced from the cell's genome and not from a replicon in the cytoplasm. The helper cell line can then be transfected with polycistronic DNA and plasmid cDNAs containing the other rabdovirus genes not expressed by the helper virus. The polycistronic RNA used will depend on whether an infectious or non-recombinant recombinant rabdovirus is desired. Otherwise, the supply of the missing gene products (for example, G and / or M) could be carried out as described above. 11. VIRAL COMPOSITIONS
    The present invention relates to rabdoviruses which are advantageous in the study and treatment of hyperproliferative or neoplastic cells (e.g., cancer cells) and hyperproliferative or neoplastic conditions (e.g., cancer) in a patient. This may involve, but is not limited to, rabdovirus with reduced neurovirulence, for example, rabdovirus such as the Marabá virus. In certain respects, rhabdoviruses that encode or contain one or more protein components (proteins N, P, M, G and / or L) or a nucleic acid genome distinct from those of VSV (that is, at least or at most, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80% identical to the amino acid or nucleotide level), and / or that were constructed with one or more mutations or variations in relation to a wild-type virus or viral proteins, so that the virus has desirable properties for use against cancer cells, while being less toxic or non-toxic to non-cancer cells than the virus as originally isolated or VSV. The teachings described below provide several examples of protocols for implementing methods and compositions of the invention. They provide the basis for the generation of modified or variant viruses through the use of bioselection technology or recombinant DNA or nucleic acid. A. Protein compositions
    Protein compositions of the invention include viral particles and compositions including viral particles, as well as isolated polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the present invention involves generating or isolating rabdovirus (e.g., Marabá virus), pseudotyped or oncolytic rabdovirus (rabdovirus that lyse, kill or retard the growth of cancer cells). In certain embodiments, the rhabdovirus will be engineered to include polypeptide variants of rhabdovirus proteins (N, P, M, G and / or L) and / or therapeutic nucleic acids encoding therapeutic polypeptides. Other aspects of the invention include isolating rabdoviruses that lack one or more polypeptides or functional proteins. In other embodiments, the present invention involves rhabdoviruses and the use of these in combination with or included within protein compositions as part of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.
    As used herein, a "protein" or "polypeptide" refers to a molecule comprising polymeric amino acid residues. In some embodiments, a wild-type version of a protein or polypeptide is employed, however, in many embodiments of the invention, all or part of a viral protein or polypeptide is absent or is altered to make the virus more useful for the treating a patient. The terms described above can be used interchangeably here. A "modified protein" or "modified polypeptide" or "variant protein" or "variant polypeptide" refers to a protein or polypeptide whose chemical structure or amino acid sequence is altered in relation to the wild type or a reference protein or polypeptide. In some embodiments, a modified protein or polypeptide has at least one modified activity or function (recognizing that proteins or polypeptides can have multiple activities or functions). The modified activity or function can be reduced, decreased, eliminated, enhanced or altered in some other way (such as infection specificity) with respect to that activity or function 'in a wild-type protein or polypeptide, or the characteristics of viruses containing such polypeptide. It is contemplated that a modified protein or polypeptide can be altered in relation to an activity or function, and still retain wild-type or unchanged activity or function in other respects. Alternatively, a modified protein may be completely non-functional or its cognate nucleic acid sequence may have been altered so that the polypeptide is no longer expressed, is truncated or expresses a different amino acid sequence, as a result of a change in structure or other modification.
    In certain embodiments, the size of a recombinant protein or polypeptide may comprise, but is not limited to, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 , 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 , 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 , 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 , 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350 , 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900, 925, 950, 975 , 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500 or more residues of amino acid molecules, and any derivatives thereof. It is contemplated that polypeptides can be modified by truncation, making them shorter than their corresponding unchanged forms, or by domain fusion or shuffling can make the altered protein longer.
    As used herein, an "amino molecule" refers to any amino acid, derived from amino acid, or mimetic amino acid mimic as would be known to a person skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, the residues of the protein molecule are sequential, with no molecules other than amino acids interrupting the sequence of amino acid residues. In other embodiments, the sequence may comprise one or more portions of the molecule that are not amino acids. In particular embodiments, the residue sequence of the protein molecule can be interrupted by one or more portions of the different molecule and amino acid. Accordingly, the term "protein composition" encompasses sequences of the amino molecule comprising at least one of the 20 amino acids common in naturally synthesized proteins, or at least one modified or unusual amino acid.
    Protein compositions can be made by any technique known to the person skilled in the art, including the expression of proteins, polypeptides or peptides through standard molecular biology techniques, the isolation of protein compounds from natural sources, or the chemical synthesis of proteinaceous materials. The nucleotide and polypeptide sequences for various rabdovirus genes or genomes have been previously disclosed, and can be found in computerized databases known to those normally skilled in the art. One such database is the GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information and GenPept, which can be accessed via the Internet at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. The coding regions for these known genes and viruses can be amplified and / or expressed using the techniques disclosed herein or as could be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. B. Functional Aspects
    When the present invention relates to the function or activity of viral proteins or polypeptides, it is understood that this refers to the activity or function of that viral protein or polypeptide under physiological conditions, unless otherwise specified. For example, protein G is involved in the specificity and efficiency of the binding and infection of particular cell types. The determination of which molecules possess this activity can be achieved using familiar assays of people skilled in the art, such as infectivity assays, protein binding assays, plaque assays and the like. C. Variants of Viral Polypeptides
    Variants of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides of the present invention can be substitution, insertion or deletion variants. A mutation in a gene encoding a viral polypeptide can affect 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61., 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 , 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 , 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350 , 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500 or more contiguous or non-contiguous amino acids (i.e., segment) of a polypeptide, compared to a wild-type or unchanged polypeptide or other reference polypeptide. Various polypeptides encoded by rabdoviruses can be identified by reference to GenBank Access Numbers and related database entries for each of the viruses disclosed here, all GenBank entries related to the Rhabdoviridae family being incorporated by reference.
    Elimination variants do not have one or more residues of the natural, unaltered or wild-type protein. Individual residues can be excluded, or all or part of a domain (such as a catalytic or binding domain) can be eliminated. A stop codon can be inserted (by substitution or insertion) into a coding nucleic acid sequence to generate a truncated protein. Insertion mutants typically involve adding material at a non-terminal point on the polypeptide, a specific type of insertion is a chimeric polypeptide that includes homologous or similar portions of a related protein in place of the related portion of a target protein. This can include the insertion of an immunoreactive epitope or simply one or more residues. Terminal additions, typically called fusion proteins, can also be generated.
    Substitution variants typically contain the exchange of one amino acid for another, at one or more sites in the protein, and can be designed to modulate one or more properties of the polypeptide, with or without the loss of other functions or properties. Substitutions can be conservative, that is, an amino acid is replaced by one of a similar shape and charge. Conservative substitutions are well known in the art and include, for example, changes from: alanine to serine; arginine for lysine; asparagine for glutamine or histidine; aspartate for glutamate; cysteine to serine; glutamine for asparagine; glutamate for aspartate; glycine for proline; histidine for asparagine or glutamine; isoleucine for leucine or valine; leucine to valine or isoleucine; lysine for arginine; methionine for leucine or isoleucine; phenylalanine for tyrosine, leucine or methionine; serine to threonine; threonine to serine; tyrosine tryptophan; tyrosine for tryptophan or phenylalanine; and
    valine for isoleucine or leucine. Alternatively, substitutions may be non-conservative in such a way that a function or activity of the polypeptide is affected. Non-conservative changes typically involve replacing a residue with one that is chemically different, such as a polar or charged amino acid to a non-polar or uncharged amino acid, and vice versa. The term "functionally equivalent codon" is used here to refer to codons encoding the same amino acid, such as the six codons for arginine or 10 serine, and also refers to codons encoding biologically equivalent amino acids (see Table 1, below) . Table 1. Codon table


    It will also be understood that amino acid and nucleic acid sequences can include additional residues, such as additional N or C-terminal amino acids or 5 'or 3' sequences, and yet be essentially as defined in the present invention, including having a certain activity biological. The addition of terminal sequences applies particularly to nucleic acid sequences which may, for example, include several non-coding sequences flanking the 5 'or 3' portions of the coding region, or may include several internal sequences, that is, introns, which are known to occur in genes.
    The following is a discussion based on changing the amino acids of an N, P, L, M or G protein to create an equivalent, or even improved, molecule. For example, certain amino acids can be replaced by other amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss of the ability to interact interactively with structures such as, for example, antigen-binding regions of antibodies or binding sites on substrate molecules. Since it is the interactive ability and nature of a protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity, certain amino acid substitutions can be made in a protein sequence, and in its underlying DNA coding sequence, and yet produce a protein with similar properties. It is, therefore, contemplated by the inventors that various changes can be made to the rabdovirus DNA sequences without appreciable loss of usefulness or biological activity of interest, as discussed below.
    When making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered. The importance of the hydropathic index of amino acids in conferring a biological function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982). It is assumed that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resulting protein, which in turn defines the protein's interaction with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens and the like.
    It is also understood in the art that the replacement of similar amino acids can be done effectively based on hydrophilicity. U.S. Patent 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference, provides that the highest average local hydrophilicity of a protein, as determined by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a biological property of the protein. As detailed in U.S. Patent 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity values have been attributed to the amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0 ± 1); glutamate (+3.0 ± 1) '; serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5 ± 1); alanine (0.5); histidine * -0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3); valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (2,3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4). It is understood that an amino acid can be replaced by another with a similar hydrophilicity value and still produce a biologically equivalent and immunologically equivalent protein. In such changes, substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within + 2 is preferred, those which are within ± 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ± 0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
    As described above, amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicities, hydrophilicities, charges, sizes and the like. Examples of substitutions that take into account the various preceding characteristics are well known to those skilled in the art and i include: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine. III. NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES
    The present invention includes cell isolable polynucleotides that are capable of expressing all or part of a viral protein or polypeptide. In some embodiments of the invention, it relates to all or parts of a viral genome or has been specifically modified or altered to generate a viral virus or polypeptide, for example, a pseudotyped or rabdoviral polypeptide or virus, with certain properties and / or features. Polynucleotides can encode a peptide or polypeptide containing all or part of a viral or heterologous amino acid sequence or be manipulated so that they do not encode such a viral polypeptide or encode a viral polypeptide having at least one increased, reduced, decreased or function or activity absent. Recombinant proteins can be purified from cells with expression activity to produce active proteins. The genome of rabdovirus members can be found in the GenBank Accession Numbers in the NCBI database or in similar databases, each of which is incorporated by reference.
    A. Polynucleotides that encode natural or modified proteins
    As used herein, the term "RNA, DNA or nucleic acid segment" refers to an RNA, DNA or nucleic acid molecule that has been isolated free of total genomic DNA or other contaminants. Therefore, a nucleic acid segment that encodes a polypeptide refers to a nucleic acid segment that contains sequences that encode wild-type, polymorphic or mutant polypeptides, and that contains sequences that encode wild-type, polymorphic or mutant polypeptides, and yet are isolated from or purified without genomic nucleic acid (s). The term "nucleic acid segment" includes polynucleotides, nucleic acid segments smaller than a polynucleotide and recombinant vectors, including, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phages, viruses, and the like.
    As used in this application, the term "rabdovirus" can refer to the pseudotyped or rabdoviral nucleic acid molecule that encodes at least one rabdovirus polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide was isolated free of other nucleic acids. Likewise, a polynucleotide from Marabá virus, Carajás virus, Muir Springs virus and / or Bahia Grande virus refers to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide of the Marabá virus, Carajás virus, virus from Muir Springs and / or Bahia Grande virus that was isolated from other nucleic acids. A "rabdovirus genome" or a Marabá virus, Carajás virus, Muir Springs virus and / or Bahia Grande virus refers to a VSV or a nucleic acid molecule that can be supplied to a host cell to produce a viral particle, in the presence or absence of a helper virus or complementary coding regions that provide other factors in trans. The genome may or may not have been recombinantly modified compared to the wild type virus or an unaltered one.
    The term "cDNA" is intended to refer to DNA prepared using RNA as a template. There may be times when the complete or partial genomic sequence is preferred.
    It is also contemplated that a particular polypeptide, from a given species, can be represented by natural variants that have slightly different nucleic acid sequences, but that encode the same protein (see Table 1 above).
    Likewise, a polynucleotide encoding a wild-type or modified, isolated or purified polypeptide refers to a segment of DNA, including the coding sequences for wild-type or mutant polypeptide and, in certain respects, regulatory sequences, isolated substantially far away. other naturally occurring genes or sequences that encode proteins. In this regard, the term "gene" is used for the sake of simplicity to refer to a nucleic acid unit that encodes a protein, polypeptide or peptide (including any sequences necessary for transcription, post-translation modification or proper localization) . As will be understood by those skilled in the art, this functional term includes genomic sequences, cDNA sequences, and smaller manipulated nucleic acid segments that express, or can be adapted to express proteins, polypeptides, domains, peptides, fusion proteins and mutants. A nucleic acid encoding all or part of a natural or modified polypeptide can contain a contiguous nucleic acid of: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 , 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390 , 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 441, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630 , 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880 , 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000, 1010, 1 020, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, 1080, 1090, 1095, 1100, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 9000, 10,000 or more nucleotides, nucleosides or base pairs.
    In particular embodiments, the invention relates to isolated nucleic acid segments and recombinant vectors that incorporate nucleic acid sequences that encode wild-type or mutant rabdovirus polypeptide (s) that include within their amino acid sequence a contiguous amino acid sequence com, or essentially corresponding to a natural polypeptide. The term "recombinant" can be used in conjunction with a polypeptide or the name of a specific polypeptide, and this generally refers to a polypeptide produced from a nucleic acid molecule that has been manipulated in vitro or that is the replicated product of such a molecule.
    In other embodiments, the invention relates to isolated nucleic acid segments and recombinant vectors that incorporate nucleic sequences that encode a polypeptide or peptide that includes in its amino acid sequence a contiguous amino acid sequence according to, or essentially corresponding to, one or more rabdovirus polypeptides. The nucleic acid segments used in the present invention, regardless of the length of the coding sequence itself, can be combined with other nucleic acid sequences, such as promoters, polyadenylation signals, additional restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, others coding segments and the like, so that their total lengths can vary considerably. It is therefore contemplated that a nucleic acid fragment of almost any length can be used, with the total length being preferably limited by the ease of preparation and use in the desired recombinant nucleic acid protocol.
    It is contemplated that the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention can encode full-length polypeptide (s) from any source or encode a truncated or modified version of the polypeptide (s), for example, a truncated rabdovirus polypeptide, such that the transcript of the coding region represents the truncated version. The truncated transcript can then be translated into a truncated protein. Alternatively, a nucleic acid sequence can encode a full-length polypeptide sequence with additional heterologous coding sequences, for example, to allow for peptide purification, transport, secretion, post-translational modification or for therapeutic benefits such as targeting or efficacy . As discussed above, a tag or other heterologous polypeptide can be added to the modified polypeptide coding sequence, where "heterologous" refers to a polypeptide or segment thereof that is not the same as the modified or found polypeptide associated with or encoded by naturally occurring virus.
    In a non-limiting example, one or more nucleic acid constructs can be prepared, which include a contiguous strand of nucleotides that is identical or complementary to a particular viral segment, such as a N, P, M, G or L rabdovirus gene. The nucleic acid construct can be at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300 , 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, 250,000, 500,000, 750,000 up to at least 1,000,000 nucleotides in length, as well as larger constructs, up to and including chromosomal sizes (including all intermediate lengths and intermediate bands). It will readily be understood that "intermediate lengths" and "intermediate ranges", as used herein, means any length or range including or between the values mentioned (that is, all integers, including and between such values).
    The nucleic acid segments used in the present invention encompass modified nucleic acids that encode modified polypeptides. Such sequences may arise as a consequence of codon redundancy and functional equivalence that are known to occur naturally in nucleic acid sequences and in the proteins thus encoded. Alternatively, functionally equivalent proteins or peptides can be created through the application of recombinant DNA technology, in which changes in protein structure can be manipulated, based on considerations of the properties of the amino acids being exchanged. Human-designed changes can be introduced through the application of site-directed mutagenesis techniques, for example, to introduce improvements to antigenicity or its lack of protein, to reduce the effects of protein toxicity in vivo for an individual to whom the protein was given, or to increase the effectiveness of any treatment involving the protein or a virus comprising such a protein.
    In certain other embodiments, the invention relates to isolated nucleic acid segments and recombinant vectors that include within their sequence a nucleic acid sequence contiguous to that shown in the sequences identified herein (and / or incorporated by reference). Such sequences, however, can be modified to produce a protein product whose activity is altered in relation to the wild type.
    It will also be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular nucleic acid and the amino acid sequences of these identified sequences. Recombinant vectors and isolated nucleic acid segments can, therefore, include variously coding regions for rabdovirus itself, coding regions having selected changes or modifications in the basic coding region, or they can encode larger polypeptides which, however, include coding regions for rabdovirus , or it can encode biologically functional equivalent proteins or peptides that have variant amino acid sequences.
    The nucleic acid segments of the present invention can encode rabdovirus proteins and peptides that are the biological functional equivalent of, or variants or mutants of rabdovirus that increase the therapeutic benefit of the virus. Such sequences can arise as a consequence of codon redundancy and functional equivalence that is known to occur naturally in the nucleic acid sequences and in the proteins thus encoded. Alternatively, functionally equivalent proteins or peptides can be created through the application of recombinant DNA technology, in which changes in protein structure can be manipulated, based on considerations of the properties of the amino acids being exchanged. Human-designed changes can be introduced through the application of site-directed mutagenesis techniques, for example, to introduce improvements in the binding of cancer cells to a viral protein. B. Rabdovirus Polynucleotide Mutagenesis
    In various embodiments, the rabdovirus polynucleotide can be altered or modified. Alterations or mutations may include insertions, deletions, point mutations, inversions and the like and may result in the modulation, activation and / or inactivation of certain proteins or molecular mechanisms, as well as altering the function, location or expression of a gene product, in that make a gene product non-functional. Where used, mutagenesis of a polynucleotide that encodes all or part of a rabdovirus can be performed by a variety of standard mutagenic procedures (Sambrook et a., 2001). Mutation is the process by which changes occur in the quantity or structure of an organism. The mutation may involve modifying the sequence of 20 nucleotides from a single gene, blocks of genes or entire genomes. Changes in isolated genes may be the consequence of point mutations that involve the removal, addition or replacement of a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence, or they may be a) a consequence of changes involving the insertion or elimination of a large number of nucleotides. 1. Random mutagenesis a. Insertion Mutagenesis
    Insertion mutagenesis is based on inactivating a gene by inserting a known nucleic acid fragment. Since this involves the insertion of some type of nucleic acid fragment, the mutations generated are usually loss of function, rather than mutations of gain in function. However, there are several examples of insertions that generate function gain mutations. Insertion mutagenesis can be performed using standard molecular biology techniques. B. Chemical Mutagenesis
    Chemical mutagenesis offers certain advantages, such as the ability to find a full range of mutations with degrees of phenotypic severity, and is easy and inexpensive to perform. Most chemical carcinogens produce mutations in DNA. Benzo [a] pyrene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and aflotoxin BI cause transversions from GC to TA in bacteria and mammalian cells. Benzo [a] pyrene can also produce base substitutions, such as AT to TA. N-nitrous compounds produce transitions from GC to AT. Alkylation of the thymine position 04 induced by exposure to n-nitrosourea results in transitions from TA to CG. ç. Radiation Mutagenesis
    Biological molecules are degraded by ionizing radiation. The adsorption of the incident energy leads to the formation of ions and free radicals, and to the breakdown of some covalent bonds. The susceptibility to radiation damage seems to vary widely between molecules, and between the different crystalline forms of the same molecule. This depends on the total accumulated dose, and also on the dose rate (as since free radicals are present, the molecular damage they cause depends on their natural diffusion rate and, thus, real time). Damage is reduced and controlled by making the sample as cold as possible. Ionizing radiation damages DNA, usually proportional to the dose rate.
    In the present invention, the term "ionizing radiation" means radiation comprising particles or photons that have sufficient energy or can produce sufficient energy to produce ionization (electron gain or loss). An exemplary and preferred ionizing radiation is x-radiation. The amount of ionizing radiation required in a given cell or for a particular molecule generally depends on the nature of that cell or molecule and the nature of the mutation target. Means for determining an effective amount of radiation are also well known in the art. d. In Vitro Scanning Mutagenesis
    Random mutagenesis can also be introduced using error-prone PCR. The rate of mutagenesis can be increased by performing multi-tube PCR with mold dilutions. A particularly useful mutagenesis technique is alanine scanning mutagenesis in which a number of residues are individually substituted with the amino acid alanine so that the effects of losing side chain interactions can be determined, while minimizing the risk of disturbances large-scale protein conformation (Cunningham et al., 1989).
    In vitro scan saturation mutagenesis provides a quick method for obtaining a large amount of structure-function information, including: (i) the identification of residues that modulate the ligand binding specificity; (ii) a better understanding of ligand binding based on the identification of those amino acids that retain activity and those that abolish activity at a given location; (iii) an assessment of the overall plasticity of an active site or protein subdomain, (iv) the identification of amino acid substitutions that result in increased binding. 2. Site-directed mutagenesis ç
    Site-specific mutagenesis guided by the structure represents a powerful tool for the dissection and manipulation of protein-ligand interactions (Wells, 1996; Braisted et al., 1996). The technique provides for the preparation and testing of sequence variants by introducing one or more nucleotide sequence changes into a selected DNA. C. Vectors
    To generate mutations in a rabdovirus genome, native and modified polypeptides can be encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprised in a vector. The term "vector" is used to refer to a carrier nucleic acid molecule in which an exogenous nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for introduction into a cell where it can be replicated. A nucleic acid sequence can be "exogenous", which means that it is foreign to the cell into which the vector is being introduced or that the sequence is homologous to a sequence in the cell, but in a position in the host cell's nucleic acid in which the string is not normally found. Vectors include plasmids, cosmids, viruses (bacteriophage, animal viruses and plant viruses), and artificial chromosomes (for example, YACs).
    A person skilled in the art could be well equipped to construct a vector using standard recombinant techniques, which are described in Sambrook et al. (2001) and in Ausubel et al. (1994), both of which are incorporated by reference.
    In addition to encoding a modified polypeptide, such as an N protein, P protein, M protein, G protein or modified L protein, a vector can encode unmodified polypeptide sequences, such as a tag or labeling molecule. Useful vectors encoding such fusion proteins include the pIN vectors (Inouye et al., 1985), vectors that encode a stretch of histidines and pGEX vectors, for use in the generation of soluble glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins for further purification and separation or cleavage. A targeting molecule is one that directs the modified polypeptide to a particular organ, tissue, cell, or other location in an individual's body. Alternatively, the targeting molecule alters the tropism of an organism, such as rabdovirus for certain types of cells, for example, cancer cells.
    The term "expression vector" refers to a vector containing a nucleic acid sequence that encodes at least a portion of a gene product capable of being transcribed. In some cases, RNA molecules are translated into a protein, polypeptide or peptide. In other cases, these sequences are not translated, for example, into the production of antisense molecules or ribozymes. Expression vectors can contain a variety of "control sequences", which refer to the nucleic acid sequences necessary for transcription and, possibly, translation of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. In addition to the control sequences that govern transcription and translation, expression vectors and vectors may contain nucleic acid sequences that serve other functions in the same way, and which are described below. 1. Promoters and Intensifiers
    A "promoter" is a control sequence that is a region of a nucleic acid sequence in which the initiation and rate of transcription are controlled. It can contain genetic elements that bind to proteins and regulatory molecules like RNA polymerase and other transcription factors. The phrases "operably positioned", "operably coupled", "operatively linked", "under control", and "under transcriptional control" mean that a promoter is in a correct functional location and / or orientation with respect to a nucleic acid sequence to control the initiation of transcription and / or expression of that sequence. A promoter may or may not be used in conjunction with an "enhancer", which refers to a cis-acting regulatory sequence involved in activating the transcription of a nucleic acid sequence.
    A promoter can be one naturally associated with a gene or sequence, as can be obtained by isolating the 5Z non-coding sequences located upstream of the segment and / or coding exon. Such a promoter can be referred to as "endogenous". Likewise, an enhancer can be one naturally associated with a nucleic acid sequence, located downstream or upstream of that sequence. Alternatively, certain advantages will be obtained by positioning the coding nucleic acid segment under the control of a recombinant or heterologous promoter, which refers to a promoter that is not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. A recombinant or heterologous enhancer also refers to an enhancer not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. Such promoters or enhancers can include promoters or enhancers of other genes, and promoters or enhancers isolated from any other prokaryotic, viral or eukaryotic cell, and promoters or enhancers that do not "naturally occur", that is, containing different elements from different transcriptional regulatory regions, and / or mutations that alter expression.
    In addition to synthetically producing promoter and enhancer nucleic acid sequences, the sequences can be produced using recombinant cloning and / or nucleic acid amplification technology, including PCR ™, together with the compositions disclosed herein (see U.S. Patent 4,683. 202, United States Patent 5,928,906, each incorporated herein by reference). In addition, it is contemplated that the control sequences that direct the transcription and / or expression of sequences in non-nuclear organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and the like, can be used in the same way.
    Of course, it may be important to use a promoter and / or enhancer that effectively directs the expression of the nucleic acid segment in the type of cell, organelle and organism chosen for expression. People skilled in molecular biology generally know about the use of promoters, enhancers and combinations of cell types for protein expression, for example, see Sambrook et al. (2001), incorporated herein by reference. The promoters used can be constitutive, tissue-specific, cell-selective (that is, more active in one cell type compared to another), inducible and / or useful, under the appropriate conditions to target the high level of expression of the cell segment. introduced nucleic acid, as is advantageous in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins and / or peptides. The promoter can be heterologous or endogenous.
    Various elements / promoters can be used, in the context of the present invention, to regulate the expression of a gene. This list is not intended to be exhaustive of all the possible elements involved in ■ promoting expression, but merely to exemplify them. Examples of inducible elements are also provided, which are regions of a nucleic acid sequence that can be activated in response to a specific stimulus. Promoter / Intensifier (References) include: immunoglobulin heavy chain (Banerji et al., 1983; Gilles et al., 1983; Grosschedl et al., 1985; Atchinson et al., 1986, 1987; Imler et al., 1987; Weinberger et al., 1984; Kiledjian et al., 1988; Porton et al., 1990); immunoglobulin light chain (Queen et al., 1983; Picard et al., 1984); T cell receptor (Luria et al., 1987; Winoto et al., 1989; Redondo et al .; 1990); DQ α and / or DQ β of HLA (Sullivan et al., 1987); β interferon (Goodbourn et al., 1986; Fujita et al., 1987; Goodbourn et al., 1988); Interleukin-2 (Greene et al., 1989); Interleukin-2 receptor (Greene et al., 1989; Lin et al., 1990); Class II MHC 5 (Koch et al., 1989); Class II MHC HLA-DRa (Sherman et al., 1989); β-Actin (Kawamoto et al., 1988; Ng et al .; 1989); Muscular Creatine Kinase (MCK) (Jaynes et al., 1988; Horlick et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1989); Pre-albumin (Trnstiretina) (Costa et al., 1988); Elastase I (Omitz et al., 1987); Metallothionein (MTII) (Karin et al., 1987; Culotta et al., 1989); Collagenase (Pinkert et al., 1987; Angel et al., 1987); Albumin (Pinkert et al., 1987; Tronche et al., 1989, 1990); α-Fetoprotein (Godbout et al., 1988; Campere et al., 1989); y-Globina (Bodine et al., 1987; Perez-Stable et al., 1990); β-Globin (Trudel et al., 1987); c-fos (Cohen et al., 1987); c-HA-ras (Triesman, 1986; Deschamps et al., 1985); Insulin (Edlund et al., 1985); Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) (Hirsh et al., 1990); αl- Antitripain (Latimer et al., 1990); Histone H2B (TH2B) (Hwang et al., 1990); Mouse Collagen and / or Type I (Ripe et al., 1989); Glucose Regulated Proteins (GRP94 and GRP78) (Chang et al., 1989); Rat Growth Hormone (Larsen et al., 1986); Human Serum A Amyloid (SAA) (Edbrooke et al., 1989); Troponin I (TN I) (Yutzey et al., 1989); Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) (Pech et al., 1989); Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Klamut et al., 1990); SV40 (Banerji et al., 1981; Moreau et al., 1981; Sleigh et al., 1985; Firak et al., 1986; Herr et al., 1986; Imbra et al., 1986; Kadesch et al., 1986 ; Wang et al., 1986; Ondek et al., 1987; Kuhl et al., 1987; Schaffher et al., 1988); Polioma (Swartzendruber et al., 1975; Vasseur et al., 1980; Katinka et al., 1980, 1981; Tyndell et al., 1981; Dandolo et al., 1983; de Villiers et al., 1984; Hen et al ., 1986; Satake et al., 1988; Campbell et al., 1988); Retrovirus (Kriegler et al., 1982, 1983; Levinson et al., 1982; Kriegler et al., 1983, 1984a, b, 1988; Bosze et al., 1986; Miksicek et al., 1986; Celander et al., 1987; Thiesen et al., 1988; Celander et al., 1988; Choi et al., 1988; Reisman et al., 1989); Papilloma Virus (Campo et al., 1983; Lusky et al., 1983; Spandidos and Wilkie, 1983; Spalholz et al., 1985; Lusky et al., 1986; Cripe et al., 1987; Gloss et al., 1987 ; Hirochika et al., 1987; Stephens et al., 1987); Hepatitis B virus (Bulia et al., 1986; Jameel et al., 1986; Shaul et al., 1987; Spandau et al., 1988; Vannice et al., 1988); Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Muesing et al., 1987; Hauber et al., 1988; Jakobovits et al., 1988; Feng et al., 1988; Takebe et al., 1988; Rosen et al., 1988; Berkhout et al ., 1989; Laspia et al., 1989; Sharp et al., 1989; Braddock et al., 1989); Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Weber et al., 1984; Boshart et al., 1985; Foecking et al., 1986); and Gibbon Monkey Leukemia Virus (Holbrook et al., 1987; Quinn et al., 1989).
    Inducible elements (Element / Inducer (References)) include: MT II / Phorbol Ester (TNFA), Heavy metals (Pal miter et al., 1982; Has linger et al., 1985; Searle et al., 1985; Stuart et al., 1985; Magana et al., 1987, Karin et al., 1987; Angel et al., 1987b; McNeal et al., 1989); MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) / Glycortcoides (Huang et al., 1981; Lee et al., 1981; Majors et al., 1983; Chandler et al., 1983; Lee et al., 1984; Ponta et al. ., 1985; Sakai et al., 1988); β-Interferon / poly (ri) x, poly (rc) (Tavernier et al., 1983); Adenovirus 5 E2 / E1A (Imperiale et al., 1984); Collagenase / Phorbol Ester (TP A) (Angel et al., 1987a); Stromelysin / Phorbol Ester (TP A) (Angel et al., 1987b); SV40 / Phorbol Ester (TP A) (Angel et al., 1987b); Murine MX / Interferon gene,
    Newcastle (Hug et al., 1988); GRP78 / A23187 gene (Resendez et al., 1988); α-2-Macroglobulin / IL-6 (Kunz et al., 1989); Vimentin / Serum (Rittling et al., 1989); Class I MHC H-2Kb / Interferon gene (Blanar et al., 1989); HSP70 / E1A, SV40 Large Antigen © T (Taylor et al., 1989, 1990a, 1990b); Proliferin / Phorbol-TPA Ester (Mordacq et al., 1989); Tumor Necrosis Factor / PMA (Hensel et al., 1989); and α Thyroid Stimulating Hormone / Thyroid Hormone Gene (Chatterjee et al., 1989).
    The identity of the promoters or tissue-specific or tissue-selective elements (that is, the promoters that have a greater activity in one cell compared to another), as well as assays to characterize their activity, is well known to those skilled in the art. . Examples of such regions include the human LIMK2 gene (Nomoto et al. 1999), the somatostatin 2 receptor gene (Kraus et al., 1998), the murine epididymal retinoic acid binding gene (Lareyre et al., 1 '999), human CD4 (Zhao-Emonet et al., 1998), human alpha 2 (XI) collagen (Tsumaki, et al., 1998), dopamine receptor gene DIA (Lee, et al., 1997), insulin-like growth factor II (Wu et al., 1997), adhesion molecule 1 of human platelet endothelial cells (Almendro et al., 1996) and the SM22 <x.
    Additional viral promoters, cell promoters / enhancers and inducible promoters / enhancers that could be used in combination with the present invention are listed in this document. In addition, any promoter / enhancer combination (as per the Eukaryotic Promoter Database EPDB) could also be used to target the expression of structural genes encoding oligosaccharide-processing enzymes, protein folding accessory proteins, selectable marker proteins or a heterologous protein of interest. Alternatively, a tissue-specific promoter for cancer gene therapy (Table 2) or tumor targeting (Table 3) can be used with the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. Table 2. Tissue-Specific Promoters Candidates for Cancer Gene Therapy









    2. Signs of © Initiation and Internal Ribosome Connection Sites
    A specific initiation signal may also be required for efficient translation of coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon or adjacent sequences. Exogenous translation control signals, including the ATG initiation codon, may be required to be provided. A person normally skilled in the art could readily be able to determine this and provide the necessary signals. It is well known that the initiation codon must be "in the frame" with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenous translation control signals and initiation codons can be natural or synthetic. The efficiency of expression can be increased by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancing elements.
    In certain embodiments of the invention, the use of elements from internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are used to create multigenic or polycistronic messages. IRES elements are able to ignore the methylated Cap 5 'translation ribosome scanning model and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988). IRES elements from two members of the picornavirus family (polio and encephalomyocarditis) have been described (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988), as well as an IRES from a mammalian message (Macejak and Sarnow, 1991). IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, creating polycistronic messages. Due to the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation. Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter / enhancer to transcribe a single message (see U.S. Patents 5,925,565 and 5,935,819, incorporated herein by reference). 3. Multiple Cloning Sites
    Vectors can include a multiple cloning site (MCS), which is a nucleic acid region that contains multiple restriction enzyme sites, any of which can be used in conjunction with standard recombinant technology to digest the vector. (See carbonelli et al., 1999, Levenson et al., 1998, and Cocea, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.) "Restriction enzyme digestion" refers to the catalytic dividing of a nucleic acid molecule with an enzyme that it works only at specific locations on a nucleic acid molecule. Many of these restriction enzymes are commercially available. The use of such enzymes is widely understood by those skilled in the art. Often, a vector is linearized or fragmented using a restriction enzyme that cuts into the MCS to allow exogenous sequences to be linked to the vector. "Bonding" refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two nucleic acid fragments, which may or may not be contiguous with each other. Techniques involving restriction enzymes and binding reactions are well known to those skilled in the art of recombinant technology. 4. Termination signals
    The vectors or constructs of the present invention will generally comprise at least one termination signal. A "termination signal" or "terminator" is comprised of RNA sequences involved in the specific termination of an RNA transcript by an RNA polymerase. Thus, in certain modalities, a termination signal that terminates the production of an RNA transcript is contemplated. A terminator may be needed in vivo to achieve desirable message levels.
    In negative sense RNA viruses, including rabdovirus, the termination is defined by a portion of RNA.
    Terminators contemplated for use in the invention include any terminator known to the transcription described herein or known to a person skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, for example, gene termination sequences, such as, for example, the hormone terminator bovine growth or viral termination sequences, such as, for example, the SV40 terminator. In certain embodiments, the termination signal may be a lack of transcribable or translatable sequence, such as due to a sequence truncation. 5. Signs of Polyadenylation
    In the expression, particularly eukaryotic expression, a person will typically include a polyadenylation signal to effect appropriate polyadenylation of the transcript. It is believed that the nature of the polyadenylation signal is not crucial to the successful practice of the invention, and / or any such sequence can be used. Preferred embodiments include the SV40 polyadenylation signal and / or the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, which is convenient and / or known to function well in various target cells. Polyadenylation may increase the stability of the transcript or may facilitate cytoplasmic transport. 6. Origins of replication
    In order to propagate a vector in a host cell, it can contain one or more origins of replication sites (often called "ori"), which is a specific nucleic acid sequence in which replication is initiated. Alternatively an autonomous replication sequence (ARS) can be used if the host cell is yeast. 7. Selectable and Trackable Markers
    In certain embodiments of the invention, cells that contain a nucleic acid construct of the present invention can be identified in vitro or in vivo, including a marker in the expression vector. Such markers could confer an identifiable change to the cell, allowing easy identification of cells containing the expression vector. Usually, a selectable marker is one that confers a property that allows selection. A positive selectable marker is one in which the presence of the marker allows its selection, while a negative selectable marker is one in which its presence prevents its selection. An example of a positive selectable marker is a drug resistance marker.
    Generally, the inclusion of a drug selection marker assists in the cloning and identification of transformants, for example, genes that confer resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin, DHFR, GPT, zeocin and histidinol are useful selectable markers. In addition to the markers that confer a phenotype that allows the discrimination of transformants based on the implementation of conditions, other types of markers, including traceable markers such as GFP, whose basis is colorimetric analysis, are also contemplated. Alternatively, traceable enzymes such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) can be used. A person skilled in the art could also know how to use immunological markers, possibly in conjunction with FACS analysis. The marker used is not believed to be important, as long as it is capable of being expressed simultaneously with the nucleic acid encoding a gene product. Other examples of selectable and traceable markers are well known to a person normally skilled in the art. D. Host Cells
    As used here, the terms "cell", "cell line" and "cell culture" can be used interchangeably. All of these terms also include their progenies, which is any and all subsequent generations. It is understood that the entire progeny may not be identical due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. In the context of expression of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, "host cell" refers to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, and includes any transformable organisms that are capable of replicating a vector and / or expressing a heterologous gene encoded by a vector . A host cell can, and has been, used as a receptor for vectors or viruses (which is not considered a vector if it does not express exogenous polypeptides). A host cell can be "transfected" or "transformed", which refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid, such as a sequence that encodes a protein, is transferred or introduced into the host cell. A transformed cell includes the individual's primary cell and its progeny.
    Host cells can be derived from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, including yeast cells, insect cells and mammalian cells, depending on whether the desired result is vector replication or expression of part or all of the vector-encoded nucleic acid sequences. Various cell lines and cultures are available for use as a host cell, and they can be obtained through the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), which is an organization that serves as a repository for living cultures and genetic materials (www.atcc.org ). An appropriate host can be determined by a person skilled in the art based on the structure of the vector and the desired result. A plasmid or cosmid, for example, can be introduced into a prokaryotic host cell for the replication of many vectors. Bacterial cells used as host cells for vector replication and / or expression include DH5α, JM109 and KC8, as well as a number of commercially available bacterial hosts such as Sure® Competent Cells and SOLOPACK ™ Gold Cells (STRATAGENE®, La Jolla, CA). Alternatively, bacterial cells such as E. coli LE392 could be used as host cells for phage viruses. Suitable yeast cells include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pombe and Pichia pastoris,
    Examples of eukaryotic host cells for the replication and / or expression of a vector include HeLa, NIH3T3, Jurkat, 293, Cos, CHO, Saos and PC12. Many host cells of various types of cells and organisms are available and would be known to a person skilled in the art. Likewise, a viral vector can be used in conjunction with either a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell, particularly one that is permissive for vector replication or expression.
    Some vectors may use control sequences that allow it to be replicated and / or expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. A person skilled in the art could further understand the conditions under which to incubate all the host cells described above to maintain them and to allow replication of a vector. Also understood and known are the techniques and conditions that would allow the large-scale production of vectors, as well as the production of nucleic acids encoded by vectors and their polypeptides, proteins or cognate peptides. E. Expression Systems
    Several expression systems exist that comprise at least all or part of the compositions discussed above. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic systems can be used for use with the present invention to produce nucleic acid sequences, or their cognate polypeptides, proteins and peptides. Many of these systems are commercially and widely available.
    The insect / baculovirus system can produce a high level of protein expression from a heterologous nucleic acid segment, as described in U.S. Patents 5,871,986 and 4,879,236, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, and which can be purchased , for example, under the name MAXBAC® 2.0 with Invitrogen® and BACPACK ™ BACULOVIRUS EXPESSION SIYSTEM FROM CLONTECH®.
    In addition to the disclosed expression systems of the invention, other examples of expression systems include the STRATAGENE® COMPLETE CONTROL ™ Inducible Mammal Expression system, which involves a synthetic ecdysone-inducible receptor or its pET expression system, a E. coli expression. Another example of an inducible expression system is available from Invitrogen®, which carries the T-Rex ™ System (expression regulated by tetracycline), an inducible mammalian expression system that uses the full-length CMV promoter. INVITROGEN® also provides a yeast expression system called the Pichia methanolica Expression System, which is designed for the high level production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica. One of those skilled in the art could know how to express a vector, such as an expression construct, to produce a nucleic acid sequence or its polypeptide, protein or cognate peptide. F. Nucleic Acid Detection
    In addition to the use in targeting the expression of poxvirus proteins, polypeptides and / or peptides, the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein have a variety of other uses. For example, they are useful as probes or primers for modalities that involve nucleic acid hybridization. They can be used in diagnostic or scanning methods of the present invention. The detection of nucleic acids encoding rabdovirus or modulators of the rabdovirus polypeptide are encompassed by the invention. 1. Hybridization
    The use of a probe or primer between 13 and 100 nucleotides, preferably between 17 and 100 nucleotides in length, or in some aspects of the invention, up to 1 to 2 kilobases or more in length, allows the formation of a duplex molecule that is both stable and selective. Molecules having complementary sequences in contiguous filaments greater than 20 bases in length are generally preferred, to increase the stability and / or selectivity of the obtained hybrid molecules. A person will generally prefer to design nucleic acid molecules for hybridization having one or more complementary sequences of 20 to 30 nucleotides, or even 5 more long ones, where desired. Such fragments can be readily prepared, for example, by directly synthesizing the fragment by chemical means or by introducing selected sequences into recombinant vectors for recombinant production.
    Consequently, the nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used for their ability to selectively form duplex molecules with complementary stretches of DNA and / or RNAs or to provide primers for amplifying DNA or RNA from samples.
    Depending on the intended application, a person may wish to use various hybridization conditions to achieve varying degrees of selectivity of the probe or primers for the target sequence.
    For applications that require high selectivity, a person will typically want to use relatively high stringency conditions to form the hybrids. For example, relatively low and / or high temperature saline conditions, such as those provided by about 0.02 M to about 0.10 M NaCl at temperatures from about 50 ° C to about 70 ° C. Such high stringency conditions tolerate little, if any, mismatch between the probe or probes and the target template or strand and could be particularly suitable for the isolation of specific genes or for the detection of specific mRNA transcripts. It is generally realized that conditions can be made more stringent by adding increasing amounts of formamide.
    For certain applications, for example, site-directed mutagenesis, it is perceived that low stringency conditions are preferred. Under these conditions, hybridization can occur although the sequences of the hybridization strands are not perfectly complementary, but are mismatched in one or more positions. Conditions can become less stringent by increasing the salt concentration and / or decreasing the temperature. For example, a medium stringency condition could be provided for about 0.1 to 0.25 M NaCl at temperatures from about 37 ° C to about 55 ° C, while a low stringency condition could be provided for about from 0.15 M to about 0.9 M of salt, at temperatures ranging from about 20 ° C to about 55 ° C. Hybridization conditions can be readily manipulated, depending on the desired results.
    In other embodiments, hybridization can be achieved under conditions, for example, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 75 mM KC1, 3 mM MgC12, 1.0 mM dithiothreitol, at temperatures between approximately 20 ° C up to about 37 ° C. Other hybridization conditions used could include approximately 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KC1, 1.5 mM MgC12, at temperatures ranging from approximately 40 ° C to about 72 ° C.
    In certain embodiments, it will be advantageous to use nucleic acids of defined sequences of the present invention in combination with an appropriate medium, such as a marker, to determine hybridization. A wide variety of suitable indicator media are known in the art, including fluorescent, radioactive, enzymatic or other ligands, such as avidin / biotin, that are capable of being detected. In preferred embodiments, a person may wish to use a fluorescent marker or enzyme tag such as urease, alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, instead of radioactive or other environmentally undesirable reagents. In the case of enzymatic labels, colorimetric indicator substrates are known that can be used to provide a detection medium that is visibly or spectrophotometrically detectable, to identify specific hybridization with samples containing complementary nucleic acid.
    In general, it is anticipated that the probes or primers described herein will be useful as reagents in the hybridization of the solution, as in PCR ™, for the detection of the expression of 5 corresponding genes, as well as in modalities using a solid phase. In modalities that involve a solid phase, the test DNA (or RNA) is adsorbed or otherwise attached to a selected matrix or surface. This single stranded fixed nucleic acid is then subjected to hybridization with selected probes under desired conditions. The conditions selected will depend on the particular circumstances (depending, for example, on the G + C content, the type of target nucleic acid, the source of the nucleic acid, the size of the hybridization probe, etc.). The optimization of the hybridization conditions for the particular application of interest is well known to those skilled in the art. After washing the hybridized molecules to remove probe molecules not specifically bound, hybridization is detected, and / or quantified, by determining the amount of bound marker. Representative solid-phase hybridization methods are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,843,663, 5,900,481 and 5,919,626. Other methods of hybridization that can be used in the practice of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patents 5,849,481, 5,849,486 and 5,851,772. The relevant portions of these and other references identified in this section of the Descriptive Report are hereby incorporated by reference. 2. Amplification of Nucleic Acids
    Nucleic acids used as a template for amplification can be isolated from cells, tissues or other samples according to standard methodologies (Sambrook et al., 2001). In certain embodiments, analysis is performed on whole cells or tissue homogenates or samples of biological fluids without substantial purification of the template nucleic acid. The nucleic acid can be genomic or fractionated DNA or whole cell RNA. Where RNA is used, it may be desired to first convert the RNA to a complementary DNA.
    The term "initiator", as used herein, is intended to encompass any nucleic acid that is capable of initiating the synthesis of a nascent nucleic acid in a mold-dependent process. Typically, primers are oligonucleotides of ten to twenty and / or thirty base pairs in length, but longer sequences can be used. Primers can be provided in the form of double strand and / or single strand, although the single strand form is preferred.
    Primer pairs designed to selectively hybridize to nucleic acids corresponding to the gene sequences identified here come into contact with the template nucleic acid under conditions that allow for selective hybridization. Depending on the desired application, high stringency hybridization conditions can be selected that will only allow hybridization for sequences that are completely complementary to the primers. In other embodiments, hybridization may occur under reduced stringency to allow amplification of nucleic acids that contain one or worse pairings with primers. Once hybridized, the template-initiator complex comes into contact with one or more enzymes that facilitate the synthesis of template-dependent nucleic acid. Multiple cycles of amplification, also referred to as "cycles", are performed until a sufficient amount of amplification product is produced.
    A variety of mold-dependent processes are available to amplify the oligonucleotide sequences present in a given sample model sample. One of the most well-known amplification methods is the polymerase chain reaction (referred to as PCR ™), which is described in detail in the Patents
    American 4,683,195, 4,683,202 and 4,800,159, and in Innis et al., 1988, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    A reverse transcriptase PCR ™ amplification procedure can be performed to quantify the amount of amplified mRNA and are well known (see Sambrook et al., 2001; WO 90/07641; and U.S. Patent 5,882,864).
    Another method for amplification is the ligase chain reaction ("LCR"), disclosed in European Application No. 320 308, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. United States Patent 4,883,750 describes a LCR-like method for linking probe pairs to a target sequence. A method based on PCR ™ and oligonucleotide ligase (OLA) assay, disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,912,148, can also be used. Alternative methods for amplifying target nucleic acid sequences that can be used in the practice of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patents 5,843,650, 5,846,709, 5,846,783, 5,849,546, 5,849,497, 5,849,547, 5,858 .652, 5,866,366, 5,916,776, 5,922,574, 5,928,905, 5,928,906, 5,932,451, 5,935,825, 5,939,291 and 5,942,391, GB Order No. 2 202 328, and in the Order PCT No. US89 / 01025, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Qbeta replicase, described in PCT Application No. PCT / US87 / 00880, can also be used as an amplification method in the present invention. Isothermal amplification as described by Walker et al. (1992) can also be used. As well as the Tape Displacement Amplification (SDA), disclosed in US Patent 5,916,779.
    Other nucleic acid amplification procedures that include transcription-based amplification systems (TAS), including nucleic acid sequence (NASBA) and 3SR amplification (Kwoh et al., 1989; PCT application WO 88/10315, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). European Order No. 329 822 discloses a nucleic acid amplification process that involves the cyclic synthesis of single-stranded RNA ("ssRNA"), ssDNA, and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which can be used according to present invention.
    PCT Application WO 89/06700 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) describes a nucleic acid sequence amplification scheme based on the hybridization of a promoter region / initiation sequence to a single target DNA and strand ("ssDNA") followed by the transcription of many RNA copies of the sequence. Other amplification methods include "RACE" and "unilateral PCR (Frohman, 1990; Ohara et al., 1989). 3. Nucleic Acid Detection
    After any amplification, it may be desirable to separate and / or isolate the amplification product from the mold and / or the excess primer. In one embodiment, the amplification products are separated by agarose, agarose-acrylamide or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using standard methods (Sambrook et al., 2001).
    Nucleic acid separation can also be accomplished by chromatographic techniques known in the art. There are many types of chromatography that can be used in the practice of the present invention, including adsorption, partition, ion exchange, hydroxylapatite, molecular sieve, reverse phase, column, paper, thin layer and gas chromatography as well as HPLC.
    Typical visualization methods include staining a gel with ethidium bromide and viewing the bands under UV light. Alternatively, if the amplification products are fully labeled with radiolabeled or fluorimetrically labeled nucleotides, the separate amplification products can be exposed to X-ray film or viewed under the appropriate excitatory spectra.
    In particular modalities, detection is by Southern blotting and hybridization with a labeled probe. The techniques involved in Southern blotting are well known to those skilled in the art (see Sambrook et al, 2001). An example of the foregoing is described in U.S. Patent 5,279,721, incorporated herein by reference, which discloses an apparatus and method for automated electrophoresis and nucleic acid transfer. Other methods of nucleic acid detection that can be used in the practice of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patents 5,840,873, 5,843,640, 5,843,651, 5,846,708, 5,846,717, 5,846,726, 5,846,729, 5,849 .487, 5,853,990, 5,853,992, 5,853,993, 5,856,092, 5,861,244, 5,863,732, 5,863,753, 5,866,331, 5,905,024, 5,910,407, 5,912,124, 5,912,145 , 5,919,630, 5,925,517, 5,928,862, 5,928,869, 5,929,227, 5,932,413 and 5,935,791, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. 4. Other Tests
    Other methods for genetic scanning can be used within the scope of the present invention, for example, to detect mutations in samples of genomic nucleic acids, cDNA and / or RNA. Methods used to detect point mutations include denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ("DGGE"), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis ("RFLP"), chemical or enzymatic cleavage methods, direct sequencing of target regions amplified by PCR ™ (see above), single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis ("SSCP") and other well-known methods known in the art. A scanning method for point mutations is based on the cleavage of RNase from mismatched base pairs in RNA / DNA or RNA / RNA heteroduplexes. As used herein, the term "mismatch" is defined as a region of one or more mismatched or mismatched nucleotides on a double-stranded RNA / RNA, RNA / DNA or DNA / DNA molecule. This definition thus includes mismatches due to insertion / deletion mutations, as well as single or multiple base point mutations (for example, see U.S. Patent 4,946,773. Alternative methods for detecting deletion, insertion mutations or substitutions that can be used in the practice of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patents 5,849,483, 5,851,770, 5,866,337, 5,925,525 and 5,928,870, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. G. Gene Transfer Methods
    It is believed that suitable methods for delivering nucleic acid to perform expression of compositions of the present invention include virtually any method by which a nucleic acid (for example, DNA or RNA, including viral and non-viral vectors) can be introduced into a organelle, cell, tissue or organism, as described herein or as would be known to a person normally skilled in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, direct distribution of nucleic acid, such as by injection (US Patents 5,994,624, 5,981,274, 5,945,100, 5,780,448, 5,736,524, 5,702,932, 5,656,610 , 5,589,466 and 5,580,859, each incorporated herein by reference), including microinjection (Harland and Weintraub, 1985; United States patent 5,789,215, incorporated herein by reference); by electroporation (United States Patent 5,384,253, incorporated herein by reference); by precipitation with calcium phosphate (Graham and Van Der Eb, 1973; Chen and Okayama, 1987; Rippe et al., 1990); the use of DEAE dextran followed by polyethylene glycol (Gopal, 1985); by direct sonic loading (Fechheimer et al., 1987) ;. by liposome-mediated transfection (Nicolau and sene, 1982; Fraley et al., 1979; Nicolau et al., 1987; Wong et al., 1980; Kaneda et al., 1989; Kato et al., 1991); by bombardment with microprojectiles (PCT Orders Nos. WO 94/09699 and 95/06128; American Patents 5,610,042; 5,322,783 5,563,055, 5,550,318, 5,538,877 and 5,538,880, and each incorporated herein by reference ); by stirring with silicon carbide fibers (Kaeppler et al., 1990; US Patents US 5,302,523 and 5,464,765, each incorporated herein by reference); by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (US Patents 5,591,616 and 5,563,055, each incorporated herein by reference); or by PEG-mediated protoplast transformation (Omirulleh et al., 1993; U.S. Patents 4,684,611 and 4,952,500, each incorporated herein by reference); by desiccation / inhibition-mediated DNA uptake (Potrykus et al., 1985). Through the application of techniques such as these, organelle (s), cell (s), tissue (s) or organism (s) can be stably or transiently transformed. H. Lipid Components and Portions
    In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to compositions that comprise one or more lipids associated with a nucleic acid, an amino acid molecule, such as a peptide, or other small molecule compound. In any of the modalities discussed herein, the molecule can be a rabdovirus polypeptide or a rabdovirus polypeptide modulator, for example, a nucleic acid that encodes all or part of any rabdovirus polypeptide, or alternatively, an amino acid molecule that encodes all or part of the rabdovirus polypeptide modulator.
    A lipid is a substance that is characteristically insoluble in water and extracted with an organic solvent. Compounds other than those specifically described herein are understood by a person skilled in the art as lipids, and are encompassed by the compositions and methods of the present invention. A lipid component and a non-lipid component can be linked together, either covalently or non-covalently.
    A lipid can be naturally occurring or synthetic (that is, designed or produced by man). However, a lipid is generally a biological substance. Biological lipids are well known in the art and include, for example, neutral fats, phospholipids, phosphoglycerides, steroids, terpenes, lysolipids, glycosphingolipids, glycolipids, sulfatides, lipids with ether and ester-linked fatty acids and polymerizable lipids, and combinations thereof.
    A nucleic acid molecule or an amino acid molecule, such as a peptide, associated with a lipid can be dispersed in a solution containing a lipid, dissolved with a lipid, emulsified with a lipid, mixed with a lipid, combined with a lipid, covalently attached to a lipid, contained as a suspension in a lipid, or otherwise associated with a lipid. A lipid or lipid / virus-associated composition of the present invention is not limited to any particular structure. For example, they can also simply be merged into a solution, possibly forming aggregates that are not uniform in any size or shape. In another example, they may be present in a bilayer structure, such as micelles, or with a "collapsed" structure. In another non-limiting example, a poxvirus lipofectamine (Gibco BRL) or Superfect viral complex (Qiagen) is also contemplated.
    In certain embodiments, a lipid composition can comprise about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8% about about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12% about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16% about 17%, about 18%, about 19 %, about 20% about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24% about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28% about 29%, about about 30%, about 31%, about 32% about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36% about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40 % about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44% about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48% about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, 5 about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78% , about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88% , 10 about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98 %, about 99%, about 100%, or any range derived therefrom, from a particular lipid, type of lipid or non-lipid component, such as a drug, protein, sugar, nucleic acids or other materials disclosed herein or as would be known to a person skilled in the art. In a non-limiting example, a lipid composition can comprise about 10% to about 20% neutral lipids, and about 33% to about 20% 34% of a cerebroside, and about 1% cholesterol. Thus, it is contemplated that lipid compositions of the present invention can comprise any of the lipids, types of lipids or other components in any combination or percentage range. IV. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS AND TREATMENT SCHEMES
    In one embodiment of the present invention, a method of treatment for a hyperproliferative or neoplastic disease, such as cancer, through the distribution of a rabdovirus, such as Marabá virus, Carajás virus, Muir Springs virus and / or Greater Bahia virus, is contemplated. Examples of cancers contemplated for treatment include lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, 10 bone cancer, testicular cancer, cervical cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, lymphomas, pre- neoplastic, pre-neoplastic lesions in the lung, colon cancer, melanoma, bladder cancer and any other cancers or tumors that can be treated, including metastatic or systemically distributed cancers.
    An effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition, in general, is defined as that amount sufficient to detectably and repeatedly delay, improve, decrease, minimize or limit the extent of the disease or its symptoms. More stringent definitions can be applied, including eliminating, eradicating or curing the disease.
    Preferably, patients will have adequate bone marrow function (defined as an absolute peripheral granulocyte count of> 2.00 / mm3 and a platelet count of 100,000 / mm3) r adequate liver function (bilirubin <1.5 mg / dL) and adequate renal function (creatinine <1.5 mg / dL). The administration
    To kill cells, inhibit cell growth, inhibit metastasis, decrease the size of the tumor or tissue, and otherwise reverse, park or reduce the malignant phenotype of tumor cells, using the methods and compositions of the present invention, a person generally contacts a hyperproliferative or neoplastic cell with a therapeutic composition, such as a virus or an expression construct that encodes a polypeptide. The routes of administration will naturally vary with the location and nature of the lesion, and include, for example, intradermal, transdermal, parenteral, intravascular, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, subcutaneous, regional, percutaneous, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, intrarterial, intravesical, intratumor, inhalation, perfusion, washing, direct injection, by feeding and oral.
    To achieve a therapeutic benefit in relation to a vascular condition or disease, a vascular cell could be brought into contact with the therapeutic compound. Any of the formulations and routes of administration discussed in relation to the treatment or diagnosis of cancer can also be used in relation to vascular diseases and conditions.
    Intratumoral injection, or injection into the tumor vasculature, is contemplated for discrete, solid and accessible tumors. Local, regional or systemic administration is also contemplated, especially for those cancers that are spread or that are susceptible to systemic spread. The viral particles can be administered by at least or at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 injections.
    In the case of surgical intervention, the present invention can be used preoperatively, to render an inoperable tumor amenable to resection. Alternatively, the present invention can be used at the time of surgery, and / or later, to treat residual or metastatic disease. For example, a resected tumor bed can be injected or perfused with a formulation comprising a rabdovirus polypeptide or a rabdovirus, which may or may not harbor a mutation, which is advantageous for the treatment of cancer or cancer cells. The perfusion can continue after resection, for example, leaving a catheter implanted at the surgery site. Periodic post-surgical treatment is also planned.
    Continuous administration can also be applied, where necessary, for example, where a tumor is cut and the tumor bed is treated to eliminate residual, microscopic disease. Distribution via syringe or catheterization is preferred. Such continuous infusion can occur over a period of about 1 to 2 hours, up to about 2 to 6 hours, up to about 6 to 12 hours, up to about 12 to 24 hours, up to about 1 to 2 days, up to about 1 to 2 weeks or more after starting treatment. Generally, the dose of the therapeutic composition by continuous infusion will be equivalent to that given by a single injection or multiple injections, adjusted over a period of time during which the infusion occurs. It is further contemplated that the perfusion of the limb can be used to administer therapeutic compositions of the present invention, particularly in the treatment of melanomas and sarcomas.
    Treatment regimens can vary in the same way, and commonly depend on the type of tumor, tumor location, disease progression and patient's health and age. Obviously, certain types of tumor will need more aggressive treatment, while at the same time, certain patients cannot tolerate overloaded protocols. The clinician will be best suited to make such decisions based on the known efficacy and toxicity (if any) of the therapeutic formulations.
    In certain embodiments, the tumor to be treated cannot, at least initially, be resectable. Treatments with therapeutic viral constructs can increase the resectability of the tumor due to shrinkage at the margins or the elimination of certain particularly invasive portions. After treatments, resection may be possible. Additional treatments following resection will serve to eliminate microscopic residual disease at the tumor site.
    A typical treatment process, for a primary tumor or a post-excision tumor bed, will involve 15 multiple doses. Typical primary tumor treatment involves an application of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more doses over a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more weeks. A two-week regimen can be repeated one, two, three-, four, five, six or more times. During a 20-treatment period, the need to complete the predicted dosages can be reassessed.
    Treatments can include several "unit doses". Unit dose is defined as containing a predetermined amount of the therapeutic composition. The amount to be administered, and the particular route and formulation, are within the skills of clinicians skilled in the art. A unit dose does not need to be administered as a single injection, but it can comprise continuous infusion over a defined period of time. The unit dose of the present invention can be conveniently described in terms of plaque forming units (cfu) or viral particles for viral constructs. Unit doses range from 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 10% 10 10, 1011, 1012, 1013 cfu or vp and above. Alternatively, depending on the type of virus and the attainable title, one will administer from 1 to 100, 10 to 50, 100 to 1000, or up to about 1 x 104, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, 1 x 107, 1 x 108, 1 x 109, 1 x 1010, 1 x 1011, 1 x 1012, 1 x 1013, 1 x 1014 or 1 x 1015 or more infectious viral particles (vp) for the patient or for the patient's cells. B. Injectable Compositions and Formulations
    The preferred method for administering an expression construct or virus that encodes all or part of a rabdovirus genome for cancer or tumor cells in the present invention is by intravascular injection. However, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may alternatively be administered intratumorally, parenterally, intravenously, intrarterially, intradermally, intramuscularly, transdermally or even intraperitoneally, as described in U.S. Patents 5,543,158 and 5,641,515 and 5,399,363 (each specifically here incorporated by reference in its entirety).
    The injection of nucleic acid constructs can be administered by syringe or any other method used for injecting a solution, while the expression construct can pass through the particular needle calibrator required for injection (for example, see US Patents 5,846. 233 and 5,846,225). Solutions of the active compounds as a free base or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof, and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions (United States Patent 5,466,468, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In all cases, the form must be sterile and must flow to the point where easy syringability occurs. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), their suitable mixtures and / or vegetable oils. Adequate fluidity can be maintained, for example, by using a coating, such as lecithin, by maintaining the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by using surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be carried out by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be accomplished by using in the compositions agents that delay absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
    For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution must be adequately buffered, if necessary, and the liquid diluent first made isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intratumoral and intraperitoneal administration. Accordingly, sterile aqueous media that can be used will be known to those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure. For example, a dosage can be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected into the proposed infusion site (see, for example, "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences", 15th Edition, pages 1035 1038 and 1570 to 1580). Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the individual being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any case, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject. In addition, for administration to humans, the preparations must meet the standards of sterility, pyrogenicity, safety in general and purity required by the governments of the countries in which the compositions are being used.
    The compositions disclosed herein can be formulated in a neutral or saline form. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric , mandelic and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like. In the formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such an amount that is therapeutically effective. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms, such as injectable solutions, drug release capsules and the like.
    As used herein, "vehicle" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicle, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorbing retardants, buffers, vehicle solutions, suspensions, colloids and the like. The use of such means and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except to the extent that any conventional medium or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
    The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" or 5 "pharmacologically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar undirected reaction when administered to a human. The preparation of an aqueous composition that contains a protein as an active ingredient is well understood in the art. Typically, such compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in liquid before injection can also be prepared. C. Combination Treatments
    The compounds and methods of the present invention can be used in the context of hyperproliferative or neoplastic diseases / conditions including cancer and atherosclerosis. In order to increase the effectiveness of a treatment with the compositions of the present invention, such as rabdovirus, it may be desirable to combine these compositions with other agents effective in the treatment of those diseases and conditions. For example, the treatment of a cancer can be implemented with therapeutic compounds of the present invention and other anti-cancer therapies, such as anti-cancer agents or surgery.
    Various combinations can be used; for example, a rhabdovirus, such as Marabá virus, is "A" and secondary anti-cancer therapy is "B", which may include a second rhabdovirus or another oncolytic virus: A / B / AB / A / BB / B / AA / A / BA / B / BB / A / AA / B / B / BB / A / B / BB / B / B / AB / B / A / BA / A / B / BA / B / A / BA / B / B / AB / B / A / AB / A / B / AB / A / A / BA / A / A / BB / A / A / AA / B / A / AA / A / B / A
    The administration of the therapeutic viruses or viral constructs of the present invention to a patient will follow the general protocols for the administration of that particular secondary therapy, taking into account the toxicity, if any, of the treatment of the virus. Treatment cycles are expected to be repeated as needed. It is also contemplated that several standard therapies, as well as surgical intervention, can be applied in combination with the described cancer, or tumor cell therapy. 1. Anticancer Therapy
    An "anticancer" agent is able to negatively affect cancer in an individual, for example, by killing cancer cells, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing the growth rate of cancer cells, reducing the incidence or the number of metastases, reducing tumor size, inhibiting tumor growth, reducing blood supply to a tumor or cancer cells, promoting an immune response against cancer cells in a tumor, preventing or inhibiting cancer progression or increasing the life span of an individual with cancer. Anticancer agents include biological agents (biotherapy), chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy agents. More generally, these other compositions would be provided in a combined amount effective to kill or inhibit cell proliferation. This process may involve contact of the cells with the virus or viral construct and multiple agent (s) or factor (s) at the same time. This can be achieved by contacting the cell with a single composition or pharmacological formulation that includes both agents, or by contacting the cell with two different compositions or formulations, at the same time, where one composition includes the virus and the other includes ( second agent (s).
    The resistance of the tumor cell to chemotherapy and radiotherapy agents represents a major problem in clinical oncology. One of the goals of current cancer research is to find ways to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy by combining this with gene therapy. For example, the herpes simplex-thymidine kinase gene (HS-TK), when delivered to brain tumors by a retroviral vector system, successfully induced susceptibility to the ganciclovir antiviral agent (Culver et I al., 1992). In the context of the present invention, it is contemplated that poxvirus therapy could be used similarly in conjunction with chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic or other biological intervention, in addition to other pro-apoptotic or cell cycle regulating agents.
    Alternatively, one viral therapy may precede or follow the other treatment at intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. In modalities where the other agent and virus are applied separately to the cell, a person could in general ensure that a significant period of time does not expire between the time of each distribution, such that the agent and the virus would still be able to an advantageously combined effect on the cell. In such cases, it is contemplated that the cell can be brought into contact with both modalities within about 12 to 24 hours between them and, more preferably, within about 6 to 12 hours between them. In some situations, it may be desirable to extend the time period for treatment significantly, however, where a period of several days (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7) to several weeks (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) between the respective administrations. The. Chemotherapy
    Cancer therapies also include a variety of combination therapies with chemical and radiation-based treatments. Combination chemotherapies include, for example, cisplatin (CDDP), carboplatin, procarbazine, mecloretamine, cyclophosphamide, camptothecin, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulfan, nitrosurea, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, mitomycin, plomomycin, mitomycin, plomomycin, plomomycin, plomomycin, mitomycin, plomomycin, myomycin, plomomycin, myomycin, tamoxifen, raloxifene, estrogen receptor binding agents, taxol, gemcitabiene, navelbine, farnesyl transferase protein inhibitors, transplatin, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine, vincristine and methotrexate, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTIC), or any analog or variant derived from the previous one. The combination of chemotherapy with biological therapy is known as biochemotherapy. B. Radiotherapy
    Other factors that cause DNA damage and have been used extensively include those that are commonly known as y-rays, X-rays, proton beams and / or the targeted distribution of radioisotopes to tumor cells. Other forms of factors that damage DNA are also contemplated, such as microwaves and UV radiation. All of these factors are more likely to effect a wide range of damage to DNA, DNA precursors, DNA replication and repair, and chromosome assembly and maintenance. Dosage ranges for X-rays range from daily doses of 50 to 200 roentgens for extended periods of time (3 to 4 weeks), to single doses of 2000 to 6000 roentgens. The dosage ranges for radioisotopes vary widely, and depend on the half-life of the isotope, on the energy and type of radiation emitted, and on absorption by neoplastic cells.
    The terms "contacted" and "exposed", when applied to a cell, are used here to describe the process by which a therapeutic construct and a chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent are administered to a target cell or are placed in direct juxtaposition with the target cell . To achieve cell death or stasis, both agents are supplied to a cell in a combined amount effective to kill the cell or prevent it from dividing. ç. Immunotherapy
    Immunotherapies, in general, are based on the use of immuno-effector cells and molecules to target and destroy cancer cells. The immunoreceptor can, for example, be an antibody specific for some markers on the surface of a tumor cell. The antibody alone can serve as an effector of therapy or it can recruit other cells to actually have an effect on cell death. The antibody can also be conjugated to a drug or toxin (chemotherapeutic, radionuclide, ricin A chain, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, etc.) and serve merely as a bleaching agent. Alternatively, the effector can be a lymphocyte carrying a surface molecule that interacts, directly or indirectly, with a tumor cell target. Various effector cells include cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The combination of therapeutic modalities, that is, direct cytotoxic activity and inhibition or reduction of certain rabdovirus or rabdovirus polypeptides, could provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cancer.
    Immunotherapy could also be used as part of a combination therapy. The general approach to combination therapy is discussed below. In one aspect of immunotherapy, the tumor cell must have some marker that is liable to target, that is, that is not present in most other cells. Many tumor markers exist and any one of them may be suitable for targeting in the context of the present invention. Common tumor markers include carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate specific antigen, urinary tumor associated antigen, fetal antigen, tyrosinase (p97), gp68, TAG-72, HMFG, sialyl-Lewis antigen, MucA, MucB, FLAP, estrogen receptor, laminin receptor, erb B and pl55. Tumor cell lysates can also be used in an antigenic composition.
    An alternative aspect of immunotherapy is to combine anticancer effects with immunostimulatory effects. Immunostimulatory molecules include: cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFNy, chemokines such as MIP-1, MCP-1, IL-8 and growth factors such as FLT3 linker. The combination of immunostimulatory molecules, either as proteins or using gene distribution in combination with a tumor suppressor, has been shown to improve antitumor effects (Ju et al., 2000).
    As discussed earlier, examples of immunotherapies currently under investigation or in use are immunoadjuvants (for example, Mycobacterium bovis compounds, Plasmodium falciparum, dinitrochlorobenzene and aromatics) (U.S. Patents 5,801,005 and 5,739,169; Hui and Hashimoto, 1998; Christodoulides et al., 1998), cytokine therapy (for example, α, β and y interferons; IL-1, GM-CSF and TNF) (Bukowski et al., 1998; Davidson et al., 1998; Hellstrand et al., 1998) gene therapy (e.g. TNF, IL-1, IL-2, p53) (Qin et al., 1998; Austin-Ward and Villaseca, 1998; U.S. Patents 5,830,880 and 5,846,945) and monoclonal antibodies ( for example, GM2 antiganglioside, anti-HER-2, anti-p85) (Pietras et al., 1998; Hanibuchi et al., 1998; United States patent 5,824,311), Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody ( mouse-human) that blocks the HER2-neu receptor (Dillman, 1999). Combination cancer therapy with herceptin and chemotherapy has been shown to be more effective than individual therapies. Thus, it is contemplated that one or more anticancer therapies can be used with the rabdovirus-related therapies described herein. (1) Passive Immunotherapy
    A variety of different approaches to passive cancer immunotherapy exist. They can be broadly classified as follows: injection of antibodies only; injection of antibodies coupled to toxins or chemotherapeutic agents; injection of antibodies coupled to radioactive isotopes; injection of antiidiotypic antibodies; and, finally, purging of tumor cells in the bone marrow.
    Preferably, human monoclonal antibodies are used in passive immunotherapy, since they produce little or no side effects in the patient. However, the application of these is somewhat limited due to scarcity and even, they were only administered intralesionally. Human monoclonal antibodies to ganglioside antigens have been administered intralesionally to patients suffering from recurrent cutaneous melanoma (Irie and Morton, 1986). The regression was observed in six of the ten patients, after intralesional injections, daily or weekly. In another study, moderate success was obtained from intralesional injections of two human monoclonal antibodies (Irie et al., 1989).
    It may be favorable to administer more than one monoclonal antibody directed against two different antigens or even antibodies with multiple antigen specificity. Treatment protocols can also include the administration of lymphokines or other immune enhancers as described by Bajorin et al. (1988). The development of human monoclonal antibodies is described in greater detail elsewhere in the specification. (2) Active Immunotherapy
    In active immunotherapy, a peptide, polypeptide or antigenic protein, or an autologous or allogeneic tumor cell composition or "vaccine" is administered, usually with a distinct bacterial adjuvant (Ravindranath and Morton, 1991; Morton et al., 1992; Mitchell et al., 1990; Mitchell et al., 1993). In melanoma immunotherapy, those patients who elicit a high IgM response often survive better than those who do not elicit or elicit few IgM antibodies (Morton et al., 1992). IgM antibodies are often transient antibodies and the exception to the rule appears to be anti-ganglioside or anti-carbohydrate antibodies. (3) Adoptive Immunotherapy
    In adoptive immunotherapy, lymphocytes circulating in the patient, or lymphocytes infiltrated in the tumor, are isolated in vitro, activated by lymphocins such as IL 2 or transduced with the genes for tumor necrosis, and readministered (Rosenberg et al., 1988; 1989) . To achieve this, a person could administer to an animal or human patient, an immunologically effective amount of activated lymphocytes, in combination with an antigen peptide composition incorporated in adjuvant as described herein. The activated lymphocytes will most preferably be the patient's own cells that were most easily isolated from a blood or tumor sample and activated (or "expanded") in vitro. This form of immunotherapy produced several cases of regression of melanoma and renal carcinoma, but the percentage of responders was low compared to those who did not respond. d. Genes
    In yet another embodiment, secondary treatment is gene therapy in which a therapeutic polynucleotide is administered before, after, or at the same time as a rabdovirus is administered. The distribution of a rabdovirus in conjunction with a vector encoding one of the following gene products will have a combined anticancer effect on target tissues. Alternatively, rabdovirus can be engineered as a viral vector to include the therapeutic polynucleotide. A variety of proteins are encompassed in the invention, some of which are described below. Table 4 lists several genes that can be targeted for gene therapy in some way in combination with the present invention. (1) Inducers of Cellular Proliferation
    The proteins that induce cell proliferation still fall into several function-dependent categories. The existence of common attributes of all these proteins is their ability to regulate cell proliferation. For example, a form of PDGF, the oncogene sis, is a segregated growth factor. Oncogenes rarely arise from genes that encode growth factors, and at present, sis is the only naturally occurring oncogenic growth factor. In an embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that antisense mRNA targeting a particular cell proliferation inducer is used to prevent expression of the cell proliferation inducer. (2) Cell Proliferation Inhibitors
    Tumor suppressor oncogenes work to inhibit excessive cell proliferation. The inactivation of these genes destroys their inhibitory activity, resulting in unregulated proliferation. Tumor suppressors include p53, PL6 and C-CAM. Other genes that can be used in accordance with the present invention include Rb, APC, DCC, NF-1, NF-2, WT-1, MEN-I, MEN-II, zacl, p73, VHL, MMAC1 / PTEN, DBCCR-1, FCC, rsk-3, p27, p27 / pl6 fusions, p21 / p27 fusions, antithrombotic genes (e.g. COX-1, TFPI), PGS, Dp, E2F, ras, myc, neu, raf, erb , fms, trk, ret, gsp, hst, abl, EIA, p300, genes involved in angiogenesis (for example, VEGF, FGF, thrombospondin, BAI-1, GDAIF or their receptors) and MCC. (3) Programmed Cell Death Regulators
    Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential process for normal embryonic development, maintenance of homeostasis in adult tissues and suppression of carcinogenesis (Kerr et al., 1972). The Bcl-2 family of proteins and proteases type ICE has been shown to be 5 important regulators and effectors of apoptosis in other systems. Bcl2 protein, discovered in association with follicular lymphoma, plays a prominent role in controlling apoptosis and increasing cell survival in response to various apoptotic stimuli (Bakhshi et al., 1985; Cleary and Sklar, 1985; Cleary et al., 1986; Tsujimoto et al., 1985; Tsujimoto and Croce, 1986). The evolutionarily conserved Bcl-2 protein is now recognized as being a member of a family of related proteins, which can be categorized as death agonists or death antagonists.
    Subsequent to its discovery, Bcl2 has been shown to act to suppress cell death triggered by a variety of stimuli. Furthermore, it is now evident that there is a family of Bcl-2 cell death regulatory proteins that share common structural and sequence homologies. These different family members have been shown to have functions similar to Bcl2 (for example, BclXL, BclW, BclS, Mcl-1, Al, Bfl-1) or to counterbalance Bcl2 function and promote cell death II (for example, Bax, Bak, Bik, Bim, Bid, Bad, Harakiri). and. Surgery
    Approximately 60% of people with cancer will undergo some type of surgery, which includes preventive, diagnostic or testing, curative and palliative surgery. Curative surgery is a cancer treatment that can be used in conjunction with other therapies, such as the treatment of the present invention, chemotherapy therapies, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and / or alternative therapies.
    Curative surgery includes resection in which all or part of the cancerous tissue is physically removed, excised and / or destroyed. Tumor resection refers to the physical removal of at least part of a tumor. In addition to tumor resection, treatment by surgery includes laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery and microscopically controlled surgery (Mohs surgery). It is further contemplated that the present invention can be used in conjunction with the removal of surface cancers, pre-cancers or incidental amounts of normal tissue.
    In the excision of a part of all cancer cells, tissue or tumor, a cavity can be formed in the body. Treatment can be carried out by infusion, direct injection or local application of the area with additional anti-cancer therapy. Such treatment can be repeated, for example, every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days, or every 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks, or every 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months. These treatments can likewise be of different strengths. f. Other agents
    It is contemplated that other agents can be used in combination with the present invention to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment. These additional agents include immunomodulatory agents, agents that affect the uptake of cell surface receptors and GAP junctions, cytostatic and differentiation agents, cell adhesion inhibitors, agents that increase the sensitivity of hyperproliferative cells to apoptosis inducers or other biological agents. Immunomodulatory agents include tumor necrosis factor; interferon α, β and y; IL-2 and other cytokines; F42K and other cytokine analogs; or MIP-1, MIP-Iβ, MCP-1, RANTES and other chemokines. It is also contemplated that the overloading of cell surface receptors or their ligands, as well as Faz / ligand Fas, DR4 or DR5 / TRAIL (Apo-2 ligand) could potentiate the apoptotic induction capacity of the present invention by establishing an autocrine or paracrine effect in hyperproliferative cells. Increases in intercellular signaling by increasing the number of GAP junctions could increase the anti-hyperproliferative effects on the neighboring hyperproliferative cell population. In other embodiments, cytostatic or differentiating agents can be used in combination with the present invention to improve the anti-hyperproliferative efficacy of treatments. Cell adhesion inhibitors are contemplated to improve the effectiveness of the present invention. Examples of cell adhesion inhibitors are focal adhesion kinase inhibitors (FAKs) and lovastatin. It is further contemplated that other agents that increase the sensitivity of a hyperproliferative cell to apoptosis, such as the c225 antibody, could be used in combination with the present invention to improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
    There have been many advances in cancer therapy after the introduction of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs. However, one of the consequences of chemotherapy is the development / acquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes and the development of multiple drug resistance. The development of drug resistance remains an important obstacle in the treatment of such tumors and, therefore, there is an obvious need for alternative approaches such as viral therapy.
    Another form of therapy for use in conjunction with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or biological therapy includes hyperthermia, which is a procedure in which a patient's tissue is exposed to elevated temperatures (up to 106 ° F). External or internal heating devices may be involved in the application of local, regional or whole body hyperthermia. Local hyperthermia involves applying heat to a small area, such as a tumor. Heat can be generated externally with high frequency waves that target a tumor from a device outside the body. Internal heat may involve a sterile probe, including thin heated wires or hollow tubes filled with heated water, implanted microwave antennas or radio frequency electrodes. □ A patient's organ or limb is heated for regional therapy, which is performed using devices that produce large amounts of energy, such as magnets. Alternatively, some of the patient's blood can be removed and heated before being infused into an area that will be internally heated. Warming throughout the body can also be implemented in cases where the cancer has spread throughout the body. Heated water blankets, hot wax, inductive coils and thermal chambers can be used for this purpose.
    Hormonal therapy can also be used in conjunction with the present invention or in combination with any other cancer therapy previously described. The use of hormones can be used to treat certain cancers, such as breast, prostate, ovarian or cervical cancer to reduce the level or block the effects of certain hormones, such as testosterone or estrogen. This treatment is often used in combination with at least one cancer therapy as a treatment. V. EXAMPLES
    The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. A person skilled in the art will readily realize that the present invention is well adapted to realize the objects and achieve the mentioned purposes and advantages, as well as those objects, purposes and advantages inherent herein. The present examples, together with the methods described in this document, are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes to this and other uses that fall within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur for persons skilled in the art. A. RESULTS
    Marabá virus demonstrates potent onaolytic properties in vitro.
    The rhabdovirus family is vast and genetically and geographically diverse. The inventors selected a panel of rabdoviruses with previously documented ability to replicate in mammalian cells as a starting point. Seven viruses were selected for in vitro scanning to identify those with cytolytic capacity for potent tumor cells (Table 4). Cell death assays were performed in a 96-well format on 15 cell lines from the NCI 60 tumor cell panel and a variety of mouse tumor lines (Figure 5). Several species have been shown to be highly lytic in human tumor lineages with EC50 scores of less than 0.1 MOI per 20 plaque forming units (cfu) for most cell lines tested. In particular, the Marabá (Travassos da Rosa et al., 1984), Carajás (CRJ) (Travassos da Rosa et al., 1984) and Farmington (FMT) viruses (Travassos da Rosa et al., 2002) appeared to be very effective in killing human tumor lines of all cancer indications represented on the cell panel. A notable exception was noted for the FMT virus having difficulty in killing cell lines derived from colon tumors. Interestingly, not all rabdoviruses have the ability to efficiently kill cancer cells. Viruses, such as Muir Springs (MS) (Kerschner et al., 1986), Bahia Grande (BG) (Kerschner et al., 1986), Ngaingin (NGG) (Doherty et al., 1973) and Tibrogargan (TIB ) (Cybinski et al., 1980) demonstrated activity in a very small proportion of tumor cells. Currently, the mechanisms that govern the restriction of these viruses remain unknown. Table 4. New strains of uncharacterized rabdovirus are highly lytic in the NCI 60 cell panel * percentage of NCI 60 cell lines by the tumor type considered highly sensitive to viral infection. The numbers in parentheses denote the number of cell lines tested in each cancer indication cluster. The virus was classified as being highly lytic for a cell line with an EC50 <0.1 MOI after 96 hours of infection.

    * Percentage of cell lines of the NCI 60 panel by tumor type considered highly sensitive to viral infection. The numbers in parentheses denote the number of cell lines tested in each cluster of 5 cancer indications. The virus was classified as highly lytic for a cell line with an EC50 <0.1 MOI after 96 hours of infection.
    To further characterize these viruses, single-stage growth I curves were performed both on a susceptible cell line (SNB19), as well as on a relatively resistant cell line (NCI H226) to monitor replication rates and to quantify the viral rupture sizes. The inventors were unable to detect the virus after infection of NCI H226 cells with the BG virus, which is consistent with the observation that BG is only weakly cytolytic in this cell line. However, BG was able to replicate to a similar degree as FMT and CRJ in SNB1 cells, again correlating with its cytolytic capacity. Both FMT and CRJ produced a progeny with similar kinetics and with equivalent rupture sizes when analyzed in NCI H226 cells. FMT appeared to replicate for higher titers than CRJ in SNB19 cells, although both clearly produced enough progeny to result in the rapid death of this susceptible cell line (Figure 1). MRB produced viruses with equal or faster kinetics than the other 3 strains, and for a much higher titer than the other viruses, both from SNB19 and NCI H226 cells.
    The MRB virus demonstrated good cytolytic activity against tumor lines with rapid viral production, and large rupture size. These are all properties that contribute to good oncolytic activity. Marabá was chosen as an oncolytic virus for further development.
    Marabá virus. As a prelude to the genetic manipulation of the Marabá virus, a "shotgun" sequencing approach was used to obtain the complete genomic sequence for this strain. The subsequent phylogenetic analysis was performed by aligning the amino acid sequence of L protein of Marabá for members of the 6 known genera of the rabdovirus family (figure 2A). The virus had the expected genomic structure common to other rabdoviruses, with 5 discrete cistrons separated by stop / start transcription sequences responsible for delineating the virus's N, P, M, G and L genes (figure 2B).
    Mutants of the manipulated Marabá virus showed improved cancer cell selectivity. The full-length antigenomic sequence was cloned into a vector directed by the T7 promoter and the N, P and L genes in the expression constructs directed by the CMV promoter. This strategy has been successfully used to develop reverse genetic systems for various negative strand RNA viruses (Schnell et al., 1994; Whelan et al., 1995v Lawson et al., 1995; Nakaya et al., 2001). The resulting virus was rescued by transfection of the genome construct ©, plasmids N, P and L in A549 cells previously infected with the vaccinia virus expressing T7 polymerase and named rMaraba WT (recombinant wild type Marabá).
    The inventors introduced mutations to improve the properties of selective killing of tumors of the wild type Marabá virus. The inventors previously demonstrated that an elimination of methionine 51 in VSV protein M made the virus defective to block the interferon response in infected cells (Stojdl et al., 2003). Likewise, the inventors demonstrated that a double mutation in the VSV M protein at amino acids V221F and S226R also rendered the virus unable to block the nuclear cytoplasmic transport of host mRNAs and thus allowed the host cell to propagate an IFN response (Stojdl et al., 2003). Considering the Glasgow VSV strain also had a S226R variation in its matrix protein, it was hypothesized that the attenuation phenotype for the double mutant V221F S226R may arise from the mutation only in V221F. Thus, the inventors built and rescued the recombinant virus Marabá ΔM51, and the mutant strain Marabá V221Y as possible attenuated variants (Figure 2B).
    Two other mutations reportedly improved VSV replication in BHK-21 cells (protein M L123W protein and protein L H242R) (Sanjuan et al., 2004). The alignment of the Marabá sequence with VSV, the corresponding mutation being L123W and Q242R in the Marabá sequence of the M and L proteins, respectively. The recombinant Marabá viruses were constructed with individual mutations of protein M L123W or protein G Q242R, or both L123W and Q242R (hereinafter referred to as Marabp DM) (figure 2B).
    The cytotoxicities of our wild-type and mutant rMarabá strains were tested on primary human skin fibroblasts (GM38 cells) to detect and quantify any attenuation resulting from the manipulated mutations (figure 2C). The Marabá ΔM51 virus is attenuated in these primary cells (EC50 »10 MOI) compared to the rMarabá wild type virus (EC50 = 0.01 MOI). The V221Y was also attenuated, although to a slightly lesser degree than ΔM51 (EC50 = 3 MOI). Surprisingly, both L123W and Q242R mutants were also highly attenuated (EC50 = 3 MOI). In addition, the double mutant combining both L123W and Q242R mutations was equally attenuated compared to the individual mutants, resulting in a 100-fold increase in EC50 after 72 hours of infection of primary human fibroblasts (EC50 - 3 MOI). These results were surprising since both mutations were expected to improve replication, and not to attenuate the virus. These phenotypes correlated with plaque formation in the same way. After infection of the GM38 fibroblasts, small but detectable plaques became visible one week after infection with wild-type rMaraba. However, no plaques were visible in the same time frame for the various individual mutants from Marabá or Marabá DM. This again demonstrated the severely attenuated nature of V221Y, L123W and Marabá DM in normal primary fibroblasts. In contrast, large plaques formed in a tumor line (SNB19) after only 24 hours of infection with any rMaraba WT, V221Y, L123W or Marabá DM (Figure 2D). The Q242R mutant, however, formed smaller plaques compared to the other strains, suggesting that this mutation may slightly impair the replication of this strain in tumor cells in the same way. Interestingly, however, the double mutant, which contains the Q242R mutation, clearly demonstrated no such impairment in malignant cells (figure 2d).
    Contrary to our observation in normal fibroblasts, all mutant strains remained highly lytic when analyzed in a panel of malignant cell lines (figure 2E). After 48 hours of exposure to the virus, the lytic capacity of the various strains was quantified using the vital dye Alamar Blue (Figure 2E). The L123W strain appeared to be as cytolytic as the wild type rMarabá, in tumor cells and thus demonstrated an improved therapeutic index in vitro compared to the WT strain. Marabá Q242R was very cytolytic in all three tumor strains, although it seemed less cytolytic than its original strain of rMarabá WT; in accordance with our plate size observations. The double mutant, however, demonstrated an interesting inversion of this phenotype, since it showed no damage in cytotoxicity due to the harbored Q242R mutation. In fact, Marabá DM consistently appeared to be the most lithic strain in cancer cell lines (figure 2E), although more cytolytic than the original WT. It appears that the combination of L123 W and Q242R gives rise to a Marabá strain that is only selectively hypervirulent in cancer cells, although it remains attenuated in normal fibroblasts. This was also evident when viral protein production was assessed over time in human ovarian carcinoma cells OVCAR4 (figure 2F). The strains of rMaraba WT and L123W showed rapid viral protein induction, while mutant Q242R was left behind. Here again, the double mutant Q242R L123W Marabá showed no change in the kinetics of viral protein.
    Marabá mutants are variably defective in blocking the host's IFN antiviral responses.
    Having established the various mutant Marabá strains as being selectively attenuated in normal primary fibroblasts, the inventors tried to understand whether this attenuation was due to innate immune block defects. For example, the ΔM51 and V221 mutations have previously been shown in VSV to render the virus unable to block the transport of nuclear / cytoplasmic mRNA, thereby inhibiting the host's IFN transcriptional cascade. When PC3 cells were falsely infected, or infected with rMaraba WT, the inventors were unable to detect IFN production, consistent with the ability of the parenteral virus to block innate immune responses (Figure 3A). As expected, ΔM51 and V221Y mutants showed no defects in the ability to block IFN production as measured in the bioassay (figure 3B). Interestingly, the L123W mutant also demonstrated a defect in its ability to block IFN production to a similar magnitude as the V221Y mutant (Figure 3B). The Q242R mutant, however, was similar to the WT virus in its ability to block cytokine production in PC3 cells, thus concluding that this mutant has no IFN blocking defects. Therefore, the deep attenuation of the Q242R mutant does not appear to be related to the host's IFN responses. When the two single mutations are combined in the Marabá DM variant, the resulting virus was indistinguishable from the single mutant L123W (figure 3B). In addition, it was observed that the transport of interferon beta mRNA from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasm was blocked after infection with Marabá WT or the mutant Q242R (Figure 3C). These results are consistent with previous reports that indicate that certain viruses rely on their matrix proteins to inhibit the IFN transcriptional cascade by several mechanisms, including blocking mRNA transport to the cytoplasm (Ferran and Lucas-Lenard, 1997; Terstegen et al., 2001; Stojdl et al., 2003). These results indicate that the Marabá virus uses the same strategy. In contrast, Marabá ΔM51, strain L123W and Marabá DM demonstrated a leakage of detectable IFN beta mRNA in the cytoplasm after viral infection, and this deficit in mRNA block was correlated with the virus's ability to block IFN responses as measured in the bioassay (figure 2B).
    Marabá DM in less toxic in vivo. The LD50 and maximum tolerable (BAT) doses were determined for Marabá WT and several attenuated strains. Since the desired therapeutic route of administration to treat disseminated tumors is intravenous administration, the mice were treated with a range of ■ doses intravenously with the WT virus, or two mutant strains. The inventors observed that the Marabá virus is well tolerated after intravenous injection in Balb / C mice. As predicted from in vitro data (Figure 2C), Marabá DM has an MTD 2 logs higher than
    The parenteral Marabá WT (Table 5). Animals that received lethal doses of WT, V221Y or DM show signs of CNS infection and had significant virus titers in their brains (data not shown). At doses below MTD, rats generally showed transient weight loss, dehydration and piloerection consistent with a virus infection. These symptoms resolved within 3 to 4 days after infection and no virus was detected in the brains of these scarified mice on day 12 after infection. Table 5. Single dose intravenous toxicity of the 15 strains of rMarabá virus a single dose LD50 evaluated in Balb / C mice (females from 5 to 8 weeks of age) and calculated using the searman Karber method. B. Maximum Tolerable Dose (BAT) is equal to the highest dose not resulting in durable morbidity as measured by behavior and weight.
    aLD50 single dose evaluated in Balb / C mouse (females 5 to 8 weeks of age) and calculated using the Spearman Karber method. bTolerable maximum dose (BAT) is equal to the highest dose not resulting in a durable 5 morbidity as measured by behavior and weight.
    Marabá DM is effective in syngeneic and xenograft tumor models. The inventors sought to determine whether Marabá DM is effective in in vivo mouse models of cancer. Strains of Marabá ’DM were designed to express GFP or firefly luciferase and their replication in subcutaneous CT26 tumors after systemic administration was analyzed. The inventors observed that the Marabá DM virus was distributed in tumor beds and that they replicate in tumor tissue using both bioluminescent visualization in whole animals, and fluorescence microscopy in tumor explants (Figure 4A (i)). Then, the effectiveness of Marabá DM in a bilateral CT26 subcutaneous tumor model was examined (figure 4A (ii) and (iii)). Specifically animals with bilateral tumors that reached 20 to a size of 10 to 600 mm3 were treated intravenously with Marabá DM three times a week for 2 weeks. Five days after the first treatment, the control animals treated with saline solution reached the end point with tumors reaching a size of 750 mm3 or more. However, animals that received 6 systemic doses of Marabá DM responded to treatment with complete tumor regression around day 35, leading to lasting cures in 100% of the animals (Figure 4A (ii) and (iii)). Finally, treatment with intravenous Marabá DM was well tolerated in the animals, with no mortality and minimal morbidity. Piloerection, mild dehydration and transient weight loss were observed (Figure 4A (iv)), but all were resolved within 2 weeks of the first treatment.
    The inventors also sought to determine the utility of Marabá DM to reduce tumor burden in a disseminated disease model. Therefore, CT-26 cells were injected intravenously into Balb / C mice to induce disseminated lung tumors. While animals treated with saline (PBS) and Carajás exhibit a heavy tumor burden, Marabá DM animals have little or no tumor burden and exhibit a normal lung phenotype (Figure 4B (i)). In addition, Marabá DM also led to a significant prolongation in survival when administered systemically three times a week for two weeks (Figure 4B (ii)). These data are consistent with observations in the subcutaneous model and further demonstrate the power of Marabá DM to effectively treat an aggressive subcutaneous or disseminated syngeneic tumor model.
    To complement these viral efficacy studies in immunocompetent animals, Marabá DM was tested using a bioluminescent human ES-2 ovarian xenograft model. Even at very low doses (lx 104 cfu), animals treated with Marabá DM showed a significant reduction in tumor burden (Figure 4C (i-iii)). In contrast, control-treated mice rapidly developed ascites with increasing tumor burden until it reached the end point. Systemic treatment of mice having the ES2 tumor using low and high doses of virus demonstrated a dose-dependent tumor response (Figure 4D ( i — ii)} The inventors tested Marabá DM against the previously developed oncolytic viral strain (VSV ΔM51), and both dose levels of Marabá DM showed superior efficacy to VSV ΔM51. B. MATERIALS AND METHODS
    Cell lines. Human lung carcinoma A549, human cervical carcinoma Hela, murine CT26 colon carcinoma (American Type Culture Collection), primary human GM38 fibroblasts (National Institute of General Medical Sciences Mutant Cell Repository, Camden, NJ) and cell lines from the NCI 60 cells obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Development Therapy Program (Bethesda, MD) were propagated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Cansera, 5 Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada). The NCI 60 cell panel.
    In vitro cytotoxicity testing.
    Cells from the NCI 60 cell panel were plated in 96-well plates to a 90% confluence. These cells were infected at log dilutions with several 10 rabdoviruses, as indicated. After 96 hours after infection, the monolayers were washed, fixed and stained with 1% violet crystal solution. The stained monolayers were subsequently solubilized in 1% SDS in water to create homogeneous lysates. The absorbance was read at 595 nm and to count viable cells.
    Single stage growth curves. NCI226 cells and SNB19 cells were infected with the indicated viruses at a multiplicity of infection of 5 cfu / cell 20 for 1 hour. The cells were then washed with PBS and incubated at 37 ° C. Aliquots (100 | LL) were taken at time points of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours and titrated in Vero cells.
    Sequencing and cloning of Marabá rabdovirus. The Marabá rabdovirus was amplified in Vero cells and the RNA was isolated from virus purified by standard techniques (Trizol + RNAeasy®, Invitrogen). With the exception of the 5 'and 3' terminal ends, the viral sequence was obtained using the complete mRNA cloning kit (Invitrogen). Sequencing of the 3 'and 5' end was completed after T4 RNA ligase-mediated ligation of the T7 DNA primers to either end followed by RT-PCR and cloning into pCR2.1-TOPO® (Invitrogen). The viral cDNA was amplified in a single RT-PCR reaction (producing a> 11 Kbp fragment) and cloned into a modified LC-KAN vector (Lucigen Corporation) carrying a T7 promoter upstream of the 5 'antigenic leader sequence and immediately downstream of the 3 'terminator of a modified HDV ribozyme and T7 polymerase termination signal sequence.
    Phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic relationships between rabdoviruses based on a muscle alignment of the amino acid sequences of the L protein, and using the Edmonston measles strain of paramyxoviruses as the other group. The tree was generated by the method of joining neighbors and the bootstrap values (indicated for each branch node) were estimated using 1000 replicas of trees. Branch lengths are proportional to genetic distances. The scale bar corresponds to substitutions by amino acid site.
    Recombinant Maraba Rescue System. A549 lung carcinoma cells seeded in 3.0 x 105 cells per well in 6-well plates were infected 24 hours later in a multiplicity of infection (MCI) of 10 with the Vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase in OptiMEM medium for 1 , 5 h. After removing the Vaccinia virus, each well was transfected with Marabá LC-KAN (2 pg) together with the pCI-Neo constructs encoding Marabá N (1 pg), P (1.25 pg) and L (0.25 pg) ) with lipofectamine 2000 (5 pL per well) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The transfection reagent was removed 5 h later and replaced with DMEM containing 10% FBS. 48 h after transfection, the medium was collected (pooled from 2 plates), filtered (0.2 µm) to remove the contaminating Vaccinia virus and 1 mL was used to infect SNB-19 glioblastoma cells in each well. a 6-well plate. The cytopathic effects visible 24-48 h later were indicative of a successful rescue, which was confirmed by purification of viral RNA and RT-PCR with specific primers for Marabá. All viruses were subjected to 3 cycles of plaque purification (in SNB-19 cells), before scaling up, purification in a sucrose block and resuspended in PBS containing 15% glucose.
    Variants of mutagenesis and Marabá. Single phosphorylated mutagenic primers (45-55 bp) were used with the high fidelity Phusion enzyme (NEB) to create the panel of mutants Marabá LC-Kan described therein. Briefly, a PCR reaction was performed with 100 ng of mutagenic primer and 100 ng of DNA template with the addition of HotStart enzyme (98 ° C - 2 min, 80 ° C waiting - addition and enzyme) and typical PCR configuration (98 ° C - 10 s, 55 ° C - 30 s, 72 ° C for 7 min for 30 cycles). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added in the range of 0 to 6% in 2% increments. The parent plasmid was digested with DPn I (NEB) (37 ° C for 1 h) and 4 µL of the 25 µL Dpnl digested PCR mixture was used to transform the competent TOP-10® cells (Invitrogen). Positive clones were tested by introducing changes to the noncoding change restriction site (addition or removal) followed by sequencing. The different attenuated mutants described herein include the elimination of Met-51 in protein M (ΔM51), Leu-123 for Trp in protein M (L123W), Val-221 for Tyr in protein M (V221Y), Gln-242 for Arg in protein G (Q242R) and the double mutant Leu-123 for Trp in protein M and Gln-242 for Arg in protein G (Marabá DM).
    Feasibility tests. The indicated cell lines were plated at a density of 10,000 cells / well in 96-well plates. The next day the cells were infected with the viruses indicated in several multiplicities of infections (0.0001 to 10 cfu / cell). After a 48 hour incubation Alamar Blue (sodium resazurin salt (Sigma-Aldrich)) was added to a final concentration of 20 pig / ml. After a 6-hour incubation, the absorbance was read at a wavelength of 573 nm.
    Plaque tests. Vero cells were plated at a density of 5 x 105 cells per well of a 6-well plate. The following day, 100 µL of serial viral dilutions were prepared and added over 1 hour to Vero cells. After viral adsorption, 2 ml of an agarose cover was added (1: 1 agarose 1%: 2 x DMEM and 20% FCS). The plates were counted the next day.
    Interferon bioassay. PC-3 cells were infected with rMarabaWT, ΔM51, V221Y, L123W, Q242R or Marabá DM at a multiplicity of infection of 3 cfu / cell for 24 hours. The next day the supernatant was neutralized with acid with 0.25 N HCl overnight at 4 ° C, followed by the addition of 0.25 NaOH to adjust the pH to 7. Vero cells were incubated with the neutralized supernatant for 24 hours and subsequently infected with rMarabá WT with a multiplicity of infection ranging from 0.0001 to 100 cfu / cell. Any interferon secreted by PC-3 cells in response to Maraba or attenuated mutants could subsequently protect Vero cells from infection with Maraba. After 24 hours, survival was quantified using a crystal violet assay. Briefly, the cells were incubated with 1% violet crystal solution, washed, dried, resuspended in 1% SDS and read at a wavelength of 595 nm.
    Quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of nuclear and cytoplasmic interferon. Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA was separated, as previously described. Briefly, 0VCAR4 cells, simulated or infected with Marabá, ΔM51, L123W, Q242R or Marabá DM were collected in PBS, pelleted and resuspended in 200 pL of lysis buffer (Tris 25 mM [H 7.4], NaCl 15 mM, 12.5 mM MgC12, 5% sucrose, and 1% NP-40). Lysates were incubated at 4 ° C for 10 min with an occasional vortex. The cores were collected by centrifugation at 1000 x g for 3 min. The supernatant (cytoplasmic fraction) was collected while the nuclear fraction was washed once with 250 p.L of lysis buffer, followed by extraction of total RNA using the Qiagen RNeasy kit (according to the manufacturer's instructions; Qiagen). IFN-beta mRNA QRTPCR was performed using Qiagen's Quantitect SYBR Green RT-PCR kit with primers described previously. IFN-beta was tested for nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions and normalized for HPRT mRNA from the same compartment. The normalized values were again normalized to the values of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively, to determine the value of induction times in each compartment after viral infection. The plotted values indicate the ratio of normalized mRNA induction from cytoplasmic to nuclear compartments. All qPCR values were calculated using the delta CT method.
    Determination of toxicity in vivo. Groups of 3 to 5 Balb / C mice (6 to 8 weeks of age) were injected intravenously once in increments of half a log of virus ranging from 3 x 106 cfu to 3 x 109 cfu. The animals were monitored for danger signs, including weight loss, morbidity, piloerection, hindlimb paralysis and difficulty breathing.
    Bilateral subcutaneous tumor model. Murine CT2 6 colon cancer cells (3 x 105) were injected into the right and left flanks of Balb / C mice from 6 to 8 weeks of age. The tumors were allowed to grow to a size of 10 to 600 mm3 followed by 6 total intravenous injections (three times a week) of 51VSV or MR-SDM at a dose of 5 x 108 cfu. Tumors were measured twice a week after the initial injection. The animals were monitored for piloerection, weight loss, morbidity, paralysis of the posterior limb and breathing difficulties. When the tumor load exceeded the size of 750 mm3, the animals were euthanized. The following formula was used to calculate the tumor volume (L x W2) / 2.
    Visualization of the Marabá DM virus in a subcutaneous tumor model. Marabá DM was adapted for fluorescent or bioluminescent visualization by genetic manipulation in eGFP or firefly luciferase (FLUC), respectively. DM-GFP and DM-FLUC were injected IV (1 x 108) in Balb / C animals with CT-26 subcutaneous tumors. Twenty-four hours after infection, animals infected with DM-GFP were euthanized and their tumors were extracted and visualized under a Nikon fluorescent microscope. Animals infected with DM-FLUC were injected with luciferin and subjected to live visualization using the IVIS Xenogen 200 system.
    Lung tumor model CT-26. Lung tumors were established by a single intravenous injection of 3 x 105 CT-26 colon cancer cells in Balb / C animals from 6 to 8 weeks of age. Generally the mice developed severe respiratory distress, piloerection and archaic phenotype on day 16-18, at which point they are euthanized. The mice were treated PBS, Carajás OR Marabá DM IV (5 x 108 cfu) treated on days 10, 12 and 14, 17, 19 and 21. Some animals were sacrificed on day 17 and the images were captured using a Nikon dissection microscope . The remaining animals were monitored for survival.
    Ovarian xenograft model. Human ovarian ES-2 cells were adapted for bioluminescent visualization in which time 1 x 106 ES-2 cells were injected intraperitoneally into nude atymic CD-I mice aged 6 to 8 weeks old. Untreated CD-I animals developed ascites from days 15 to 17. Intraperitoneal and intravenous (tail vein) injections were performed on days 8, 9, 12, 14 and 16 with 1 x 104 - 1 x 107 cfu of Maraba DM or VSV Δ51. The tumor visualization was captured with a Zenogen 200 IVIS system (Caliper LS, USA).
    Statistic. For plaque size determinations, a one-tailed ANOVA was performed using the Bonfeironi multiple comparison test to derive a P value (Graphpad Prism). For the Kaplan-Meier graphs, the survival graphs were compared using the Mantel-Cox logarithmic classification analysis 5 (Graphpad Prism).
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    权利要求:
    Claims (17)
    [0001]
    1. Oncolytic rabdovirus characterized by the fact that it comprises: (1) an M protein that comprises an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, except for a tryptophan in position corresponding to position 123 SEQ ID NO: 4, and a G protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the SEQ ID NO: 5 amino acid sequence; or (2) a protein G comprising an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, except for an arkine in the position corresponding to position 242 of SEQ ID NO: 5 and a protein M comprising an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, except for a tryptophan in the position corresponding to position 123 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
    [0002]
    2. Rabdovirus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that protein G has an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, except for arginine at position 242 of SEQ ID No. 5, and where protein M has an amino acid sequence that is 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4 except for tryptophan at position 123 of SEQ ID No.: 4.
    [0003]
    3. Composition characterized by the fact that it comprises an isolated oncolytic rabdovirus as defined in claims 1 or 2, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
    [0004]
    4. Composition according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that it also comprises a second oncolytic virus.
    [0005]
    5. Composition according to claim 4, characterized by the fact that the second oncolytic virus is the vaccinia virus, herpes virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, adenovirus or rabdovirus.
    [0006]
    6. Composition according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that the second oncolytic virus is a rabdovirus.
    [0007]
    7. Composition according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the second rabdovirus is the Carajás virus, Chandripura virus, Cocal virus, Isfahan virus, Marabá virus, Piry virus, vesicular stomatitis virus Alagoas, BeAn virus 157575, Boteke virus, Calchaqui virus, American Eel virus, Gray Lodge virus, Jurona virus, Klamath virus, Kwatta virus, La Joya virus, Malpais Spring virus, Bat virus Monte Elgon, Perinet virus, Tupaia, Farmington virus, Bahia Grande virus, Muir Springs virus, Reed Ranch virus, Hart Park virus, Flanders virus, Kamese virus, Mosquito virus, Mossuril virus, Virus from Barur, Fukuoka virus, Kern Canyon virus, Nkolbisson virus, Le Dantec virus, Keuraliba virus, Connecticut virus, New Minto virus, Sawgrass virus, Chaco virus, Sena Madureira virus, Timbo virus, Almpiwar virus, Aruac virus, Bangoran virus, Bimbo virus, Bivens Arm, blue crab virus, Charleville virus, Coastal Plains virus, DakArK 7292 virus, Entamoeba virus, Garba virus, Gossas virus, Humpty Doo virus, Joinjakaka virus, Kannamangalam virus, Kolongo virus, virus Koolpinyah virus, Kotonkon virus, Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Nasoule virus, Navarro virus, Ngaingan virus, Oak-Vale virus, Obodhiang virus, Oita virus, Quango virus, Virus Parry Creek, Rio Grande sugar virus, Sandjimba virus, Sigma virus, Sripur virus, Sweetwater Branch virus, Tibrogargan virus, Xiburema virus, Yata virus, Rhode Island virus, Adelaide river virus, Berrimah virus, Kimberley virus or ephemeral bovine fever virus.
    [0008]
    8. Composition according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that it also comprises a second anti-cancer agent.
    [0009]
    9. Composition, according to claim 8, characterized by the fact that the second anticancer agent is a chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapeutic.
    [0010]
    10. Use of an isolated oncolytic rabdovirus as defined in claims 1 or 2 characterized by the fact that it is in the preparation of a drug to treat cancer.
    [0011]
    11. Use according to claim 10, characterized by the fact that the medicament comprising the oncolytic rabdovirus is for intraperitoneal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, intratumoral, subcutaneous or intranasal administration.
    [0012]
    12. Use according to claim 10 or 11, characterized by the fact that the drug further comprises a second therapeutic agent for cancer.
    [0013]
    13. Use according to any of claim 12, characterized by the fact that the second anti-cancer therapeutic agent comprises a second oncolytic virus.
    [0014]
    14. Use according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the second oncolytic virus is the vaccinia, herpes, measles, Newcastle disease, adenovirus, alfavirus, parvovirus or rabdovirus virus.
    [0015]
    15. Use according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that the second anti-cancer therapeutic agent is a second oncolytic rabdovirus.
    [0016]
    16. Use, according to claim 15, characterized by the fact that the second oncolitic rabdovirus is the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Carajás virus, Chandripura virus, Cocal virus, Isfahan virus, Piry virus, vesicular stomatitis virus from Alagoas, BeAn virus 157575, Boteke virus, Calchaqui virus, American Eel virus, Gray Lodge virus, Jurona virus, Klamath virus, Kwatta virus, La Joya virus, Malpais Spring virus , Monte Elgon bat virus, Perinet virus, Tupaia virus, Farmington, Bahia Grande virus, Muir Springs virus, Reed Ranch virus, Hart Park virus, Flanders virus, Kamese virus, Mosquito virus, Virus Mossuril virus, Barur virus, Fukuoka virus, Kern Canyon virus, Nkolbisson virus, Le Dantec virus, Keuraliba virus, Connecticut virus, New Minto virus, Sawgrass virus, Chaco virus, Sena Madureira virus, Timbo virus, Almpiwar virus, Aruac virus, Bangoran virus, v Bimbo irus, Bivens Arm virus, Blue crab virus, Charleville virus, Coastal Plains virus, DakArK virus 7292, Entamoeba virus, Garba virus, Gossas virus, Humpty Doo virus, Joinjakaka virus, Kannamangalam virus , Kolongo virus, Koolpinyah virus, Kotonkon virus, Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Nasoule virus, Navarro virus, Ngaingan virus, Oak-Vale virus, Obodhiang virus, Oita virus , Quango virus, Parry Creek virus, Rio Grande sugar virus, Sandjimba virus, Sigma virus, Sripur virus, Sweetwater Branch virus, Tibrogargan virus, Xiburema virus, Yata virus, Rhode Island virus, Adelaide River virus, Berrimah virus, Kimberley virus or ephemeral bovine fever virus.
    [0017]
    17. Use according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that the second anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapy, radiotherapy or an immunotherapeutic.
    类似技术:
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    US20180369303A1|2018-12-27|Oncolytic rhabdovirus
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    AU2016202789B2|2018-01-18|
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    MX337062B|2016-02-11|
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    2017-10-24| B07D| Technical examination (opinion) related to article 229 of industrial property law|
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    2019-05-14| B06T| Formal requirements before examination|
    2019-09-03| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application according art. 36 industrial patent law|
    2019-11-05| B07B| Technical examination (opinion): publication cancelled|Free format text: ANULADA A PUBLICACAO CODIGO 7.4 NA RPI NO 2449 DE 12/12/2017 POR TER SIDO INDEVIDA. |
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US28546109P| true| 2009-12-10|2009-12-10|
    US61/285,461|2009-12-10|
    PCT/IB2010/003396|WO2011070440A2|2009-12-10|2010-12-10|Oncolytic rhabdovirus|
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